Panama's foreign relations are conventional in outlook, with Panama being especially aligned with United States since the 1989 US invasion to topple the regime of General Manuel Noriega. The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies.

Diplomatic relations

Panama has established diplomatic relations with following countries:[1][2]

#CountryDate
1 United States13 November 1903
2 France18 November 1903
3 Russia21 November 1903
4 Costa Rica29 December 1903
5 Italy15 January 1904
6 Venezuela3 February 1904
7 Cuba7 April 1904
8 Netherlands10 April 1904
9  Switzerland6 May 1904
10 Spain10 May 1904
11 Portugal21 May 1904
12 Japan7 January 1904[3]
13 Uruguay28 October 1904
14 Honduras18 September 1907
15 Belgium15 February 1908
16 Chile1 March 1908
17 Peru2 March 1908
18 Brazil3 March 1908
19 United Kingdom9 April 1908
20 Ecuador1 September 1908[4]
21 El Salvador9 March 1909
22 Argentina5 November 1920
23 Mexico29 May 1923
– Holy See21 September 1923
24 Colombia9 July 1924
25 Czech Republic25 March 1929[5]
26 Guatemala25 January 1937
27 Dominican Republic17 March 1937
28 Sweden3 July 1937
29 Denmark30 July 1937
30 Norway31 July 1937
31 Nicaragua13 December 1938
32 Bolivia28 August 1942
33 Paraguay31 October 1942
34 Haiti11 October 1945
35 Lebanon30 April 1946
– Sovereign Order of Malta2 August 1948
36 Turkey14 April 1950
37 Germany17 December 1951
38 Serbia26 March 1953
39 Austria18 October 1955
40 Greece17 May 1956
41 Egypt21 February 1958
42 Madagascar20 September 1960[6]
43 Canada11 August 1961
44 India1 July 1962
45 South Korea30 September 1962
46 Jamaica18 August 1966
47 Ethiopia17 August 1967
48 Pakistan7 November 1967
49 Cyprus1 April 1971
50 Romania5 October 1971
51 Bangladesh5 June 1972
52 Algeria9 February 1973
53 Guyana16 March 1973
54 Bulgaria29 March 1973
55 Libya29 March 1973
56 Guinea29 March 1973
57 Poland15 August 1973
58 Philippines28 September 1973
59 Guinea-Bissau16 October 1973
60 Australia20 February 1974
61 Grenada18 November 1974
62 Iran7 January 1975
63 Bahrain27 February 1975
64 Hungary5 August 1975
65 Vietnam28 August 1975
66 Syria17 February 1976
67 Finland19 February 1976
68 Malta19 February 1976
69 Sri Lanka8 March 1976
70 Kuwait23 March 1976
71 Iraq8 June 1976
72 Israel18 June 1976
73 Morocco15 February 1977
74 Albania20 August 1978
75 Indonesia27 March 1979
76 Suriname1 May 1979
– Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic1 June 1979
77 Equatorial Guinea13 May 1981
78 Belize1 December 1981
79 Myanmar15 July 1982
80 Singapore6 August 1982
81 Thailand20 August 1982
82 Barbados3 March 1983
83   Nepal15 February 1984
84 Luxembourg12 November 1985
85 Senegal27 August 1987
86 Sudan13 September 1988
87 Angola16 February 1989
88 Maldives19 February 1989
89 Ghana24 February 1989
90 Bahamas1 May 1991
91 Lithuania19 November 1992
92 Saint Kitts and Nevis19 November 1992
93 Moldova15 February 1993
94 Slovakia15 February 1993
95 United Arab Emirates9 March 1993
96 New Zealand22 March 1993
97 Seychelles21 May 1993
98 Ukraine21 May 1993
99 Malaysia24 July 1993
100 Jordan7 February 1994
101 Oman25 February 1994
102 Latvia22 March 1994
103 Trinidad and Tobago24 May 1994
104 South Africa10 January 1995
105 Estonia13 January 1995
106 Azerbaijan6 April 1995
107 Slovenia10 May 1995
108 Saint Lucia10 July 1995
109 Kazakhstan28 July 1995
110 Cambodia15 February 1996
111 Papua New Guinea5 March 1996
112 Brunei28 March 1996
113 Croatia12 July 1996
114 Andorra16 July 1996
115 Antigua and Barbuda27 September 1996
116 Armenia7 August 1998
117 Belarus22 October 1998
118 Georgia18 November 1998
119 Iceland4 June 1999
120 Nigeria12 February 2001
121 Ireland14 February 2001
122 Qatar8 February 2002
123 North Macedonia18 April 2002
124 NamibiaApril 2002[7]
125 Afghanistan3 May 2002
126 San Marino22 January 2004
127 Bosnia and Herzegovina31 March 2004
128 Benin20 September 2005
129 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines17 July 2006
130 Tunisia15 June 2007
131 Montenegro29 May 2008
132 Burkina Faso29 July 2009
133 Botswana15 December 2009
134 Djibouti15 December 2009
135 Monaco22 November 2010
136 Cameroon14 August 2011
137 Liechtenstein3 January 2012
138 Mongolia17 January 2012
139 Dominica13 March 2012
140 Palau18 April 2012
141 Solomon Islands11 September 2012
142 Fiji9 November 2012
– Kosovo28 August 2013[8]
143 Saudi Arabia14 January 2015
144 Turkmenistan24 July 2015
145 Ivory Coast29 April 2016
146 China12 June 2017
147  Tajikistan 26 May 2018[9]
148 Togo26 March 2019
149 Kenya26 September 2019
150 Cape Verde9 April 2021[10]
151 Laos9 September 2021
152 Kyrgyzstan24 September 2021
153  Uzbekistan 30 November 2021
154 East Timor20 September 2022[11]
155  Federated States of Micronesia 20 September 2022[12]
156  Mauritania 22 September 2022
157  Rwanda 18 September 2023
158  Uganda 22 September 2023[13]
159  Vanuatu 21 November 2023
160  Zimbabwe 28 December 2023

Bilateral relations

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina5 November 1920
 Armenia7 August 1998See Armenia–Panama relations
 Belize1 December 1981
  • Belize has an honorary consulate in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Belize City.
 Bolivia28 August 1942
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in La Paz.
 Brazil3 March 1908
 Canada11 August 1961[1]See Canada–Panama relations
 China2 January 1909[1]See China–Panama relations

Panama established a diplomatic relationship with the Qing dynasty in 1909. After the Xinhai Revolution, Panama recognized the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC), and has retained diplomatic ties with the ROC. In 2009, after President Ricardo Martinelli took office, Panama wished to switch diplomatic relations from the ROC to the People's Republic of China (PRC), but this was rejected by the PRC government based on violation of PRC's viewpoint on the One-China policy. Martinelli reaffirmed its commitment to Taiwan in the diplomatic arena, clearing doubts he could establish official ties with PRC; he also thanked the Taiwanese for cooperation and expressed the hope that cooperation and investments would intensify. "Panama reaffirms its determination to strengthen diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan), as well as strengthening trade ties with the People's Republic of China (PRC)," said Foreign Minister Juan Carlos Varela, at a meeting in the Council of Taiwan Affairs.[16] On June 12, 2017, President Juan Carlos Varela announced that Panama has established a diplomatic relationship with People's Republic of China, and Panama has severed diplomatic relationship with the Republic of China (Taiwan).

 Chile1 March 1908
  • Chile has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Santiago and consulate-general in Valparaíso.
 Colombia9 July 1924See Colombia–Panama relations
 Costa Rica29 December 1903
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Panama City and a consulate in David.
  • Panama has an embassy in San José.
 Cuba7 April 1904
  • Cuba has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Havana.
 Dominican Republic17 March 1937
  • Dominican Republic has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Santo Domingo.
 Ecuador1908
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Quito and a consulate-general in Guayquil.
 El Salvador9 March 1909
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in San Salvador.
 France18 November 1903
  • France has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.
 Greece17 May 1956See Greece–Panama relations
 Guatemala25 January 1937
  • Guatemala has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Guatemala City.
 Haiti11 October 1945
  • Haiti has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Honduras18 September 1907
  • Honduras has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Tegucigalpa.
 India1 June 1962[1]See India–Panama relations

Panama is the first country in Central America where India established a resident embassy in 1973. Bilateral commercial and trade relations are steadily growing between India and Panama, with Panama seen as the gateway for expansion into Latin America.[17]

 Kosovo27 August 2013[21]

Panama officially recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 16 January 2009.[22] Kosovo and Panama established diplomatic relations on 27 August 2013, following the establishment of diplomatic relations Kosovo announced it would be opening an embassy in Panama and that this embassy would be Kosovo's 'gateway to Latin America'.[23]

Kosovo has an embassy in Panama City.[24] Both countries enjoy excellent relationships.

 Mexico29 May 1923[1]See Mexico–Panama relations
 Nicaragua13 December 1938
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Managua.
 Paraguay31 October 1942
  • Panama has an embassy in Asunción
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Panama City.
 Peru2 March 1908
  • Panama has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Panama City.
 Poland15 August 1973
  • Panama has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Panama City.
 Russia21 November 1903[1]See Panama–Russia relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Moscow.[27]
  • Russia has an embassy in Panama city.[28]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic1 June 1979[1]See Panama–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Panama was the first Latin American country on recognizing the SADR in 1978, during the military rule of Omar Torrijos.[29] Panama also has the oldest Sahrawi embassy in Latin America. Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013 to 7 January 2016;.[30]

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines2006[1]
 Serbia1953[1]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1953.[32]
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[33]
 South Africa1995[1]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1995.[1][34]
  • Panama has an embassy Pretoria.
  • South Africa is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Lima, Peru.[34]
 South Korea30 September 1962[1]See Panama–South Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on Sep 30, 1962.

  • Panama has an embassy in Seoul.[35]
  • South Korea has an embassy in Panama City.[36][37][38]
 Spain10 May 1904[1]See Panama–Spain relations
 Thailand20 August 1982
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1982.[1][34]
  • Panama has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[34]
 Trinidad and Tobago24 May 1994
  • Panama has an embassy in Port of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago has an embassy in Panama City.
 TurkeyApril 14, 1950[41]See Panama–Turkey relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Ankara.[41]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Panama.[41]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$260.9 million in 2019 (Panamanian exports/imports: 12.1/248.8 million USD).[41]
 United States13 November 1903
3 April 1964[1]		See Panama–United States relations

The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies. Cultural ties between the two countries are strong, and many Panamanians go to the United States for higher education and advanced training. In 2007, the U.S. and Panama partnered to launch a regional health worker training center. The center provides training to community healthcare workers in Panama and throughout Central America. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality. There is also a rapidly growing enclave of American retirees in the Chiriqui Province in western Panama.

 Uruguay28 October 1904See Panama–Uruguay relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Panama City.
 Venezuela3 February 1904
  • Panama has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Panama City.

Multilateral relations

Panama is a member of the UN General Assembly (and most major UN agencies) and has served three terms in the UN Security Council. In November 2006, it was elected to serve a two-year term on the Security Council, beginning January 1, 2007. It maintains membership in several international financial institutions, including the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.

Panama is a member of the Organization of American States and was a founding member of the Rio Group. Although it was suspended from the Latin American Economic System — known informally both as the Group of Eight and the Rio Group — in 1988 due to its internal political system under Manuel Noriega, Panama was readmitted in September, 1994 as an acknowledgment of its present democratic credentials.

Panama is also one of the founding members of the Union of Banana Exporting Countries and belongs to the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. Panama is a member of the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) as well as the Central American Integration System (SICA). Panama joined its six Central American neighbors at the 1994 Summit of the Americas in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA to promote sustainable economic development in the region.

Panama is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Diplomatic relations between Panama and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  3. ↑ See Embassy of Japan in Panama
  4. ↑ "PANAMÁ BUSCA OTORGAR UN IMPULSO RENOVADO A LAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS CON ECUADOR". 6 February 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  5. ↑ Las relaciones entre Checoslovaquia y América Latina 1945-1989. En los archivos de la República Checa (in Spanish). Karolinum Press. 2015. p. 267.
  6. ↑ "03. ANEXO" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  7. ↑ "Namibia muestra interés en fortalecer lazos con Panamá". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 1 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  8. ↑ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
  9. ↑ "Panama establishes diplomatic relations with Tajikistan". 26 May 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  10. ↑ "ENCUENTRO ENTRE LOS EMBAJADORES DE PANAMÁ Y CABO VERDE, ACREDITADOS EN LISBOA" (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  11. ↑ "Together with Foreign Minister ErikaMouynes of Panama, I signed Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between TimorLeste & Panama in the margins on the 77th Session of the #NGA (20/09)". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  12. ↑ "The Federated States of Micronesia Establishes Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of Panama & the Kingdom of Bahrain". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  13. ↑ "En el marco de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, me reuní con mi homólogo de Uganda, Jeje Odongo, para el establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre nuestras naciones" (in Spanish). 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  14. ↑ "Embassy of Canada in Panama City (in English, French and Spanish)". 27 May 2021.
  15. ↑ "Embassy of Panama in Ottawa (in English and Spanish)".
  16. ↑ "WikiLeaks: China rejects Panama's wish for ties". Fox News. 27 March 2015.
  17. ↑ "India-Panama Relations" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  18. ↑ "Indian Embassy in Panama".
  19. ↑ "Indian mission in Panama".
  20. ↑ "Panama Embassy in India".
  21. ↑ "Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina" (in Spanish). 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  22. ↑ Panama recognised independent state of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-01-16
  23. ↑ Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Panamá, 2013-08-27 (in Spanish)
  24. ↑ Panama, Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme-Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në. "Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama". Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  25. ↑ "Embassy of Mexico in Panama City (in Spanish)".
  26. ↑ Embassy of Panama in Mexico City (in Spanish) Archived November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ "Embassy of Panama in Moscow (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
  28. ↑ "Embassy of Russia in Panama City (in Russian and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  29. ↑ "Panamá y la república Saharaui". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  30. ↑ "Algeria: Sahrawi Embassy in Panama Reopens". AllAfrica. 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2015-01-13.
  31. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2016-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. ↑ "Panama". Archived from the original on 2020-07-04. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
  33. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. 1 2 3 4 "Panama (Republic of)".
  35. ↑ "주한파나마대사관" [Embassy of Panama in Korea]. naver.com (in Korean).
  36. ↑ "주 파나마 대한민국 대사관".
  37. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Latin America and Caribbean". Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
  38. ↑ "Korea-Panama Relations".
  39. ↑ "Embassy of Panama in Madrid (in Spanish)".
  40. ↑ "Embassy of Spain in Panama City (in Spanish)".
  41. 1 2 3 4 "Relations between Turkey and Panama".
  42. ↑ "Embassy of Panama in Washington, DC".
  43. ↑ "Embassy of the United States in Panama City (in English and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-14. Retrieved 2019-12-18.

Further reading

  • Ealy, Lawrence O. The Republic of Panama in world affairs, 1903-1950 (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1951). online
  • Farnsworth, David N., and James W. McKenney. US-Panama relations, 1903–1978: A study in linkage politics (Routledge, 2020).
  • Major, John. "‘Pro mundi beneficio’? The Panama Canal as an international issue, 1943–8." Review of International Studies 9.1 (1983): 17–34.
  • Williams Jr, Harold E. Panamanian-US Relations Towards 2000: An Opportunity for Partnership (Naval Postgraduate School, 1995) online.
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