Portrait of Bluestockings by Richard Samuel
Caricature of blue stockings by Rowlandson

Bluestocking (also spaced blue-stocking or blue stockings) is a term for an educated, intellectual woman, originally a member of the 18th-century Blue Stockings Society from England led by the hostess and critic Elizabeth Montagu (1718–1800), the "Queen of the Blues", including Elizabeth Vesey (1715–1791), Hester Chapone (1727–1801) and the classicist Elizabeth Carter (1717–1806). In the following generation came Hester Lynch Piozzi (1741–1821), Hannah More (1745–1833) and Frances Burney (1752–1840).[1] The term now more broadly applies to women who show interest in literary or intellectual matters.[2]

Until the late 18th century, the term had referred to learned people of both sexes.[3] It was later applied primarily to intellectual women and the French equivalent bas bleu had a similar connotation.[4] The term later developed negative implications and is now often used in a derogatory manner. The reference to blue stockings may arise from the time when woollen worsted stockings were informal dress, in contrast to formal, fashionable black silk stockings. The most frequent such reference is to a man, Benjamin Stillingfleet, who reportedly lacked the formal black stockings, yet participated in the Blue Stockings Society.[5][6] As Frances Burney, a Bluestocking, recounts the events, she reveals that Stillingfleet was invited to a literary meeting by Elizabeth Vesey but was told off because of his informal attire. Her response was "don’t mind dress! Come in your blue stockings!".[7]

History

The Blue Stockings Society was a literary society led by Elizabeth Montagu and others in the 1750s in England. Elizabeth Montagu was an anomaly in this society because she took possession of her husband's property when he died. This allowed her to have more power in her world.[8] This society was founded by women, and included many prominent members of English society, both male and female, including Harriet Bowdler, Edmund Burke, Sarah Fielding, Samuel Johnson, and Frances Pulteney.[9] M.P., an 1811 comic opera by Thomas Moore and Charles Edward Horn, was subtitled The Blue Stocking. It contained a character Lady Bab Blue who was a parody of bluestockings.

A reference to bluestockings has been attributed to John Amos Comenius in his 1638 book, where he mentioned the ancient tradition of women being excluded from higher education, citing the Bible and Euripides. That second reference, though, comes from Keatinge's 1896 translation and is not present in Comenius's Latin text.[lower-alpha 1] The name may have been applied in the 15th century to the blue stockings worn by the members of the Compagnie della Calza in Venice, which then was adopted in Paris and London; in the 17th century to the Covenanters in Scotland, who wore unbleached woollen stockings, in contrast to the bleached or dyed stockings of the more affluent. In 1870 Henry D. Wheatley noted that Elizabeth Montagu's coterie were named "blue stockings" after the blue worsted stockings worn by the naturalist Benjamin Stillingfleet.[lower-alpha 2]

William Hazlitt said, "The bluestocking is the most odious character in society...she sinks wherever she is placed, like the yolk of an egg, to the bottom, and carries the filth with her".[10]

Recent use

In Japan, a literary magazine Seitō (Bluestocking) was launched in 1911 under the leadership of Raichō Hiratsuka. It ran until 1916, providing a creative outlet and political platform for Japanese feminists even while it faced public outcry and government censorship.[11]

The Toledo Blue Stockings was a major league baseball team in Toledo, Ohio, from 1883 to 1885. Historically, the team is best known for being the only major league team with black players (Moses Fleetwood Walker and his brother, Weldy Walker) prior to Jackie Robinson's appearance with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947.

Bluestockings is the name of a volunteer-run and collectively owned radical bookstore, fair-trade cafe, and activist center located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City, which opened in 1999.

"The Bluestocking" is the name of the yearbook of Mary Baldwin College, a traditionally all-women's school in Staunton, Virginia.

"Blue Stocking" was an "unabashedly feminist" (tag line) newspaper published in Portland, Oregon 1993 to 1996.

Notes

  1. ↑ Comenius cites Euripides' tragedy Hippolytus, where Hippolytus says, "I detest a bluestocking. May there never be a woman in my house who knows more than is fitting for a woman to know.", to which Comenius answers: "These opinions, I opine, stand in no true opposition to our demand. For we are not advising that women be educated in such a way that their tendency to curiosity shall be developed, but so that their sincerity and contentedness may be increased, and this chiefly in those things which it becomes a woman to know and to do; that is to say, all that enables her to look after her household and to promote the welfare of her husband and her family." John Amos Comenius (1633–1638), Didactica Magna (The Great Didactic, translation by M. W. Keatinge, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1896), p. 220
  2. ↑ 'Benjamin Stillingfleet, the celebrated naturalist, who is described by [Thomas] Gray as living in a garret in order that he might be able to support some near relations, died at his lodgings opposite to Burlington House on 15 December 1771 at the age of sixty-nine. It was his blue worsted stockings that gave the name "blue stocking" to the ladies of Mrs Montagu's coterie.' Henry D. Wheatley, Round About Piccadilly And Pall Mall, London: Smith Elder (1870), p. 42.

References

  1. ↑ Tinker, 1915.
  2. ↑ "Bluestocking | British literary society". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  3. ↑ Carol Strauss Sotiropoulos (2007), Early Feminists and the Education Debates: England, France, Germany, 1760–1810, p. 235, ISBN 978-0-8386-4087-6
  4. ↑ Hannah More (1782), The Bas Bleu, or, Conversation
  5. ↑ James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D, Comprising A Series of His Epistolary Correspondence and Conversations with Many Eminent Persons; And Various Original Pieces of His Composition; With a Chronological Account of His Studies and Numerous Works, p. 823
  6. ↑ Ethel Rolt Wheeler, Famous Blue-Stockings, p. 23
  7. ↑ Wills, Matthew (4 April 2019). "The Bluestockings". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  8. ↑ Beckett, J. V. "Elizabeth Montagu: Bluestocking Turned Landlady." Huntington Library Quarterly 49, no. 2 (1986): 149–64.
  9. ↑ Louis Kronenberger, Kings and Desperate Men, p. 75
  10. ↑ Elizabeth Eger (2010). Bluestockings: women of reason from Enlightenment to Romanticism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 206. ISBN 9780230205338.
  11. ↑ S. L. Sievers (10 November 1998), "The Bluestockings", Meiji Japan, ISBN 978-0-415-15618-9

Further reading

  • Burns, William E. "Bluestockings 18th and 19th centuries" in Reader's Guide to British History (2003). online
  • Heller, Deborah. "The Bluestockings and Virtue Friendship: Elizabeth Montagu, Anne Pitt, and Elizabeth Carter." Huntington Library Quarterly, vol. 81 no. 4, 2018, p. 469-496.
  • Demers, Patricia. The World of Hannah More (University of Kentucky Press, 1996)
  • Myers, Sylvia Harcstark. The Bluestocking Circle: Women, Friendship and the Life of the Mind in Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford University Press, 1990)
  • Robinson, Jane. Bluestockings: The Remarkable Story of the First Women to Fight for an Education (Penguin, 2010)
  • Tinker, Chauncey Brewster (1915). The salon and English letters: chapters on the interrelations of literature and society in the age of Johnson. Macmillan. full text online
  • "Bluestocking" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 91.
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