1950–1962: The Korean War and missionary efforts

Fresh after being released after president of the Japan Mission, Alma Owen Taylor and missionary Frederick A. Caine visited Korea for a few weeks to determine whether Korea was ready for missionaries from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Taylor recognized their increasing interest in Christianity, but wondered if it was purely political interest. This represented the first contact of the LDS Church with Korea;^[5] however, the first prolonged influence of the LDS Church in Korea was by United States servicemen stationed in Korea during World War II. The first baptism in Korea was of a U.S soldier.^[6] The first Korean member of the church was Kim Ho Jik, who joined the church on July 29, 1951 while obtaining his doctorate at Cornell University.^[7][8] Kim Ho Jik had been sent to New York in 1949 by the South Korean president to learn about nutrition and bring that knowledge back to improve Korea.^[9] While attending Cornell, Kim was given a copy of the Articles of Faith by a Latter-day Saint friend. After reading the Articles of Faith, he read the Book of Mormon.^[9] He was baptized in the Susquehanna River on July 29, 1951.^[10] Kim Tai Whan and Kim Young Sook, his son and daughter, as well as a former student of Kim's and her daughter, were the first four baptisms in Korea on August 3, 1952.^[7] Korean citizens who worshiped with U.S. military servicemen at LDS Church services in Pusan and Seoul began to be baptized members of the church.^[10]

By September 1953, over twenty Korean members had joined the Church in Pusan.^[11] After the cease fire, most members moved back to Seoul, which became the center of the LDS Church in Korea.^[11] Due to problems maintaining a permanent place of worship, in February 1954, a Korean Sunday School was established with Kim as superintendent. This was the first native Korean LDS organization established in Korea. There were over sixty regularly attending members by April 1954.^[11] During this time, most of the members of the LDS Church in Korea were young male students. One of these original members, Han In Sang, later become a general authority of the LDS Church.^[12] Sang was also the first native Korean to serve a full-time mission.^[13] The Far East Mission (or Japanese Mission) consisted of many Asian countries including Korea, however proselytizing missionaries were only sent to Japan, and not yet Korea.^[14]

During a visit to Korea in 1955, member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Joseph Fielding Smith dedicated Korea for missionary work on August 2, 1955.^[15] Even though the LDS Church was not recognized by the Korean government as an official ecclesiastical organization, Kim became president of the Korean District of the Northern Far East Mission. Additionally, servicemen branches and native Korean branches were separated and church branches were officially created in Seoul and Pusan.^[16] Kim helped president of the Northern Far East Mission, Paul C. Andrus, get the Church recognized by the government, lease a missionary house, and obtain the approval of the missionaries' visas.^[16] Having been transferred from missions in Japan, Don G. Powell and Richard L. Detton were the first Mormon missionaries in Korea; they arrived on April 20, 1956.^[17][5][18] Six more missionaries were sent to Korea the following summer; four of them went to Pusan.^[16]

Due to postwar conditions in Korea, in summer 1958, half of the missionaries became sick with hepatitis.^[19] Missionaries had difficulties learning Korean. Church materials such as the Book of Mormon and hymnbooks were not translated into Korean until over a year after full-time missionary work began. Kim translated the Articles of Faith and the sacrament prayers, but missionaries still had difficulties communicating in Korean.^[19] Missionaries were sent translated tracts and pamphlets in September 1957, replacing ones in the Japanese language they had been previously using. For the next few years, missionaries were getting about eighteen baptisms a year, which was the highest of any mission at the time. This high rate of baptisms plateaued in 1964.^[20] Eighty percent of original converts were male, and this trend continued into the 1970s with over half of converts being male. At first, this was likely due to more contact between servicemen and Korean men. However, after the Korean War, the trend likely continued due to Korea's male-oriented society. Missionary work targeted men rather than women, by policy.^[20] After the economic effects of the Korean War began to diminish, Korean's interest in religion diminished as well and baptisms declined beginning in 1965.^[21]

Translation of the Book of Mormon

The first attempted translations of the Book of Mormon were done with the Japanese language and recently completed Japanese translation in mind. This caused problems, because Korean people held animosity for the Japanese people due to Japan's recent occupation of Korea due to World War II. Previously, the first copies of the Book of Mormon used in Korea were in English and Japanese. Students learning English were given the English version whereas older individuals were given the Japanese version because Korean people were forced to learn Japanese when they were occupied by Japan.^[22]

Kim Ho Jik was one of the first involved in the translation process, having already translated the sacramental prayers and Article of Faith. Kim supervised the translation process, working with Chang Se Cheon and Cheong Dae Pan. Kim translated the English into Korean verbally, and Chang wrote down the translation. Due to Kim's other obligations, this was a slow process, so Chang eventually took over the daily translation. Only one half of the book was completed, because Chang moved to Utah in 1959.^[23] A second translation was attempted by Hong Byeong Shik and Kim on August 23, 1959; however Kim died of a heart attack eight days later.^[24] Hong worked alone as a translator with his wife as his scribe. It is unknown whether Hong referred to Chang's previous translation, but he most likely referred to Japanese versions. After a year, the translation was completed in 1961. Hong was assisted by missionaries and church members during the editing process. The translation was edited and typset around 5 times between 1961 and 1962. Due to the extension revisions necessary, a small pocket edition of 3 Nephi was published before the rest of the manuscript.^[25]

When Gail Carr became mission president, he allowed missionary Bruce K. Grant to gather opinions on the translation from both Korean members and academics. Grant concluded that the translation should be reworked to more closely match the 1957 re-translated Japanese version. The new Japanese version used clearer language and was less "archaic" than its predecessor.^[26] Cheong became head translator in 1964. After Cheong became Korean district president, conflicting assignments forced Cheong to ask to be released. Lee Ho Nam replaced Cheong. However, Cheong still aided in translation. The Church became concerned that the Church in Korea had already existed for 10 years but there was no Korean translation of the Book of Mormon.^[27] Carr asked Han In Sang to revise and complete the translation in 1964. Cheong continued to translate, but consented to Han revising some of his translations.^[13] After reviewing Cheong's work, Han decided to re-translate the whole Book of Mormon in 1965; he consulted Hong's published 3 Nephi, Cheong's translation, and the English version.^[28] Han completed the draft in 1966. After Carr was released as mission president, the first Korean translation of the Book of Mormon was published on March 29, 1967.^[29]

Since the Book of Mormon was published in 1967, there have been several editions. The Translation Department of the Church initiated a new translation in the early 1990s, translated from the 1981 English version. A new translation was published in 2005. Including the history and author, little is known about this translation. Due to the new translation, the Church changed its name in Korea from "Maril Seongdo Yesu Keuriseudo Kyohoe" (The Last Day Saints Church of Jesus Christ") to "Yesu Keuriseudo Hugi Seongdo Kyohoe" ("The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day/Second-term Saints").^[30]

1962–1985: Establishment of the Korean Mission and expansion

The first mission in Korea was established on July 8, 1962. Gail E. Carr became the first president of the Korean Mission.^[31] At thirty-two years old, he was one of the youngest mission presidents at the time.^[32] Korean membership had reached 1,603; there were five branches and nineteen missionaries serving in Korea.^[31] Carr initiated the construction of a chapel for the Seoul East Branch; this was one of the first LDS Chapels on the Asian continent.^[31] Carr purchased vital church properties, created two new branches, initiated a language study program, and encouraged translation of church materials during his presidency. Carr's wife organized the first Relief Society in Korea. Because they did not yet have translated Relief Society instruction materials, the sisters met and discussed homemaking. After Kim Jung Sook translated the materials, they were able to have formal Relief Society instruction.^[33] After Carr, the next three mission presidents were carefully chosen based on academic accomplishment due to the Korean values of education.^[34]

Spencer J. Palmer began his mission presidency after Carr on August 2, 1965. Palmer had previously served as an Army chaplain in Korea and he was a professor of Korean studies and eastern religions at Brigham Young University. While missionary work and the establishment of the LDS church in Korea had been fairly successful, church membership was unstable due to the large number of student members and Korean leadership was lacking, relying too heavily on the leadership of young American missionaries.^[35] On January 2, 1966 Palmer and a Korean District choir participated in a 30-minute program on television that presented song and testimony. Palmer answered common questions about the LDS Church and invited watching citizens to learn about the LDS Church through its missionaries.^[36] Other Christmas programs continued on television, radio, and in-person performances. The Korean people responded to these programs very well.^[37] Music & the Spoken Word was broadcast in Korea, at the time suggested by Palmer as the only foreign language mission in Asia and perhaps the world in which the program was broadcast to native residents weekly.^[38]

By 1965, the LDS Church in Korea had one district and seven branches. Four branches were in Seoul, two were in Pusan, and one was in Taegu. In 1968, the Church in Korea was divided into two districts with thirteen branches and three unofficial church gatherings. The Southern District in Pusan was created in February 1968; the Central District remained in Seoul. Because missionary policy required that missionaries focus on heads of families, friends of the Church, and generally older individuals, the average age of the Church increased by five years. More families joined the Church, tithing payment increased, and membership increased from 2,529 in 1965 to 3,317 in 1968.^[39] The mission home was constructed in 1966; Palmer insisted that the building parts be entirely made in Korea to show the LDS Church's loyalty to Korea and its industry. Palmer also bought the property in Seoul on which the first LDS temple would be built.^[40]

In 1966, member of the First Presidency of the LDS Church, Hugh B. Brown became the first general authority to be invited to speak in Korea at Yonsei University.^[41] On the last day of Brown's visit, he participated in a flag raising ceremony at the Church headquarters in Seoul. Brown told Korean members of the Church to be proud citizens and to be an example by serving the Lord through serving their country.^[42] Robert H. Slover became the next mission president in August 1968. During his service, baptisms increased to around 500 per year, on average. The average number of baptisms per missionary per year at the end of 1969 was 7.1 with nearly one hundred missionaries serving in Korea.^[42] New branches and proselyting areas were opened and the Honam District was established.^[43]

Robert H. Slover became the next mission president in summer 1968. Slover focused on improving the administrative and organizational aspects of the Church in Korea. Under his direction, the number of districts increased to four and the number of missionaries increased from 75 to 125.^[44] Baptisms began to increase in 1969, in part, because of the establishment of the Language Training Mission in Hawaii. This allowed missionaries to come to Korea with greater Korean language skills and a greater ability to proselyte and teach the Korean people. Other organizational changes related to missionary work and housing improvements allowed for missionaries that were in better health, better trained, supervised, and motivated.^[45] L. Edward Brown became mission president in 1971.^[34] In contrast to Palmer and Slover's strategy to send missionaries to every established area in South Korea, Brown believed that concentrating missionaries in large cities and creating strong church centers was the best strategy. Brown also emphasized putting only Korean members in church leadership positions. At the end of Brown's service, the number of missionaries in Korea was 180.^[46] Palmer, Slover, and Brown had difficulty obtaining church property and few church buildings were built during their presidencies.^[47]

In 1973, Spencer W. Kimball organized the first stake.^[5] Rhee Ho Nam was named the president of the first stake in Korea.^[48] Despite the organization of the stake, it wasn't until 1979 that each ward had their own separate chapel.^[47] In 1975 and 1976, the Church Educational System constructed the first Institute building outside of North America.^[40] In 1975, The Korean Pusan (Busan) Mission was created with Han In Sang as mission president.^[49] Church growth was significant in the 1970s, with Church membership at 12,971 at the end of 1978. Due to growth, the Seoul Korea West Stake was established in 1977. The Seoul East Stake was created April 18, 1979 with the Seoul North Stake created three days later. The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square (then the Mormon Tabernacle Choir) first performed in Korea in September 1979.^[50] This represented the choir's first tour to the Far East.^[51] D. Brent Clement was named president of the newly created Korea Seoul West Mission in 1980, but he was quickly transferred to the Korea Seoul Mission and Kim Cha Bong was named the president of the Korea Seoul West Mission instead.^[52] Gordon B. Hinckley dedicated the first Korean Temple in Seoul on December 14, 1985.^[53] A Missionary Training Center was built next to the temple in the 1986.^[54] The fourth mission in Korea was established in 1986 as the Korea Taejŏn (Daejeon) Mission with Hong Moo Kwang as president.^[55]

1988–Present: Recent developments

An October 2015 athletic competition sponsored by a local congregation of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Gangneung.

BYU International Folk Dance Ensemble performed in the Opening Ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.^[56] In 1991, the one-millionth copy of the Korean translation of the Book of Mormon was sold.^[57] Near the end of 1996, there were around 70,000 members of the LDS Church in Korea. Besides Japan, Korea is one of the only countries in the world whose Latter-day Saint community is self-supporting. Members contributed funds to the construction of most of the church buildings and chapels in Korea.^[58] In 2001, Dallin H. Oaks met with Korea's prime minister at the time Lee Han-Dong, while at a regional conference in Seoul.^[59] In 2010, the Korea Seoul West Mission merged into the Korea Seoul Mission to better allocate resources to the growing LDS Church in Korea.^[60] The Missionary Training Center in Seoul closed around March 2013.^[61] The Korea Seoul South Mission was created in 2013.^[62] In January 2019, the LDS Church announced that the boundaries of the Korea Daejeon Mission would be shifting and it would be merging into another mission in July 2019.^[63]