Emperor Kōshō
孝昭天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign475 BC – 393 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorItoku
SuccessorKōan
Born501 BC[2]
Died393 BC (aged 108)
Burial
Waki-no-kami no Hakata no yama no e no misasagi (掖上博多山上陵) (Gose)
SpouseYosotarashi-hime
Issue
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Kōshō (孝昭天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Mimatsuhikokaeshine no Sumeramikoto (観松彦香殖稲天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Itoku
MotherAmonotoyototsu-hime
ReligionShinto

Emperor Kōshō (孝昭天皇, Kōshō-tennō), also known as Mimatsuhikokaeshine no Mikoto (真津日子訶恵志泥命) was the fifth legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[3][4] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kōshō is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Kōshō's reign allegedly began in 475 BC, he had one wife and two sons. After his death in 393 BC, his second son supposedly became the next emperor.[5]

Legendary narrative

In the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, only his name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperial misasagi(陵) or tomb for Kōshō is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Kōshō is believed to be the oldest son of Emperor Itoku, and his wife Amanotoyototsu-hime. His mother was the daughter of Okishimimi-no-kami.[5][6] The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace of Ikekokoro-no-miya (葛城掖上宮, and in the Nihon Shoki as 掖上池心宮) at Waki-no-kami in what would come to be known as Yamato Province.[4][6] Kōshō allegedly had a wife named Yosotarashi-hime, and fathered two children with her. His reign lasted from 475 BC until his death in 393 BC, his second son then took the throne and would later be referred to as Emperor Kōan.

Known information

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[7] Kōshō is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the fourth of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[lower-alpha 1] The name Kōshō-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations, and literally means "filial manifestation".[9] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kōshō, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the Yamato dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[8] While the actual site of Kōshō's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Gose.[3] The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Kōshō's mausoleum. It is formally named Waki-no-kami no Hakata no yama no e no misasagi.[5] There is a possibility that this figure could have lived instead in the 1st century (AD), however more research is needed to make any further conclusions.[10]

The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[11] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[lower-alpha 2] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[14] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[lower-alpha 3] between 737 and 806 AD.[8]

Consorts and Children

  • Empress: Yosotarashi-hime (世襲足媛), Owari clan's daughter
    • Prince Ametarashihikokunioshihito (天足彦国押人命)
    • Prince Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito (日本足彦国押人尊), later Emperor Kōan

Family tree

Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[15] Ōkuninushi[16][17]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[18]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[19]
Kotoshironushi[20][21] Tamakushi-hime[19] Takeminakata[22][23] Susa Clan[24]
1 Jimmu[25]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[25]Kamo no Okimi[20][26]Mirahime
2 Suizei[27][28][29][30][31][32] 2Isuzuyori-hime[30][31][32][26][33]Kamuyaimimi[27][28][29]
3 Annei[34][20][30][31][32]〔Ō clan[35][36]〕〔Aso clan[37]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[38][20]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[34][20]Ikisomimi no mikoto[34]Ame no Murakumo
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto[34]Amaoshio no mikoto
5 Emperor Kōshō[34][20][39]5Yosotarashi-hime[20]Okitsu Yoso
6 Emperor Kōan[20]Prince Ameoshitarashi[39]Owari clan
6Oshihime[20][39]〔Wani clan〕[40]
7 Emperor Kōrei[41][20][39][42] 7Kuwashi-hime[42]
8 Emperor Kōgen[43][42]8Utsushikome[43]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[41]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[44]Wakatakehiko
9Ikagashikome[lower-alpha 4] [46][47]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto[47]9 Emperor Kaika[43]Prince Ohiko[48]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto[47]10 Emperor Sujin[49][50]10Mimaki-hime[51]〔Abe clan〕[48]
Takenouchi no Sukune[47]11 Emperor Suinin[52][53]11Saho-hime[54]12Hibasu-hime[55]Yasaka Iribiko[56][57][58]Toyosukiiri-hime[59]Nunaki-iri-hime[41]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[60]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume12 Emperor Keiko[53][55]14Yasakairi-hime[56][57][58]
Otoyo no mikoto
Futaji Irihime[61]Yamato Takeru[62][63]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[62][63]
14Emperor Chūai[62][63] [64]15Empress Jingū[65] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[65]16Nakatsuhime[66][67][68]
16Emperor Nintoku[69]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代, Kesshi-hachidai).[8]
  2. ↑ The 29th Emperor[12][13]
  3. ↑ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty
  4. ↑ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[45]

References

Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ↑ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  2. ↑ Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. 1 2 "孝昭天皇 (5)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  4. 1 2 Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  5. 1 2 3 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 30 & 418.
  6. 1 2 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780231049405.
  7. ↑ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109, 144–145.
  9. ↑ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  10. ↑ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kōshō Tennō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 564, p. 564, at Google Books.
  11. ↑ Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". Japan Times. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  12. ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
  13. ↑ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
  14. ↑ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  15. ↑ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  16. ↑ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  17. ↑ Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  18. ↑ Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005). "Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  19. 1 2 The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
  21. ↑ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  22. ↑ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  23. ↑ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  24. ↑ Tanigawa Ken'ichi 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  25. 1 2 Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  26. 1 2 『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  27. 1 2 日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. "日子八井命とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  28. 1 2 ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
  29. 1 2 "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  30. 1 2 3 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
  31. 1 2 3 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  32. 1 2 3 Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  33. ↑ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  35. ↑ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  36. ↑ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  37. ↑ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  38. ↑ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  39. 1 2 3 4 Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  40. ↑ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten 日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421.
  41. 1 2 3 Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
  42. 1 2 3 "Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  43. 1 2 3 Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  44. ↑ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  45. ↑ Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  46. ↑ Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150. ISBN 9780524053478.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  48. 1 2 Asakawa, Kan'ichi (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140. ISBN 9780722225394.
  49. ↑ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253. ISBN 9780520034600.
  50. ↑ Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  51. ↑ "Mimakihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  52. ↑ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254. ISBN 9780520034600.
  53. 1 2 Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  54. ↑ "Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  55. 1 2 Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  56. 1 2 "Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  57. 1 2 Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  58. 1 2 Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  59. ↑ "Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム". web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  60. ↑ Brown Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
  61. ↑ Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344. ISBN 9780824830359.
  62. 1 2 3 Packard, Jerrold M. (2000). Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 9781930782013.
  63. 1 2 3 Xinzhong, Yao (2003). Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467. ISBN 9780415306539.
  64. ↑ Aston, William George. (1998). Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  65. 1 2 Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  66. ↑ 文也 (2019-05-26). "仲姫命とはどんな人？". 歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
  67. ↑ 日本人名大辞典+Plus, 朝日日本歴史人物事典,デジタル版. "仲姫命(なかつひめのみこと)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ↑ "Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  69. ↑ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

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