In Iran, censorship was ranked among the world's most extreme in 2023. Reporters Without Borders ranked Iran 177 out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index,[1] which ranks countries from 1 to 180 based on the level of freedom of the press.[2] Reporters Without Borders described Iran as “one of the world’s five biggest prisons for media personnel" in the 40 years since the revolution.[1] In the Freedom House Index, Iran scored low on political rights and civil liberties and has been classified as 'not free.'[3]

Iran has strict regulations when it comes to internet censorship.[4][5] The Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps persistently block social media, such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram[6][7][8][9] as well as many popular websites such as Blogger, HBO, YouTube, and Netflix.[10] Despite the state-wide ban, some Iranian politicians use social networks to communicate with their followers, including Twitter and Facebook.[11][12][13][14]

Internet censorship in Iran and the NIN function similarly to the Great Firewall of China. Stricter monitoring and the National Information Network (NIN) were unveiled during the 2019 Iranian protests.[15][5][16][9] These restrictions made it more difficult for videos of unrest in Iran to be posted or viewed on social media.[17]

After YouTube was blocked in Iran, the Aparat website was founded as an Iranian video-sharing platform. In 2020, Aparat's CEO was sentenced to 10 years in prison due to the activity of one of the platform's users.[18][19] Millions of Iranians stay connected on social media despite the government's restrictions [20] by using proxies or virtual private networks (VPNs).

On November 17, 2019,[21] in response to fuel protests,[22][5] the country shut down nearly all internet access.[4][9] This reduced internet traffic down to 5% of ordinary levels.[23][15][24]

In practice

After the Islamic revolution in 1979, the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, also known as the Ershad, came into existence to control all cultural activities in the country.[25] From that moment on, all musicians, writers, artists, and media makers needed permits that allowed them to publicly display their works. The Ershad is in charge of providing these permits and judges whether each producer's work aligns with Islamic culture. Different departments within the Ershad are responsible for interpreting what fits and doesn't fit with Islamic culture and should therefore be censored.[25] At the head of this bureaucratic organization are both the Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance and the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei. Journalists also need a license before they can legally start working.[26] Licenses for journalists are provided by the Press Supervisory Board, and a license is withdrawn if a journalist criticizes the State.[26]

Censorship in Iran is not just an act by an individual. It's a process that involves interaction and negotiation. The complexity and ambiguity of the system stimulate self-censorship and create a culture of censorship.[25] However, not everything is negotiable. Criticism of the Supreme Leader, for example, is strictly prohibited. Any journalist or artist who does not obey the Iranian State can face severe punishment.[26]

Laws and regulations

The Iranian Constitution contains many articles which restrict the flow of information. However, the phrases in its articles are often ambiguously worded. These vague articles leave too much room for interpretation about what's legal and what isn't.[27] Censorship regulation is, therefore, a highly subjective practice. It depends on the interpretation of the individual bureaucrat in charge, who dictates whether censorship will be applied or not.[27] The articles in the Constitution can, therefore, easily be used by government officials who want to suppress dissenting voices.[26] The Iranian Constitution does not protect journalists and artists by giving them rights.[26]

The Iranian Constitution states very general rules concerning freedom of expression. Article 24 states: "Publications and the press have freedom of expression except when it is detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam or the rights of the public. The details of this exception will be specified by law."[28] Till now, there is no existing law that specifies the details of this exception.[27]

Article 3 of The Press Law states: "The press have the right to publish the opinions, constructive criticisms, suggestions and explanations of individuals and government officials for public information while duly observing the Islamic teachings and the best interest of the community."[29] The first part of this law describes a lot of freedoms for the press. However, the second part of this freedom is restricted by very broad exceptions. Anything can be labeled as against "the interest of the community," and therefore, the press should always be careful.

Article 500 of the penal code states: "Anyone who engages in any type of propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran or in support of opposition groups and associations shall be sentenced to three months to one year of imprisonment."[30] What is seen as propaganda can not always be found. This vagueness gives judges a lot of room for interpreting what is against the law and should therefore be punished.

History

Iran has a long history with censorship, especially with reactive measures. This means information in newspapers, on television, or on the internet is withheld from the public, which has been present for ages.[31] These forms of censorship were used for suppression of opposition and for influencing public opinion.[25] Censorship in Iran comes in waves which exist parallel to political crises. In situations of crisis, the state tries to get power back by controlling information streams and thereby denying opposition groups' influence on the public debate.[25] During the crisis that followed the nationalization of the oil industry in the 1950s, censorship was intensified to protect the Shah's reputation. During the 1970s, in the years preceding the revolution, censorship was less present in Iranian society. This created big developments in Iranian literature production.[27] However, in later years, the Islamic Revolution intensified censorship once again. The new Islamic leaders tried to consolidate their power by enforcing new regulations. And lastly, in the crisis after the 2009 elections, communication channels were shut down to prevent major uprisings.[25]

Subject matter and agenda

Political

Censorship in Iran is largely seen as a measure to maintain the stability of the country. Censorship helps prevent unapproved reformists, Counter-Revolutionaries, or religious proponents, peaceful or otherwise, from organizing themselves and spreading their ideals. In 2007, for example, five women were charged with "endangering national security" and sentenced to prison for collecting over a million signatures supporting the abolishment of laws discriminating against women.[32]

Some of the topics explicitly banned from discussion in the media by the Supreme National Security Council include Iran's economic troubles, the possibility of new international sanctions targeted at Iran's nuclear program, negotiations with the United States regarding Iraq, social taboos, unrest among Iran's ethnic minorities, and the arrests in 2007 of Haleh Esfandiari, Kian Tajbakhsh and Ali Shakeri.[32][33]

Media

Two notable crackdowns on the Iranian press occurred on August 7–11, 1979. This was early in the Islamic Revolution when the Khamenei forces were consolidating control, and dozens of non-Islamist newspapers were banned under a new press law banning "counter-revolutionary policies and acts."[34]

Despite a ban on satellite television, dishes are on many Iranian rooftops, and people have access to dozens of Persian-language channels, including the Voice of America, broadcasting a daily dose of politics and entertainment. Thirty percent of Iranians watch satellite channels, but observers say the figures are likely to be higher.[35]

A number of unauthorized foreign radio services also broadcast into Iran on shortwave and encounter occasional jamming by the Iranian government due to their controversial nature. Such services include a popular phone-in program from Kol Israel (Voice of Israel), where callers must dial a number in Europe to be rerouted to the studio in Israel in order to protect against persecution for communicating with an enemy state.[36]

In March 2009, Amoo Pourang (Uncle Pourang), an Iranian children's television show watched by millions of Iranian children three times a week on state TV, was pulled off after a child appearing on the program called his pet monkey "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad," live on air.[37]

In September 2017, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) condemned the Iranian judicial system and intelligence services (VEVAK) for their attempts to put pressure on Iranian journalists based abroad and on their families still in Iran. This was done to influence the Persian-language sections of international media outlets such as BBC Persian service to broadcast pro-government programs and news.[38]

Internet

In the first decade of the 21st century, Iran experienced a great surge in Internet usage. With 20 million people on the Internet, Iran currently has the second-highest percentage of its population online in the Middle East, after Israel. When initially introduced, the Internet services provided by the government within Iran were comparatively open. Many users saw the internet as an easy way to get around Iran's strict press laws.[39][40] In recent years, Internet service providers have been told to block access to pornographic and anti-religion websites. The ban has also targeted gaming platforms, such as Steam, as well as popular social networking sites, like Facebook and YouTube, alongside some news websites.[35]

Internet usage has also been shut down country-wide to limit the organization of protests.[41][42][43] The Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Sepah are always blocking popular social networks like Facebook, Twitter, and more.[44][45][46] But they decided to shut down the Internet during the protests in Iran in 2019.[47][48] Many internet businesses were shut down during the 2019–20 Iranian protests.[49][50][46]

Banned media

In 2010, the Iranian government started using cropping and other editing techniques to censor foreign movies deemed offensive or immoral. The strategy behind this was that citizens would stop seeking out illegal or uncensored versions if approved versions of the films were broadcast. Censorship cut out the following: alcoholic beverages, sorcery, men and women sitting too close together or touching, closeups of women's faces, low necklines on shirts, and many others. People are sometimes edited out, or objects are strategically placed to cover what is considered inappropriate. For example, a low neckline on a woman's shirt is edited to be more modest. Dialogue in foreign films is also oftentimes rewritten. For example, romantic implications are replaced with marriage proposals.[51]

Books

Films

Video games

Religious

The agents of censorship are sometimes not official government employees but religious organizations. In 2007, after student newspapers at Amirkabir University of Technology published articles suggesting that no human being—including Muhammad—could be infallible, eight student leaders were arrested and taken to Evin Prison.[32]

Distributing Christian literature in Persian (also known as Farsi) is prohibited.[61][62]

Censorship of the name of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, former Shah of Iran, in a tomb in Iran

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Iran". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  2. ↑ "The World Press Freedom Index". Reporters Without Borders. 19 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  3. ↑ "Freedom in the World 2019, Iran". Freedom House. 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  4. 1 2 "Iran shuts down country's internet in the wake of fuel protests". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 Skinner, Helena (22 November 2019). "How did Iran's government pull the plug on the Internet?". euronews. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  6. ↑ Robertson, Adi (17 December 2012). "Iran's Supreme Leader adds Facebook to growing online presence, despite official ban". The Verge. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  7. ↑ Taylor, Chloe (21 November 2019). "Iran's internet blackout enters fifth day as government claims victory over protesters". CNBC. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  8. ↑ Mihalcik, Carrie. "Iran's internet has been shut down for days amid protests". CNET. Archived from the original on 26 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  9. 1 2 3 "Why Iran shut down the internet this weekend". The Christian Science Monitor. 17 November 2019. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 24 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  10. ↑ "What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran". Centre for International Governance Innovation. 9 January 2018. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  11. ↑ Toor, Amar (4 December 2013). "If an ayatollah tweets in Iran, who hears it?". The Verge. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  12. ↑ "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad wants a third term as Iran's president | DW | 13.04.2017". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  13. ↑ "Like? Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei 'joins Facebook'". The Guardian. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  14. ↑ Francisco, Neil McAllister in San (18 December 2012). "Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei 'likes' Facebook despite ban". The Register. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  15. 1 2 Anderson, Finbar (23 November 2019). "Iran's internet blackout: What is happening, and why did the government turn it off?". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  16. ↑ "Iran To Work With China To Create National Internet System". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
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  18. ↑ "مدیر آپارات و تهیه‌کنندگان گزارش ژلوفن ‌تی‌وی 'به ۱۰ سال زندان محکوم شدند'". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
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  20. ↑ "Iranians stay connected on social media despite regime restrictions". NBC News. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  21. ↑ "Iran has turned off the internet". The Independent. 19 November 2019. Archived from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  22. ↑ "Internet disrupted in Iran amid fuel protests in multiple cities". NetBlocks. 15 November 2019. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
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  24. ↑ "How Iran's Government Shut Off the Internet". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 24 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rahimi, Babak (2015). "Censorship and the Islamic Republic: Two Modes of Regulatory Measures for Media in Iran". The Middle East Journal. 69 (3): 358–378. doi:10.3751/69.3.12. S2CID 55844990. Project MUSE 586504.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 "Freedom of the Press 2017, Iran". Freedom House. 28 April 2017. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Atwood, Blake (2012). "Sense and Censorship in the Islamic Republic of Iran". World Literature Today. 86 (3): 38–41. doi:10.7588/worllitetoda.86.3.0038. S2CID 159815221.
  28. ↑ "Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1979 (rev. 1989)". Constitute Project. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  29. ↑ "Iran (Islamic Republic of) Press Law". WIPO, World Intellectual Property Organization. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  30. ↑ "Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran – Book Five". Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  31. ↑ "Revolution anniversary – 39 years of news control and censorship in Iran". Reporters Without Borders. 13 February 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  32. 1 2 3 MacFarquhar, Neil. (2007). "Iran Cracks Down on Dissent" Archived 25 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 June 2007.
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  35. 1 2 Media and internet Archived 20 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine Yahoo!
  36. ↑ "Listening to Iran" Archived 7 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2008)
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  38. ↑ "Reporters Without Borders (RSF)". 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
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  42. ↑ KHATAMI, ELHAM (20 November 2019). "Iranian Americans Struggle to Reach Family Amid Internet Blackout". Wired. Archived from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
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  46. 1 2 Skinner, Helena (22 November 2019). "How did Iran's government pull the plug on the Internet?". euronews. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
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