Pope John XXIII (1881–1963) presiding at the Second Vatican Council (1962–65).

Pope John XXIII (r. 1958–1963) created 52 cardinals in five consistories.[1] Beginning at his first consistory, he expanded the size of the College beyond the limit of seventy established in 1586[2] and on several occasions announced that further increases should be expected. It rose to 88 in January 1961.[3] He named three additional cardinals in pectore, that is, secretly, but did not reveal their names before his death.

In 1962 he initiated the rule that all cardinals should be bishops. He consecrated the twelve non-bishop members of the College himself in April.[4][lower-alpha 1] He created one cardinal who later became pope, Pope Paul VI. His cardinals included the first from Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, Uruguay, and Venezuela; Rugambwa was the first native of Africa.

John’s creation of cardinals at annual consistories was a marked departure from the periods of several years that his predecessor Pius XII allowed between consistories and a return to the frequency of earlier in the 20th century.

15 December 1958

Giovanni Battista Montini (1897–1978), made a cardinal on 15 December 1958.
Carlo Chiarlo (1881–1964), made a cardinal on 15 December 1958.
Julius Döpfner (1913–1976), made a cardinal on 15 December 1958.
Franz König (1905–2004), made a cardinal on 15 December 1958.

Pope John announced the names of 23 new cardinals on 17 November 1958, including 13 Italians, ten of whom held offices in the Roman Curia. Though not as international a group as those named by his predecessor Pius XII, it included the first cardinals from Mexico and Uruguay. This would have increased the number of cardinals to 75, breaking the ceiling of 70 members established by Pope Sixtus V in 1586,[6][lower-alpha 2] but it only reached 74 because Cardinal José María Caro Rodríguez of Chile died before the consistory.[7] When he created these cardinals, 18 of the order of cardinal priests and five cardinal deacons, at a secret consistory on 15 December,[8] John said the increase was necessary to staff church offices properly.[9] Church law had to be waived for the new Cardinal Cicognani to join his brother Gaetano Cicognani, a cardinal since 1953, in the College.[6][10] On 17 December Pope John gave red birettas and assigned titular churches and deaconries to the twenty of the 23 who were present.[11][lower-alpha 3] Cento, Fietta, and Bueno y Monreal received theirs on 12 March 1959.[15]

Name Country
Giovanni Battista Montini (1897–1978)  Italy
Giovanni Urbani (1900–1969)  Italy
Paolo Giobbe (1880–1972)  Italy
Giuseppe Fietta (1883–1960)  Italy
Fernando Cento (1883–1973)  Italy
Carlo Chiarlo (1881–1964)  Italy
Amleto Giovanni Cicognani (1883–1973)  Italy
José Garibi y Rivera (1889–1972)  Mexico
Antonio María Barbieri, OFM Cap (1892–1979)  Uruguay
William Godfrey (1889–1963)  England
Carlo Confalonieri (1893–1986)  Italy
Richard Cushing (1895–1970)  United States
Alfonso Castaldo (1890–1966)  Italy
Paul Marie André Richaud (1887–1968)  France
John Francis O'Hara (1888–1960)  United States
José Bueno y Monreal (1904–1987) Francoist Spain Spain
Franz König (1905–2004)  Austria
Julius Döpfner (1913–1976)  West Germany
Domenico Tardini (1888–1961)  Italy
Alberto di Jorio (1884–1979)  Italy
Francesco Bracci (1879–1967)  Italy
Francesco Roberti (1889–1977)  Italy
André-Damien-Ferdinand Jullien (1882–1964)  France

14 December 1959

Pope John announced the names of eight new cardinals on 16 November 1959, increasing the size of the College to 79,[16] including 31 Italians.[17] On 14 December 1959, John created four cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons, and on 17 December he gave red birettas and titular churches and deaconries to seven of them.[18][lower-alpha 4] He did the same for Marella on 31 March 1960.[20]

Name Country
Paolo Marella (1895–1984)  Italy
Gustavo Testa (1886–1969)  Italy
Aloisius Joseph Muench (1889–1962)  United States
Albert Gregory Meyer (1903–1965)  United States
Arcadio Larraona Saralegui (1887–1973) Francoist Spain Spain
Francesco Morano (1872–1968)  Italy
William Theodore Heard (1884–1973)  Scotland
Augustin Bea (1881–1968)  West Germany

28 March 1960

Bernardus Johannes Alfrink (1900–1987), made a cardinal on 28 March 1960.

Pope John announced the names of seven new cardinals on 3 March 1960, among them the first Japanese (Doi) and Filipino (Santos) cardinals and the first black cardinal of the modern era (Rugambwa).[21][22] At the secret consistory on 28 March, he noted the historic significance of their inclusion by addressing them: "Dear and venerable brothers of Tokyo, Manila and Rutabo, please tell your populations that the Pope loves them." He named three additional cardinals in pectore, keeping their identities secret.[23] He created six cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Bacci) on that day, and on 31 March gave them all their birettas, six their titles and one his deaconry.[24] Without those not named publicly, this consistory brought the number of cardinals to 85. The Italians numbered 33.[25]

Because Pope John failed to reveal the names of the three cardinals created in pectore before his death, their appointments never took effect.[26]

Name Country
Luigi Traglia (1895–1977)  Italy
Peter Doi (1892–1970)  Japan
Joseph-Charles Lefèbvre (1892–1973)  France
Bernardus Johannes Alfrink (1900–1987)  Netherlands
Rufino Santos (1908–1973)  Philippines
Laurean Rugambwa (1912–1997)  Tanzania
Antonio Bacci (1885–1971)  Italy

16 January 1961

On 16 December 1960, Pope John announced the names of four new cardinals, including the first Venezuelan.[27] On 16 January 1961, he created them cardinal priests, and they received their red hats and their titular church assignments on 19 January.[28] Following this consistory there were 88 cardinals, 32 of them Italians.[3]

Name Country
Joseph Ritter (1892–1967)  United States
José Quintero Parra (1902–1984)  Venezuela
Luis Concha Córdoba (1891–1975)  Colombia
Giuseppe Ferretto (1899–1973)[lower-alpha 5]  Italy

19 March 1962

Raúl Silva Henríquez (1907–99), made a cardinal on 19 March 1962.

Pope John announced the names of ten new cardinals on 17 February 1962.[30] They included an Eastern-rite Catholic, the Syrian-born Coussa,[31] and a new youngest member of the College of Cardinals, Landázuri, aged 48.[30] Pope John created them eight cardinal priests and two cardinal deacons on 19 March and gave eight of them their titles and deaconries on 22 March.·[32] The other two, Panico and Antoniutti, the Apostolic Nuncios to Portugal and Spain, received theirs on 24 May 1962.[33] The consistory on 19 March left the college with 87 cardinals, including thirty Italian, eight French, six Spanish, and five from the United States.[30]

On 19 March Pope John also announced that he would consecrate as bishops the twelve members of the College not yet bishops, including two of the newest cardinals, Browne and Albareda, and a veteran of the Roman Curia Alfredo Ottaviani.[1]

Name Country
José da Costa Nunes (1880–1976)  Portugal
Giovanni Panico (1895–1962)  Italy
Ildebrando Antoniutti (1898–1974)  Italy
Efrem Forni (1889–1976)  Italy
Juan Landázuri Ricketts (1913–1997)  Peru
Gabriel Acacius Coussa (1897–1962)  Syria
Raúl Silva Henríquez (1907–1999)  Chile
Leo Joseph Suenens (1904–1996)  Belgium
Michael Browne (1887–1971)  Ireland
Joaquín Albareda y Ramoneda (1892–1966) Francoist Spain Spain

Notes

  1. ↑ John codified this and other rules for the College in Cum gravissima dated 15 April 1962.[5]
  2. ↑ In 1946, Pope Pius XII at his first consistory said that "the Roman Pontiffs successors of Sixtus V are not bound by his disposition if they should deem it advisable to increase or decrease that number".[6]
  3. ↑ Fietta received his cardinal's red biretta from Giovanni Gronchi, President of Italy, that same day.[12] Bueno y Monreal received his from Francisco Franco in late December.[13] Cento, Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal, received his on 30 December 1958 from Portuguese president Américo Tomás.[14]
  4. ↑ Marella, papal nuncio to France, received his biretta in Paris from President Charles de Gaulle.[19]
  5. ↑ At the previous conclave in 1958, Ferretto had been mentioned as one of the cardinals who might have been named in pectore.[29]

References

  1. 1 2 Cortesi, Arnoldo (20 March 1962). "Pope Elevates 10 to Cardinal Rank" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  2. ↑ Noonan, James-Charles (2012). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church, Revised Edition. New York: Sterling Ethos. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-40278730-0.
  3. 1 2 Cortesi, Arnoldo (17 January 1961). "4 New Cardinals Elevated in Rome" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  4. ↑ "Catholic Cardinals Now Are All Bishops" (PDF). New York Times. 20 April 1962. Retrieved 25 October 2017. From today therefore, perhaps for the first time in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, all Cardinals are Bishops.
  5. ↑ John XXIII (15 April 1962). "Cum gravissima" (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 Cortesi, Arnaldo (18 November 2017). "Two Americans among 23 New Cardinals" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  7. ↑ "Cardinal Caro is Dead in Chile" (PDF). New York Times. 5 December 1958. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  8. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. L. 1958. pp. 987–9. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  9. ↑ Cortesi, Arnoldo (16 December 1958). "Pope Elevates 33 to Cardinalate; Deplores China Church Schism" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  10. ↑ Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-19-517834-0. Retrieved 29 March 2018. However Canon 232 §3 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law then in force prohibited anyone having a brother who was a cardinal from being himself a cardinal.
  11. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. L. 1958. p. 995–7. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  12. ↑ Gallinari, Roberto, ed. (2009). Discorsi e Messaggi del Presidente della Repubblica Giovanni Gronchi. Vol. Quaderni di Documentazione, Nuova Serie, No. 11. Rome: Segretariato della Presidenza della Republica. p. 380. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  13. ↑ "Cardinal Gets Red Biretta from Franco". The Catholic Northwest Progress. Vol. 61, no. 52. 26 December 1958. Retrieved 12 March 2021 – via Washington Digital Newspapers.
  14. ↑ de Menezes, João A. (2020). The Portuguese Presence in India: Latter Day Thorns amidst Tranquilities. Notion Press. ISBN 9781648506291. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  15. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LI. 1959. pp. 177, 183. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  16. ↑ Cortesi, Arnaldo (17 November 1959). "Pope Selects 8 Cardinals; 2 Americans among Them" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  17. ↑ Cortesi, Arnaldo (15 December 1959). "Pope Denounces Birth Limitation" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  18. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LII. 1960. pp. 11–2, 22–4. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  19. ↑ Cortesi, Arnaldo (17 December 1959). "Spellman Joins Rites in Vatican" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  20. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LII. 1960. pp. 332, 335. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  21. ↑ "Pope John Names a Negro Cardinal" (PDF). New York Times. 4 March 1960. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  22. ↑ "Rite for Cardinals Completed by Pope" (PDF). New York Times. 1 April 1960. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  23. ↑ "Pope Gives Red Hats to 7 New Cardinals" (PDF). New York Times. 31 March 1960. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  24. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LII. 1960. pp. 326–7. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  25. ↑ "Secret Cardinals Selected by Pope" (PDF). New York Times. 29 March 1960. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  26. ↑ Lentz III, Harris M. (2002). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. MacFarland & Company. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781476621555. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  27. ↑ Cortesi, Arnaldo (17 December 1960). "4 Cardinals Named; One Is an American" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  28. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LIII. 1961. pp. 71, 82–3. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  29. ↑ "Religion: Three in pectore". Time. 11 April 1960. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  30. 1 2 3 Cortesi, Arnaldo (18 February 1962). "10 New Cardinals Selected by Pope" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  31. ↑ "Sketches of Men Named Cardinals" (PDF). New York Times. 18 February 1962. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  32. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LIII. 1961. pp. 198–9, 217–8. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  33. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LIII. 1961. p. 417. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
Additional sources
  • Lentz III, Harris M. (2002). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4101-3.
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