Elizabeth Riddle Graves
Graves's Los Alamos badge
Born(1916-01-23)23 January 1916
Nashville, Tennessee, US
Died6 January 1972(1972-01-06) (aged 55)
Albuquerque, New Mexico, US
Alma materUniversity of Chicago
Known forPhysics of neutrons
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsLos Alamos Scientific Laboratory
ThesisEnergy Released from Be 9 (d, α) Li 7 and the Production of Li 7 (1940)
Doctoral advisorSamuel K. Allison

Elizabeth Riddle Graves (23 January 1916 – 6 January 1972) was a pioneer in the physics of neutrons and the detection and measurement of fast neutrons. During World War II, she worked in the Metallurgical Laboratory and at the Los Alamos Laboratory, becoming a group leader there after the war.

Life and education

Elizabeth Riddle was born in Nashville, Tennessee, on 23 January 1916 to James Marion Riddle from South Carolina and Georgia Clymetra Boykin from Arkansas. She had two brothers, James Marion Riddle Jr. and John Burwell Boykin Riddle. Around 1921, the Riddle family moved to Chicago, Illinois.[1]

Riddle entered the University of Chicago, where she was known as "Diz".[2] She earned her Bachelor of Science degree in physics in 1936,[3] and developed a keen interest in the physics of neutrons, particularly the detection and measurement of fast neutrons.[4] She earned her PhD in 1940, writing her thesis on the "Energy Released from Be 9 (d, α) Li 7 and the Production of Li 7" under the supervision of Samuel K. Allison.[3][5]

While there, she met and married Alvin C. Graves, a fellow physics major.[6] Jobs were hard to find during the Great Depression. Alvin remained at the University of Chicago as a research fellow and an assistant professor until 1939, when he moved to the University of Texas,[6] but Elizabeth was unable to secure a job there as well due to its anti-nepotism rules, which tended to discriminate against women.[2]

On the day of May 21, 1946, Elizabeth was confronted with a disturbing incident. Her husband, Alvin Graves, was in the room with seven other men when Canadian physicist Louis Slotin accidentally slipped and filled the room with a “blue ionization glow” during a routine test. Slotin knew he had absorbed a fatal dose of radiation and is believed to have saved the lives of the other scientists in the room.[7] Alvin Graves was standing the closest to Slotin when the incident occurred. He developed acute radiation sickness and was hospitalized for several weeks.[8] He survived but had chronic neurological and vision problems. Alvin became temporarily bald and developed cataracts in addition to numerous other symptoms related to exposure to neutrons. Louis Slotin asked Elizabeth to calculate whether or not a human could survive that dosage of radiation, referring to Elizabeth’s husband, without telling her about the accident.[7] Elizabeth was a self-proclaimed stoic, reportedly once dismissing Hiroshima as nothing worse than napalm, but “she froze when she learned who the subject of her calculation was.”[7]

Personality

Colleagues described her as a “very” hard worker and someone who was “very good at her job.” Despite having what was described as a conventional outlook, she was an independent thinker and was able to assert her point of view when she thought it necessary. She was said to have a sense of humor. A story from her colleagues goes that she once had a bet with them that she could persuade a “very proper” European physicist to go through a door before her (it was customary for males to allow a woman through a door before them.) She won the bet by telling the man that she had ripped her dress and “that modesty dictated that he go first.”[7]

The Manhattan Project

In 1942 Alvin was invited back to the University of Chicago by Arthur H. Compton to join the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory. [6] Elizabeth found employment there as well, working with Enrico Fermi on the calculations involved in determining the feasibility of a nuclear chain reaction, which eventually led to the development of Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor.[3]

In 1943 they joined the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico. Alvin Graves insisted that Elizabeth be allowed to work at Los Alamos as a condition of his participation in the project. According to Howes and Herzenberg in 2003, even if Alvin had not insisted, Elizabeth “probably would have been recruited anyway.”[7] She was one of the few scientists who knew about fast neutron scattering, which was crucial to nuclear weapon design, and who knew how to operate the Cockcroft–Walton accelerator that had been brought from the University of Illinois.[2]

Employed as a "scientist," which was a high ranking role in the project as compared to "associate scientist" or "junior scientist," Dr. Graves worked as a member of R-division. She contributed greatly to the Project, including measuring cross-sections pertaining to nuclear reactions, measuring neutron multiplication effects in uranium metal, and investigating the different neutron scattering properties of tamper materials considered for use in atomic weapons.[9][10] She worked on selecting a neutron reflector to “surround the core of the atomic bomb.”[7]

At the time of the Trinity nuclear test in 1945, Elizabeth was seven months pregnant with her first child. They therefore requested that they be assigned to a post far from the blast. They listened to Allison's countdown to the explosion on the radio, and using Geiger counters, they monitored the test's radioactive fallout, which took until the afternoon to reach them. Elizabeth finished an experiment while in labor, timing her contractions with a stopwatch.[2] The child was a healthy daughter, Marilyn Edith.[6] Alvin and Elizabeth had two more children, Alvin Palmer and Elizabeth Anne.[3]

Post-war

They remained in Los Alamos after the war. Elizabeth became a group leader in the experimental physics division in 1950, and researched neutron interactions with matter and material.[3][11] She died of cancer at Bataan Memorial Hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico,[3] on 6 January 1972, and was buried at Guaje Pines Cemetery, Los Alamos, Los Alamos County, New Mexico.[12][13]

Select publications

Patents

  • Low voltage 14 MeV neutron source.[14]

Dissertation and thesis

  • Energy Released from Be 9 (d, α) Li 7 and the Production of Li 7. 1940.[5]

Thesis

The α-particles from Be9(d,α)Li7 have been investigated with a variable air pressure absorption cell, ionization chamber and linear amplifier. It has been established that there are two groups of α-particles differing at 760 mm pressure and 15°C by 3.08±0.10 mm range reduced to zero bombarding voltage. The groups have been shown to be associated with the production of Li7 in the ground state and in an excited state. At 239 kv bombarding voltage, the excited state is formed 1.7 times as often as the ground state. The energy balance, Q, associated with the production of the ground state has been determined to be 7.093±0.022 Mev. The energy of the excited level has been determined to be 494±16 kev. The total yield curve for α-particles has been investigated from 235 kv to 390 kv bombarding voltage. The measured value for the energy of the excited level in Li7 is discussed in connection with values from other reactions in which Li7 is an end product and with γ-ray measurements of the level.[5]

Papers

1930s–1940s

  • Allison, Samuel K., Graves, Elizabeth R., Skaggs, Lester S., & Smith Jr, Nicholas M. (1939). A Precise Measurement of the Mass Difference Be 9 4—Be 8 4; The Stability of Be 8 4. Physical Review. 55(1): 107.
  • Allison, S. K., Graves, E. R., & Skaggs, L. S. (1940). Alpha-Particle Groups from the Disintegration of Beryllium by Deuterons. Physical Review. 57(2): 158.
  • Graves, A. C., Graves, E. R., Coon, J. H., & Manley, J. H. (January 1946). Cross Section of D (D, P) H-3 Reaction. Physical Review. 70(1-2): 101.
  • Manley, J. H., Coon, J. H., & Graves, E. R. (January 1946). Cross Section of D (D, N) He-3 Reaction. Physical Review. 70(1-2): 101.
  • Graves, E. R., & Coon, J. H. (January 1946). Disintegrations of Neon and Argon by dd Neutrons. Physical Review. 70(1-2): 101.
  • Manley, J. H., Agnew, H. M., Barschall, H. H., Bright, W. C., Coon, J. H., Graves, E. R., Jorgensen, T. & Waldman, B. (1946). Elastic Backscattering of d− d Neutrons. Physical Review. 70(9-10): 602.
  • Barschall, Henry Herman, Battat, M. E., Bright, W. C., Graves, E. R., Jorgensen, T., & Manley, J. H. (1947). Measurement of Transport and Inelastic Scattering Cross Sections for Fast Neutrons. II. Experimental Results. Physical Review. 72(10): 881.
  • Graves, E. R. (1949). Mayer. Physical Review. 76(1): 183.
  • Graves, E. R., Rodrigues, A. A., Goldblatt, M., & Meyer, D. I. (1949). Preparation and use of tritium and deuterium targets. Review of Scientific Instruments. 20(8): 579-582.am

1950s–1960s

  • Coon, J. H., Graves, E. R., & Barschall, H. H. (1952). Total Cross Sections for 14-MeV Neutrons. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California.
  • Graves, E. R., & Rosen, L. (January 1952). Energy Spectrum of Neutrons from the Interaction of 14-Mev Neutrons with C, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Sn, Au, Pb, and Bi. Physical Review. 87(1): 239.
  • Coon, J. H., Graves, E. R., & Barschall, H. H. (1952). Total Cross Sections for 14-Mev Neutrons. Physical Review. 88(3): 562.
  • Phillips, D. D., Davis, R. W., & Graves, E. R. (1952). Inelastic Collision Cross Sections for 14-Mev Neutrons. Physical Review. 88(3): 600.
  • Forbes, S. G., Graves, E. R., & Little, R. N. (1953). Low Voltage 14‐Mev Neutron Source. Review of Scientific Instruments. 24(6): 424-427.
  • Graves, E. R., & Rosen, Louis. (1953). Distribution in Energy of the Neutrons from the Interaction of 14-MeV Neutrons with some Elements. Physical Review. 89(2): 343.
  • Graves, E. R., & Davis, Roland W. (1955). Cross sections for nonelastic interactions of 14-Mev neutrons with various elements. Physical Review. 97(5): 1205.
  • Battat, M. E., & Graves, E. R. (1955). Gamma Rays from 14-Mev Neutron Bombardment of C 12. Physical Review. 97(5): 1266.
  • McDole, C. J., Graves, E. R., & Davis, R. W. (1955). Calibration of a Mock Fission Neutron Source by Indium Resonance Mapping of the Standard Graphite Pile (No. LA-1982). Los Alamos Scientific Lab., New Mexico.
  • Seagrave, J. D., Graves, E. R., Hipwood, S. J., & McDole, C. J. (1958). D (d, n) 3 He and T (d, n) 4 He Neutron Source Handbook. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Lams, 2162.
  • Graves, E. R. (1963). Howard Eberline Neutron Survey Instrument PNC-1 Evaluation and Recommendation for Use. (No. LA-2860). Los Alamos Scientific Lab., New Mexico.
  • Davis, R. W., & Graves, E. R. (1969). The Radiation Instrument Calibration Facility at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. (No. LA—4090). Los Alamos Scientific Lab., New Mexico.
  • Davis, R., & Graves, E. (1969). The Radiation Instrument Calibration Facility at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. (Construction and calibration of radiation survey instruments).

References

  1. ↑ "United States Census, 1930". FamilySearch. Retrieved 15 August 2015. Elizabeth B Riddle in household of James M Riddle, Chicago (Districts 0751-1000), Cook, Illinois, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 0765, sheet 12A, family 145, line 4, NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002), roll 449; FHL microfilm 2,340,184.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Howes, Ruth H.; Herzenberg, Caroline L. Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project. Temple University. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-0-585-38881-6. OCLC 49569088.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. New York: Routledge. pp. 522–523. ISBN 9780415920407. OCLC 803021974.
  4. ↑ "Elizabeth R. Graves". Physics Today. 25 (4 p=67): 67. April 1972. doi:10.1063/1.3070831.
  5. 1 2 3 Graves, Elizabeth Riddle (May 1940). "Energy Release from Be9(d,α)Li7 and the Production of Li7". Physical Review. 57 (10): 855–862. Bibcode:1940PhRv...57..855G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.57.855.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Becker, Bill (19 April 1952). "The Man Who Sets Off Atomic Bombs". The Saturday Evening Post. pp. 32–33, 185–188.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Howes, Ruth (2003). Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  8. ↑ "Atomic injuries fatal to scientist, Louis Slotin (radiation) (1948) 2". Albuquerque Journal. 31 May 1946. p. 2. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  9. ↑ "Elizabeth R. Graves". Physics Today. 25 (4): 67. April 1972. doi:10.1063/1.3070831. ISSN 0031-9228.
  10. ↑ Personnel Roster, circa 1944-1945, Collection A-84-019, Box 4-8, LANL Archives.
  11. ↑ Coyne, Colleen (29 April 2013). "Female Scientists, the Military, and Informing Policy". Bowling Green State University. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  12. ↑ "Elizabeth Riddle Graves". Family Search. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  13. ↑ "Funeral services held for Los Alamos scientist". Albuquerque Journal. 9 January 1972. p. 6.
  14. ↑ Graves, E. R., & Little Jr, Robert N. (1959). U.S. Patent 2,906,903. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
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