Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
Script type (letters for onsets and rimes; diacritics for tones)
CreatorChu Chao-hsiang, Taiwan NLC
Time period
1946 to the present, used as ruby characters in Taiwan
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Simplified Chinese, Kanji, Hanja, Chữ Nôm, Khitan large script, Khitan small script
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Bopo (285), ​Bopomofo
Unicode
Unicode alias
Bopomofo
U+3100–U+312F,
U+31A0–U+31BF
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
Traditional Chinese臺語方音符號
Simplified Chinese台语方音符号
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols

Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols (Chinese: 臺語方音符號; TPS: ㄉㄞˊ ㆣ丨ˋ ㄏㆲ 丨ㆬ ㄏㄨˊ ㄏㄜ˫) constitute a system of phonetic notation for the transcription of Taiwanese languages, especially Taiwanese Hokkien. The system was designed by Professor Chu Chao-hsiang, a member of the National Languages Committee in Taiwan, in 1946.[1] The system is derived from Mandarin Phonetic Symbols by creating additional symbols for the sounds that do not appear in Mandarin phonology. It is one of the phonetic notation systems officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.[2]

Symbols

There are 49 symbols used in standard Taiwanese Hokkien. Of these 49 symbols, 26 are from the original Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, while 23 are additional, created for Taiwanese languages.

Initial symbols (21)
ㄅㆠㄆㄇㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㆣㄎㄫㄏㄐㆢㄑㄒㄗㆡㄘㄙ
[p][b][pʰ][m][t][tʰ][n][l][k][g][kʰ][ŋ][h][t͡ɕ][d͡ʑ][t͡ɕʰ][ɕ][t͡s][d͡z][t͡sʰ][s]
Final symbols (24)
ㄚㆩㆦㆧㄜㆤㆥㄞㆮㄠㆯㆰㆱㆬㄢㄣㄤㆲㄥㆭㄧㆪㄨㆫ
[a][ã][ɔ][ɔ̃][ə][e][ẽ][ai][ãĩ][ɑu][ɑ̃ũ][am][ɔm][m̩][an][ən][aŋ][ɔŋ][əŋ][ŋ̍][i][ĩ][u][ũ]
  • The symbols in blue do not exist in Mandarin phonology.
  • Four voiceless consonants ㄅ, ㄉ, ㄍ, ㄏ may be written in small form to represent the unreleased coda, as in ㆴ [p̚], ㆵ [t̚], ㆶ [k̚], ㆷ [ʔ]. However, due to technical errors, the coda symbol for ㄍ was mistaken as ㄎ. Unicode encoded ㆻ (31BB) in its version 13.0, and added a note under ㆶ (31B6), indicating 31BB is preferred.[3]
  • Some extra symbols are used in other Taiwanese dialects: ㄬ [ɲ], ㄛ [o], ㄝ [ɛ], ㆨ [ɨ].

Images

Images below are a collection of Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols:

  • For Taiwanese Hokkien and Taiwanese Hakka: , , , , , , ,
  • For Taiwanese Hakka only: ,
  • For Taiwanese Hokkien only: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
  • For Mandarin only: , , ,
  • For Taiwanese Hakka and Mandarin: , , , ,
  • represents [x] in Mandarin and [h] in Taiwanese Hokkien and Taiwanese Hakka.
  • / represent [ɛ]/[e] in Taiwanese Hokkien respectively, but they represent [e]/[ɛ] in Taiwanese Hakka.[4][5]
  • Vowel [ɨ] is represented with in Hokkien and in Hakka.[5]

Etymology

Initials
GroupSymbolIPAPOJ TLBPNotesExample
Bilabial ㄅ[p]pb Same value as in Mandarin邊 (ㄅㄧㄢ pian)
ㆠ[b]bbb Derived from ㄅ as a voiced counterpart文 (ㆠㄨㄣˊ bûn)
ㄆ[pʰ]php Same value as in Mandarin波 (ㄆㄜ pho)
ㄇ[m]mbbn Same value as in Mandarin毛 (ㄇㆦ mo͘ )
Alveolar ㄉ[t]td Same value as in Mandarin地 (ㄉㆤ˫ tē)
ㄊ[tʰ]tht Same value as in Mandarin他 (ㄊㆩ thaⁿ)
ㄋ[n]nln Same value as in Mandarin耐 (ㄋㄞ˫ nāi)
ㄌ[l]ll Same value as in Mandarin柳 (ㄌㄧㄨˋ liú)
Velar ㄍ[k]kg Same value as in Mandarin求 (ㄍㄧㄨˊ kiû)
ㆣ[g]ggg Derived from ㄍ as a voiced counterpart語 (ㆣㄧˋ gí)
ㄎ[kʰ]khk Same value as in Mandarin去 (ㄎㄧ˪ khì)
ㄫ[ŋ]ngggn Once appeared in old Mandarin雅 (ㄫㄚˋ ngá)
Glottal ㄏ[h]hh Different value to Mandarin, in Mandarin [x]喜 (ㄏㄧˋ hí)
Alveolo-
palatal		 ㄐ[t͡ɕ]chitsizi Same value as in Mandarin尖(ㄐㄧㆰ tsiam)
ㆢ[d͡ʑ]jizzi Derived from ㄐ as a voiced counterpart入 (ㆢㄧㆴ. ji̍p)
ㄑ[t͡ɕʰ]chhitshici Same value as in Mandarin手 (ㄑㄧㄨˋ tshiú)
ㄒ[ɕ]sisi Same value as in Mandarin寫 (ㄒㄧㄚˋ siá)
Alveolar ㄗ[t͡s]chtsz Same value as in Mandarin曾 (ㄗㄢ chan)
ㆡ[d͡z]jzz Derived from ㄗ as a voiced counterpart熱 (ㆡㄨㄚㆷ. jua̍h)
ㄘ[t͡sʰ]chhtshc Same value as in Mandarin出 (ㄘㄨㆵ chhut)
ㄙ[s]ss Same value as in Mandarin衫 (ㄙㆩ saⁿ)
Rhymes and medials
GroupSymbolIPAPOJ TLBPNotesExample
Vowels ㄚ[a]aa Same value as in Mandarin查 (ㄘㄚ cha)
ㆩ[ã]aⁿannna Derived from ㄚ as a nasalized counterpart衫 (ㄙㆩ saⁿ)
ㆦ[ɔ]o͘oooo New symbol solely used in Taiwanese, derived from ㄛ烏 (ㆦ o͘ )
ㆧ[ɔ̃]oⁿonnnoo Derived from ㆦ as a nasalized counterpart翁 (ㆧ oⁿ)
ㄜ[ə]oo Different value from Mandarin, in Mandarin [ɰɤ]. May written as ㄛ and pronounced [o] in some dialects高 (ㄍㄜ ko)
ㆤ[e]ee New symbol solely used in Taiwanese禮 (ㄌㆤˋ lé)
ㆥ[ẽ]eⁿennne Derived from ㆤ as a nasalized counterpart生 (ㄙㆥ seⁿ)
Diph-
thongs		 ㄞ[ai]aiai Same value as in Mandarin
ㆮ[ãĩ]aiⁿainnnai Derived from ㄞ as a nasalized counterpart
ㄠ[ɑu]auao Same value as in Mandarin𠢕 (ㆣㄠˊ gâu)
ㆯ[ɑ̃ũ]auⁿaunnnao Derived from ㄠ as a nasalized counterpart, rarely used
M
finals		 ㆰ[am]amam A combination of ㄚ and ㄇ暗 (ㆰ˪ ām)
ㆱ[ɔm]omom A combination of ㆦ and ㄇ, rarely used掩 (ㆱ om)
ㆬ[m̩]mm Derived from ㄇ. May be used as a final bilabial nasal or a syllabic consonant姆 (ㆬˋ ḿ)
N
finals		 ㄢ[an]anan Same value as in Mandarin
ㄣ[n]-n-n Only used in the finals ㄧㄣ, ㄨㄣ. ㄧㄣ has same value as in Mandarin. ㄨㄣ is pronounced as [un] unlike [wən] in Mandarin因 (ㄧㄣ in)
Ng
finals		 ㄤ[aŋ]angang Same value as in Mandarin人 (ㄌㄤˊ lâng)
ㆲ[ɔŋ]ongong New symbol solely used in Taiwanese王 (ㆲˊ ông)
ㄥ[əŋ]-ng-ng Only used in the final ㄧㄥ.英 (ㄧㄥ eng)
ㆭ[ŋ̍]ngng Derived from ㄫ. May be used as a final velar nasal or a syllabic consonant酸 (ㄙㆭ sng)
Medial
vowels		 ㄧ[i]ii Same value as in Mandarin衣 (ㄧ i)
ㆪ[ĩ]iⁿinnni Derived from ㄧ as a nasalized counterpart圓 (ㆪˊ îⁿ)
ㄨ[u]u/o[lower-alpha 1]uu Same value as in Mandarin污 (ㄨ u)
ㆫ[ũ]uⁿunnnu Derived from ㄨ as a nasalized counterpart. Only used in the final ㄧㆫ [ĩũ]張 (ㄉㄧㆫ tiuⁿ)
  1. ↑ Written as ⟨o⟩ when followed by an ⟨a⟩ (ㄚ) or ⟨e⟩ (ㆤ), as in the finals ⟨oa⟩, ⟨oe⟩ and ⟨oai⟩ (ㄨㄞ). Written as ⟨u⟩ elsewhere.

Other features

Combined rhymes

Vowel(s)Open syllablesNasalPlosive
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[a] ㄚㆩㆰㄢㄤㄚㆴㄚㆵㄚㆻㄚㆷㆩㆷ
[ai] ㄞㆮㄞㆷㆮㆷ
[au] ㄠㄠㆷ
[e] ㆤㆥㆤㆷㆥㆷ
[i] ㄧㆪㄧㆬㄧㄣㄧㄥㄧㆴㄧㆵㄧㆻㄧㆷㆪㆷ
[ia] ㄧㄚㄧㆩㄧㆰㄧㄢㄧㄤㄧㄚㆴㄧㄚㆵㄧㄚㆻㄧㄚㆷㄧㆩㆷ
[iau] ㄧㄠㄧㆯㄧㄠㆷ
[iə] ㄧㄜㄧㄜㆷ
[iɔ] ㄧㆲㄧㆦㆻ
[iu] ㄧㄨㄧㆫㄧㄨㆷㄧㆫㆷ
Vowel(s)Open syllablesNasalPlosive
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[ə] ㄛㄛㆷ
[ɔ] ㆦㆧㆱㆲㆦㆴㆦㆻㆦㆷㆧㆷ
[u] ㄨㄨㄣㄨㆵㄨㆷ
[ua] ㄨㄚㄨㆩㄨㄢㄨㄚㆵㄨㄚㆷ
[uai] ㄨㄞㄨㆮ
[ue] ㄨㆤㄨㆤㆷ
[ui] ㄨㄧ
[m̩] ㆬ－ㆬㆷ
[ŋ̍] ㆭ－ㆭㆷ

Tones

Tone No. 12(6)34578
Name 陰平上聲陰去陰入陽平陽去陽入
im-pîngsiōng-siannim-khìim-ji̍piông-pîngiông-khìiông-ji̍p
Symbol noneˋ˪ㄅ, ㄉ, ㄍ, ㄏˊ˫ㄅ̇, ㄉ̇, ㄍ̇, ㄏ̇
Pitch ˥˥˩˧˩˧ʔ˨˦˧˥ʔ
5551313ʔ24335ʔ
Example ㄉㆲ (東)ㄉㆲˋ (黨)ㄉㆲ˪ (棟)ㄉㆦㆻ (督)ㄉㆲˊ (同)ㄉㆲ˫ (洞)ㄉㆦㆻ̇ (毒)

Example

Audio File:Sound fileⓘ
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols: ㄒㄧㄢ ㄒㆪ ㄍㆲˋ, ㄏㄚㆻ̇ ㄒㄧㄥ ㄉㄧㆰ˫ ㄉㄧㆰ˫ ㄊㄧㆩ
IPA:[ ɕɪɛn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕiəŋ˥ tɪam˧ tɪam˧ tʰĩã˥ ]
Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.
Tâi-lô:Sian-sinn kóng, ha̍k-sing tiām-tiām thiann.
Traditional Chinese:先生講、學生恬恬聽。
Hanyu Pinyin:Xiān shēng jiǎng, xué shēng tián tián tīng.
Translation:A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening.

Note: 恬恬 is Taiwanese Hokkien (台灣話). Synonyms would be 安靜 or 靜靜. 先生, in this context, means "teacher".

Unicode support

The Mandarin Phonetic Symbols were added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Mandarin Phonetic Symbols is U+3100 ... U+312F.

Bopomofo[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+310x ㄅ ㄆ ㄇ ㄈ ㄉ ㄊ ㄋ ㄌ ㄍ ㄎ ㄏ
U+311x ㄐ ㄑ ㄒ ㄓ ㄔ ㄕ ㄖ ㄗ ㄘ ㄙ ㄚ ㄛ ㄜ ㄝ ㄞ ㄟ
U+312x ㄠ ㄡ ㄢ ㄣ ㄤ ㄥ ㄦ ㄧ ㄨ ㄩ ㄪ ㄫ ㄬ ㄭ ㄮ ㄯ
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

The extended phonetic symbols were added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. The Unicode block for the extended symbols is U+31A0 ... U+31BF. Four symbols for Cantonese and one for Minnan and Hakka coda were released in 2020 with the publication of version 13.0.[3] One can learn more information from the proposals.[6][7]

Bopomofo Extended[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+31Ax ㆠ ㆡ ㆢ ㆣ ㆤ ㆥ ㆦ ㆧ ㆨ ㆩ ㆪ ㆫ ㆬ ㆭ ㆮ ㆯ
U+31Bx ㆰ ㆱ ㆲ ㆳ ㆴ ㆵ ㆶ ㆷ ㆸ ㆹ ㆺ ㆻ ㆼ ㆽ ㆾ ㆿ
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1

Font support

The Academia Sinica of Taiwan has released three sets of fonts for Taiwanese Hokkien: "吳守禮標楷台語注音字型", "吳守禮細明台語注音字型", and "吳守禮台語注音字型".[8] When the above fonts are used (to Chinese characters), the Bopomofo Phonetic Symbols will automatically appear. For words with more than one pronunciation, user can choose "破音" fonts to find the desired pronunciation. The user manual can be downloaded here.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 吳守禮, 吳昭新. 華、台語注音符號溯源.
  2. ↑ 方音符號系統(Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols) 臺語方音符號拼音方案使用手冊(閩南語音標系統) [Practical Manual for the Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols] (in Chinese). ROC Ministry of Education. 2001.
  3. 1 2 Bopomofo Extended (Version 13.0). Unicode Version-Specific Code Charts. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  4. ↑ "Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System" (臺灣客家語拼音方案). 2009. Ministry of Education, Taiwan.
  5. 1 2 "Hakka Romanization System" (客家語拼音方案使用手冊). 2012. Ministry of Education, Taiwan.
  6. ↑ Yang, B., & Chan, E. (2019). L2/19-177R Proposal to encode Cantonese Bopomofo Characters.
  7. ↑ Tung, B., Ko, B., Wei, S. (2018). L2/18-255 Proposal to fix glyphs in Bopomofo Extended block and encode one Bopomofo letter.
  8. ↑ 吳守禮台語注音字型。中央研究院。
  9. ↑ 中研院資訊所。(2013)。吳守禮台語注音字型說明。
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