Battle of Jüterbog
Part of the Thirty Years' War

Swedish and Imperial encampments prior to the battle
Date23 November 1644 (O.S.)
3 December 1644 (N.S.)[1]
Location
Near Jüterbog, 50 km south of Berlin
Result Swedish victory
Belligerents
Sweden Swedish Empire  Holy Roman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Sweden Lennart Torstenson Holy Roman Empire Adrian von Enkevort (POW)
Holy Roman Empire Count Bruay
Strength
18,000[2] 4,000 cavalry[2]
Casualties and losses
400 killed or wounded[2] 1,000 killed or wounded, 1,600 men and 3,500 horses captured[2]

The Battle of Jüterbog was fought in Jüterbog on 3 December 1644 between Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire, resulting in a Swedish victory. The cavalry of the main Imperial army tried to break out of its blockade by the Swedish in Magdeburg but was caught and mostly shattered by the Swedes.[3][1]

Background

Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson had unexpectedly marched into Jutland in September 1643 (see Torstenson War). While engaged in operations there, an Imperial army under the command of Count Matthias Gallas ventured north towards Jutland to trap the Swedish army there and destroy it. The Emperor had received requests from Denmark-Norway for help, as well as assurance that the Swedish forces were worn down and therefore a fairly easy target.[4] However, since Torstenson thought of Gallas' approaching army of about 15,000 men as a threat to the important Swedish strongholds on the German Baltic coast, he turned his army around and headed south to engage the enemy.[5]

Gallas had his troops build and stay behind abatises and entrenchments south of the river Eider in Holstein in an attempt to trap the Swedish forces on Jutland. This tactic failed, as Torstenson's troops outmanoeuvred the enemy by overthrowing a few Imperial positions and pose a threat both to Gallas' back, and Imperial areas further south. The Imperial army began to move south. During the summer of 1644, Torstenson's forces tried to engage the retreating enemy, and in late September, they had once more caught up with the Imperial army. Gallas responded by ordering his troops to build strong defensive positions and await wished-for reinforcement. The Imperial halting-place at Bernburg, south of Magdeburg, was soon surrounded by the Swedish, who cut off all supplies for Gallas' men. Eventually, the Imperial side ran out of bread and they started to lose people to sickness and starvation. As huge numbers of people and animals died, Gallas saw no other solution but to abandon many of the sick, most of his artillery as well as the baggage, and search protection for his troops in Magdeburg itself, a fortress of his Saxon allies. The pattern repeated itself when the Swedish forces managed to enclose the city and cut off the supply. One night, the Imperial cavalry made an attempt to break out.[6]

The battle

The rear guard of the Imperial cavalry under Adrian von Enkevort was caught close to the town of Jüterbog. It was almost wiped out and Enkevort made captive. The Swedish also captured 3,500 horses. The remaining Imperial cavalry under Count Bruay barely escaped into Lusatia, including the formally most high-ranking officer Bassompierre who reported to the Saxon elector as well as Raimondo Montecuccoli who reported to emperor Ferdinand III in Linz on 16 December.[1][7][2]

Aftermath

It took a while for the Imperial forces in Magdeburg to succeed with a breakaway. Before they did, they had to turn to eating both cats and dogs as their situation grew more desperate. Many of them deserted. Most of the soldiers who aimed to switch sides and join the Swedish forces were judged to be too weak and were therefore ignored by the Swedish.[3]

After getting some help from drift ice that ruined Swedish bridges on river Elbe, Gallas ordered his troops to make a desperate effort to break out of the Swedish encirclement.[8] While he was himself sick and stayed with the ill soldiers, his subordinate Hunolstein led the remaining 1,400 infantry able to march, together with a few horsemen and 12 field guns, via Wittenberg to Bohemia in early January 1645. They safely reached Prague in February.[9] Out of 12,000 Imperial soldiers that constituted Gallas' army in the summer of 1644, a few thousand men returned. As a result of the severe fiasco the campaign turned out to be, and the tactical mistakes he made, Gallas was relieved from his duty as Imperial commander.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Höbelt 2016, p. 414–415.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Bodart 1908, p. 72.
  3. 1 2 Englund 2003, p. 376–377.
  4. ↑ Englund 2003, p. 340.
  5. ↑ Englund 2003, p. 340, 375.
  6. ↑ Englund 2003, p. 375–376.
  7. ↑ Englund 2003, p. 376.
  8. 1 2 Englund 2003, p. 377.
  9. ↑ Höbelt 2016, p. 416–417.

Sources

  • Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905). Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  • Höbelt, Lothar (2016). Von Nördlingen bis Jankau: Kaiserliche Strategie und Kriegsführung 1634-1645 (in German). Wien: Heeresgeschichtliches Museum. ISBN 978-3902551733.
  • Jaques, Tony (2007), Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century, vol. 2, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 498, ISBN 0-313-33536-2
  • Englund, Peter (2003), Ofredsår (in Swedish), Stockholm: Atlantis, ISBN 91-7486-349-5

51°59′36″N 13°04′22″E / 51.9933°N 13.0728°E / 51.9933; 13.0728

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