Bread and salt, a traditional greeting in some Slavic, Nordic, Baltic, Balkan, and Middle Eastern countries

Bread and salt are offered to guests in a ceremony of welcome, in cultures around the world. This pair of foods is particularly significant in Slavic countries, but is also notable in Nordic, Baltic, Balkan and other European cultures as well as in Middle Eastern cultures.[1] Bread and salt as a traditional greeting remains common in Albania, Armenia, and among the Jewish diaspora. This tradition has been extended to spaceflight.[2][3]

Background

Salt is an essential nutrient, and has long held an important place in religion and culture. For example, it is mentioned in the Bible dozens of times, including as a covenant of salt. Bread is a staple food, leavened or unleavened. It is usually made of wheat, but other grains can be used. In many cultures, bread is a metaphor for basic necessities and living conditions in general.

Etymology

The tradition is known locally by its Slavic names, all literal variants of "bread and salt": Belarusian: Хлеб і соль, Bulgarian: Хляб и сол, Czech: Chléb a sůl, Macedonian: Леб и сол, Polish: Chleb i Sól, Russian: Хлеб-соль, Serbo-Croatian: Хлеб и со, Hlȅb i so, Slovak: Chlieb a soľ, Slovene: Kruh in sol, Ukrainian: Хліб і сіль. It is shared with some of the neighbouring non-Slavic peoples—the Latvians and Lithuanians (both Baltic nations), Romanians (Romance) as well as some Finno-Ugric peoples like the Karelians—all of whom are culturally and historically close to their Slavic neighbours: Karelian: leipä-šuola, Estonian: soolaleivapidu, Latvian: Sālsmaize, Lithuanian: Duona ir druska, Romanian: Pâine și sare. It is also common in Albania (Albanian: bukë, kripë e zemër), Armenia (Armenian: աղ ու հաց, agh u hats), among the Jewish diaspora, and within parts of the Middle East under different names.

Cultural associations

Bread and salt as a traditional greeting is shared with some non-Slavic nations—Lithuanians, Latvians (both Baltic), Romanians (Romance) as well as some Finno-Ugric peoples like the Karelians—all of which are culturally and historically close to their Slavic neighbours.

Albania

Bread, salt and heart (Albanian: bukë, kripë e zemër) is a traditional Albanian way of honoring guests, it dates back from the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini, chapter 18 - para. 608: "The Guest shall be welcomed with Bread, salt and heart". Heart in the context is related with hospitality, the concept is based on giving the most expensive thing of that time which was salt to the awaited guest. Nowadays it is not commonly practiced in daily life.

Old painting by Wilhelm Amandus Beer "Russian Well-Wishers" portrays the Russian tradition of bread and salt, 1874.

Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine

Vice President Joe Biden dips a piece of bread in salt as part of a welcoming ceremony upon his arrival in Kyiv, Ukraine, July 20, 2009.
US Naval officer Jonathan Greenert takes part in a bread and salt ceremony after arriving in Vladivostok, Russia, July 3, 2006.

When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are presented with a loaf of bread (usually a korovai) placed on a rushnyk (embroidered ritual cloth). A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf. On official occasions, the "bread and salt" is usually presented by young women dressed in national costumes (e.g., sarafan and kokoshnik).

The tradition gave rise to the Russian word that expresses a person's hospitality: khlebosolny (literally: "bready-salty"). In general, the word "bread" is associated in Russian culture with hospitality, with bread being the most respected food, whereas salt is associated with long friendship, as expressed in a Russian saying "to eat a pood of salt (together with someone)". Also historically the Russian Empire had a high salt tax that made salt a very expensive and prized commodity (see also the Moscow uprising of 1648).

There also is a traditional Russian greeting "Khleb da sol!" (Хлеб да соль!, 'Bread and salt!'). The phrase is to be uttered by an arriving guest as an expression of good wish towards the host's household. It was often used by beggars as an implicit hint to be fed, therefore a mocking rhymed response is known: "Khleb da sol!" — "Yem da svoy!" (Хлеб да соль — ем да свой! "Bread and salt!" — "I am eating and it is my own!").

Football team manager Gareth Southgate and football player Harry Kane taking part in a bread and salt ceremony after arriving in Saint Petersburg, Russia, 13 June 2018

In Russian weddings, it is a traditional custom for the bride and groom to be greeted after the ceremony by family, usually the matriarch, with bread and salt in an embroidered cloth. This confers good health and fortune unto the newlyweds. In the Russian Orthodox Church, it is customary to greet the bishop at the steps of the church when he arrives for a pastoral visit to a church or monastery with bread and salt.[4]

Bulgaria

Bread and salt (Bulgarian: хляб и сол, romanized: hlyab i sol) is a traditional Bulgarian custom expressing hospitality, showing that the guest is welcomed. The bread and salt is commonly presented to guests by a woman. Bulgarians usually make a certain type of bread for this occasion called pogacha, which is flat, fancy, and decorated. Regular bread is not usually used, although it may have been historically, but pogacha is much more common in this custom.

Usually, guests are presented with the pogacha, and the guest is supposed to take a small piece, dip into the salt and eat it. This custom is common for official visits regardless of whether the guest is foreign or Bulgarian. One notable example of this custom is when the Russians came to liberate Bulgaria from the Ottomans at the end of the 19th century. A common scene from that period was of a Bulgarian village woman welcoming Russian soldiers with bread and salt as a sign of gratitude.

Poland

In Poland, welcoming with bread and salt ("chlebem i solą") is often associated with the traditional hospitality ("staropolska gościnność") of the Polish nobility (szlachta), who prided themselves on their hospitality. A 17th-century Polish poet, Wespazjan Kochowski, wrote in 1674: "O good bread, when it is given to guests with salt and good will!" Another poet who mentioned the custom was Wacław Potocki.[5] The custom was, however, not limited to the nobility, as Polish people of all classes observed this tradition, reflected in old Polish proverbs.[6] Nowadays, the tradition is mainly observed on wedding days, when newlyweds are greeted with bread and salt by their parents on returning from the church wedding.

North Macedonia

In the North Macedonia, this tradition still is practiced occasionally as a custom expressing hospitality. A certain type of bread, similar to that in Bulgaria and also by the same name—pogača (from Latin: panis focacius) is prepared.

The notable Macedonian and ex-Yugoslav ethno-jazz-rock group of the world music guitarist Vlatko Stefanovski had the name "Leb i Sol", which means "bread and salt" and speaks itself about this term of hospitality as something basic and traditional.

Romania and Moldova

As in the neighbouring Slavic countries, bread and salt is a traditional Romanian custom expressing hospitality, showing that the guest is welcomed. In Transylvania bread and salt are served to protect against weather demons.

Serbia

Bread and salt (Serbian: хлеб и со) is a traditional welcoming of guests,[7] being customary to offer it before anything else,[8] with bread having an important place in Serbian tradition, used in rituals.[9][10] The traditional bread, pogača, is a symbol of family unity and goodness, and salt prosperity and security for the guest. It is part of the state protocol, in use since the Principality of Serbia, often used when welcoming foreign representatives.[11]

Slovakia and Czechia

The long-tradition of the Slovakia and the Czech Republic as Slavic countries is to welcome important visits with bread and salt. An example is the welcome of Pope Francis in Bratislava 2021 by president Zuzana Čaputová.[12]

Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

In Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, bread and salt were traditionally given as a symbol of blessing for a new home. Instead of white bread, dark fiber-rich rye bread was used. The tradition is still kept alive in Eastern Karelia and in Ingria by the minor Baltic Finnic peoples.

Germany

Bread and salt are given away for different reasons:

  • to the wedding for a lasting alliance between spouses[13]
  • to move into a house to wish prosperity and fertility[14]

In northern Germany and Bohemia (Czech Republic) bread and salt are traditionally put into the diaper of a newborn.[15]

Arab culture

Arab culture also has a concept of "bread and salt" (خبز وملح or عيش وملح), not in the context of welcoming, but as an expression of alliance by eating together, symbolizing the rapprochement between two persons. Eating bread and salt with a friend is considered to create a moral obligation which requires gratitude. This attitude is also expressed by Arab phrases such as "there are bread and salt between us" (بيننا خبز وملح or بيننا عيش وملح), and "salt between them" (بينهما ملح) which are terms of alliance.

Jewish culture

A similar practice also exists among Jews in the Diaspora and in Israel. After the ceremony of kiddush, a piece of challah is dipped in salt and eaten. The challah is a staple food eaten on special occasions, like holidays and weddings, as well as every shabbat. Bread and salt were also used in the past at welcoming ceremonies, given to respected persons.[16]

Pres. of Israel Chaim Herzog welcomed by the Samaritan Community with bread and salt

Iranian culture

In the Iranian culture when a guest is welcomed into the home, it is said that they have eaten bread and salt, and this leads to loyalty of the guest.[17]

In space

With the advent of the Soviet space program, this tradition has spread into space, where appropriately small packages of bread and salt are used nowadays.[2][3] It was observed at the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project and the Salyut programme, when crackers and salt tablets were used in the spaceship. Bread chunks and salt were used as a welcome at the Mir space station,[2][3] a tradition that was extended on the International Space Station.[3][18] Bread and salt are also used to welcome cosmonauts returning to Earth.[19]

In fiction

The custom of serving bread and salt to guests is a recurring reference in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire novels, where the welcome ritual serves not only as a Westerosi tradition of hospitality, but also a formal assurance of "guest right", a sacred bond of trust and honor guaranteeing that nobody in attendance, hosts and guests alike, shall be harmed. Violating the guest right is widely considered among the highest moral crimes, an affront worthy of the worst damnation, rivaled only by kinslaying. Game of Thrones, the associated television series, prominently features the tradition in season three, episode 9, "The Rains of Castamere".

In Season 2, Episode 4 of Peaky Blinders, Alfie Solomons offers Charles Sabini bread and salt as Sabini offers a white flag of truce.

Rudyard Kipling referenced bread and salt in a number of works. In The Ballad of East and West, leavened bread and salt is mentioned as binding an oath of blood brothership. At the beginning of Puck of Pook's Hill Puck establishes his credentials with the child protagonists by asking them to sprinkle plenty of salt on their shared meal. ""That'll show you the sort of person I am."

In Rosemary Sutcliff's historical novel Outcast, bread and salt is referred to as a sign of belonging to a tribe: "You are my people, my own people, by hearth fire and bread and salt".

In The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, Chapter 72 is titled "Bread and Salt". The character Mercedes attempts to coax the main character into eating fruit, as part of an Arabian custom to ensure that those who have shared food and drink together under one roof would be eternal friends.

Bread and salt are given as a housewarming gift in one scene of the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life.

In The Solar War, the first book belonging to Black Library's The Siege of Terra series, the character Malcador the Sigillite offers bread and salt to a weary Emperor of Mankind.

References

  1. ↑ Hayward, Tim (2020). Loaf Story. Hardie Grant Publishing. ISBN 9781787134782. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Dunn, Marcia (March 17, 1995). "NASA astronaut welcomed to Mir, Russians greet American with traditional bread, salt, and bear hugs". news.google.com. The Daily Courier (Yavapai, AZ).
  3. 1 2 3 4 McHale, Suzy. "Ceremonies | RuSpace". suzymchale.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
  4. ↑ Sorokina, Anna (July 19, 2022). "Why Russians greet guests with bread and salt". Russia Beyond. Russian Republic. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  5. ↑ "Wacław Potocki - 'Chlebem, czapką, solą'" (in Polish). republika.pl. Archived from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  6. ↑ "'Chlebem i solą. Dawne uczty polskie' - Wydarzenie" (in Polish). culture.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  7. ↑ Ken Albala (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9.
  8. ↑ Dragoljub Zamurović; Ilja Slani; Madge Phillips-Tomašević (2002). Serbia: life and customs. ULUPUDS. p. 30. ISBN 9788682893059.
  9. ↑ Timothy L. Gall; Jeneen Hobby (2009). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Europe. Gale. p. 448. ISBN 978-1-4144-6430-5.
  10. ↑ "Hleb u narodnoj magiji Balkanskih Slovena". Rastko.
  11. ↑ "Pogača i so kroz vekove čuvaju goste". NOVOSTI.
  12. ↑ a.s, Petit Press (2021-09-13). "Coalition puts its quarrels on hold while the Pope visits". spectator.sme.sk. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  13. ↑ Chiemgauer Genussmanufaktur (2022-06-03). "Hochzeitsbräuche: Deshalb schenkt man Brot und Salz". Chiemgauer Genussmanufaktur (in German). Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  14. ↑ Berlinghof, Christina (2022-11-24). "Brot und Salz zum Einzug: Das steckt wirklich hinter dem Brauch". AD Magazin (in German). Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  15. ↑ Snieguolė Wachter, Denise (2018-10-23). "Aus diesem Grund schenkt man Brot und Salz zum Einzug". stern.de. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  16. ↑ "Bread & Salt Review". www.thezephyr.com.
  17. ↑ "نان و نمک". Dehkhoda Dictionary. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  18. ↑ "Feast of bread and salt awaits space station crew - World". Smh.com.au. 2003-02-01. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  19. ↑

Bibliography

  • Smith, R. E. F.; Christian, David (1984). Bread and Salt: A Social and Economic History of Food and Drink in Russia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25812-X.
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