Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body.[1] The "formula" in the name alludes to a series of rules established by the FIA to which all participants and vehicles are required to conform.[1][2] Each year, the F1 World Championship season is held, consisting of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets.[3] Constructors are awarded points based on the finishing position of each of their two drivers at each Grand Prix, and the constructor who accumulates the most points over each championship is crowned that year's World Constructors' Champion.[4] As of the 2023 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, there have been 171 Formula One constructors who have raced at least one of the 1,101 FIA World Championship races since the first such event, the 1950 British Grand Prix.[5][6]

Constructors are people or corporate entities which design key parts of Formula One cars that have competed or are intended to compete in the FIA World Championship. Since 1981, it has been a requirement that each competitor must have the exclusive rights to the use of certain key parts of their car – in 2018, these parts were the survival cell, the front impact structure, the roll structures and bodywork.[7]

Ferrari holds the record for the most Constructors' and Drivers' Championships won with sixteen and fifteen, respectively.[8][9] Ferrari also holds the record for the most wins by a constructor with 243,[10] the most pole positions with 249,[11] the most points with 9672,[12] and the most podiums with 807.[13] Ferrari has also entered more Grands Prix than any other constructor with 1076 entries and also maintains the record for the most Grand Prix starts with 1074.[14] The most recent constructor to make their debut was Alpine, which debuted at the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix.[15]

Terminology

In Formula One racing the terms "constructor" and "entrant" have specific and differing meanings. An entrant is the person or corporate entity that registers a car and driver for a race, and is then responsible for preparing and maintaining that car during the race weekend. As a result of this preparation role and active involvement in the running of the race, the term "team" has become commonly applied to an entrant organisation. Statisticians do not always agree on how to count statistics related to these entities.[16]

Constructors

The Constructors' Championship trophy

Under Article 6.3 of the FIA Sporting Regulations, "A constructor is the person (including any corporate or unincorporated body) which designs the Listed Parts set out in Appendix 6. The make of an engine or chassis is the name attributed to it by its constructor."[7] These "listed parts" include the survival cell, the front impact structure, the roll structures and bodywork. However, if the chassis and engine are made by different entities, the constructor comprises both (e.g. McLaren-Mercedes, Lotus-Climax etc.), with the name of the chassis constructor being placed before that of the engine constructor.[7][17] As both chassis and engine are included in the constructor name, chassis run with different engines are counted as two separate constructors and score points separately.[7] This occurred for the last time in the 1985 season when the Tyrrell team ran their chassis powered by both Ford and Renault engines, scored points with both engines and thus finishing 9th as Tyrrell-Ford and 10th as Tyrrell-Renault in the World Constructors' Championship.

Under article 6.2 of the FIA sporting regulations, "The title of Formula One World Champion Constructor will be awarded to the competitor which has scored the highest number of points".[7] From the inaugural season of the World Constructors' Championship in 1958 up until the 1978 season only the highest-scoring driver in each race for each constructor contributed points towards the World Constructors' Championship (then officially as the International Cup for Formula One Constructors ); since the 1979 season points from all cars entered by each constructor have counted towards their championship total.

Teams

Since the 1981 season the FIA have required that Formula One entrants own the intellectual rights to the chassis that they enter, and so the distinction between the terms "entrant" and "constructor", and hence also "team", have become less pronounced, though the intellectual rights of engines may still be owned by a different entity.[lower-alpha 1] That season also saw the International Cup for Formula One Constructors be officially renamed to the World Constructors' Championship.

Before this time, constructors were free to sell their chassis to as many other teams as they liked. Brabham and Lotus chassis were used extensively by other teams during the 1960s and 1970s and several quite competitive privateer teams never built their own chassis. Rob Walker Racing Team was the most successful example, being responsible for the first victories in Formula One for both Cooper and Lotus. The concept of a "works" or "factory" team (i.e. the official team of the company producing the cars, as opposed to a customer team which buys them off the shelf) therefore applied to chassis in the same way as it does in rallying and sports car racing.

There have been some recent exceptions where a specialist company, not itself entered in the championship, has been commissioned to design and build a chassis for a team, e.g. Lola built cars for the Larrousse team (1987-1991) and the Scuderia Italia team (1993) and Dallara built cars for the Scuderia Italia team (1988-1992). Larousse had their points from the 1990 season erased after the FIA decided that they had falsely nominated themselves and not Lola as the chassis constructor. In 1978, the new Arrows team which had been established by former Shadow personnel was sued by Shadow on the grounds that the Arrows FA/1 car was a copy of Shadow's DN9 – a view upheld by the UK High Court, which placed a ban on Arrows racing the FA/1.

There have been more recent cases with Ligier (1995), Sauber (2004), Scuderia Toro Rosso (2006–2007) and Super Aguri (2007–2008) where teams have been accused of using a chassis produced by another constructor (respectively Benetton, Ferrari, Red Bull Racing and Honda). No action was taken against any of these teams, the sporting authorities being satisfied in each case that the team owned the intellectual property to the chassis they raced.

From the middle of the 1973 season (the 1973 Belgian Grand Prix)[18] until the end of the 2013 season, each team had permanent racing numbers from race to race throughout the season. Between the 1974 and 1995 seasons the numbers were based on the teams' finishing positions in the 1973 Constructors' Championship (with slight modifications, e.g. Ferrari's traditional numbers were 11–12 until 1980 and 27–28 from 1981 onwards) and each team only changed numbers if they had the driver who had won the World Drivers' Championship in the previous season – the winning driver taking the number 1 and his teammate the number 2, and the team that had previously had those numbers switching to the newly vacated ones. Between 1996 and 2013 the numbers were based on the teams' finishing positions in the Constructors' Championship from the previous season, with numbers 1 and 2 assigned to the defending champion and his teammate. During the period of 1974–1995 Tyrrell was the only team to keep the same numbers (3 and 4) every season. Since 2014, racing numbers have been assigned to drivers instead of teams.

The number of cars entered by one team into a single race was not strictly limited in the 1950s and early 1960s. Since the 1963 season teams were generally allowed to enter only two regular cars, with the third car reserved for an occasional driver. This rule was further promoted in the 1974 season when the permanent racing numbers were assigned to each team in pairs, with the third car having the racing number out of the pair. Entering more than three cars was exceptionally tolerated, most notably regarding the BRM team in the 1971 and 1972 seasons. However, many teams during this period entered only two cars, e.g. Ferrari have entered no more than two cars (with one exception at the 1976 Italian Grand Prix in connection with Lauda's comeback)[19] every season since 1973. Since the 1985 season the FIA have required that teams enter no more than two cars for a race; during this season Renault became the last team to have entered three cars for a race at the 1985 German Grand Prix, but only two of their cars were eligible for championship points.

Team's nationality

Unlike drivers who are required to compete in the FIA Formula One World Championship under the nationality of their passport, the FIA's International Sporting Code states that teams competing in the FIA Formula One World Championship shall compete under the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their FIA racing licence.[20] On the basis of this regulation, despite the fact that most current teams are based in the UK, this country is officially represented in Formula One only by teams holding a racing licence issued by the British National Sporting Authority.

Teams take the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their licence for the period of validity of that licence and the change of the nationality is allowed. Several teams changed their nationality during their competition in Formula One, some of them even twice (e.g. Shadow in 1976 from American to British,[21] Benetton in 1996 from British to Italian,[22] Red Bull in 2007 from British to Austrian,[23] Renault in 2011 from French to British and in 2016 back to French[24]). At the 1997 German Grand Prix Benetton became the only team to have achieved victories while racing under two different nationalities.

The team's nationality, determined by a racing licence that a team holds, subsequently determines a national anthem played after a race on the podium in honour of a winning team following a national anthem played in honour of a winning driver.[lower-alpha 2]

Before the arrival of sponsorship liveries in the 1968 season the team's nationality also determined the colour of a car entered by the team; thus, Italian teams' cars were rosso corsa red, French were bleu de France blue, and British (with several exceptions, such as cars entered by teams Rob Walker,[25] Brabham[26] and McLaren[27]) were British racing green. Since the licence is given to a team and not to a constructor,[28] privateer teams entering cars built by constructors from another country before the 1968 season painted cars in the national colour of their home country, e.g. the French Guy Ligier's privateer team entered cars painted in bleu de France blue in 1966 and 1967 seasons despite the fact that they were built by the British constructor Cooper.[29]

Relating to the team's nationality because of teams' bases in Britain several mistakes occurred on official entry lists issued by or podium ceremonies organized by the FIA or race organisers, e.g. Wolf[30][31] holding the Canadian nationality and Shadow (in 1973)[32] and Penske[33][34] both holding the American nationality all identified as the British teams by official entry lists, or the British national anthem played on the podium in honour of the Irish-licensed Jordan team and the Austrian-licensed Red Bull team when they achieved their maiden victories at the 1998 Belgian Grand Prix and 2009 Chinese Grand Prix respectively.[35][36]

Constructors for the 2023 season

Correct as of the 2023 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

Note: Until 1965 a works team of every constructor was licensed in the country where it was really based. In 1965 Japanese-licensed Honda moved their works team from Tokyo, Japan to Amsterdam, Netherlands, followed in 1966 by the American-licensed Anglo American Racers team which was based in Rye, East Sussex, United Kingdom.[37] Since the early 2000s most teams have been based in the United Kingdom, and either licensed there or in another country, with the rest based in Italy (Maranello and Faenza) and Switzerland (Hinwil).[38]

Key: Licensed in = Country in which the works team of respective constructor is licensed; Races Entered = Number of individual races entered; Races Started = Number of individual races started; Drivers = Number of drivers; Total Entries = Total number of race entries; Wins = Number of races won; Points = Number of World Constructors' Championship points scored; Poles = Number of pole positions; FL = Number of fastest laps; Podiums = Number of podium finishes; WCC = World Constructors' Championships won; WDC = World Drivers' Championships won.

Constructor Engine Licensed in Based in Seasons Races Entered Races Started Drivers Total Entries Wins Points Poles FL Podiums WCC WDC Antecedent teams
Alfa Romeo Ferrari   Switzerland[lower-alpha 3]   Switzerland[lower-alpha 4] 1950–1951,
1979–1985,
2019–present		 214214234431019912162602 Switzerland Sauber
(1993–2005, 2011–2018),
Germany/Switzerland BMW Sauber
(2006–2010)
AlphaTauri Honda RBPT  Italy  Italy 2020–present 83836166130902200 Italy Minardi (1985–2005),
Italy Toro Rosso (2006–2019)
Alpine Renault  France  United Kingdom 2021–present 66663132144800400 United Kingdom Toleman (1981–1985), United Kingdom/Italy Benetton (1986–2001), France/United Kingdom Renault (2002–2011, 2016–2020), United Kingdom Lotus (2012–2015)
Aston Martin Mercedes  United Kingdom  United Kingdom 1959–1960,
2021–present		 72717143041201900 Republic of Ireland Jordan (1991–2005), Russia Midland (2006), Netherlands Spyker (2007), India Force India (2008–2018), United Kingdom Force India (2018), United Kingdom Racing Point (2019–2020)
Ferrari Ferrari  Italy  Italy 1950–present 1076107481227824396722492598071615 —
Haas Ferrari  United States  United States
 United Kingdom		 2016–present 1661667332024912000 —
McLaren Mercedes  United Kingdom  United Kingdom 1966–present 9509465219691836291.5156164503812 —
Mercedes Mercedes  Germany  United Kingdom[lower-alpha 5] 1954–1955,
2010–present		 293293125981257222.513710528999 United Kingdom Tyrrell (1970–1998), United Kingdom BAR (1999–2005), Japan Honda (2006–2008), United Kingdom Brawn (2009)
Red Bull Honda RBPT  Austria[lower-alpha 6]  United Kingdom 2005–present 370369117361137248959526467 United Kingdom Stewart (1997–1999), United Kingdom Jaguar (2000–2004)
Williams Mercedes  United Kingdom  United Kingdom 1978–present 803802471523114362012813331397 —

Former constructors

Key: Licensed in = Country in which the works team of respective constructor was licensed; Races Entered = Number of individual races entered; Races Started = Number of individual races started; Drivers = Number of drivers; Total Entries = Total number of race entries; Wins = Number of races won; Points = Number of Constructors' Championship points scored; Poles = Number of pole positions; FL = Number of fastest laps; Podiums. = Number of podium finishes; WCC = Constructors' Championships won; WDC = Drivers' Championships won.

Constructor Licensed in Seasons Races Entered Races Started Drivers Total Entries Wins Points Poles FL Podiums WCC WDC
Alex von Falkenhausen Motorenbau  Germany 1952–1953[lower-alpha 7] 44570n/a000n/a0
Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives (AGS)  France 1986–1991 8032101240200000
Alfa Special[lower-alpha 8]  South Africa 1963, 1965 22120000000
Alta  United Kingdom 1950–1952[lower-alpha 9] 55460n/a000n/a0
Amon  New Zealand 1974 41240000000
Andrea Moda  Italy 1992 1214150000000
Apollon   Switzerland 1977 51110000000
Arrows[lower-alpha 10]  United Kingdom 1978–2002 39438336783016710800
Arzani-Volpini  Italy 1955 10110n/a000n/a0
Aston Butterworth  United Kingdom 1952 41240n/a000n/a0
Automobili Turismo e Sport  Italy 1963[lower-alpha 11] 663110000000
Auto Technisches Spezialzubehör (ATS)  Germany 1977–1984 10789151460700000
British American Racing[lower-alpha 12]  United Kingdom 1999–2005 11811672360227201500
Behra-Porsche  Germany 1959–1960 42440000000
Bellasi   Switzerland 1970–1971 62160000000
Benetton[lower-alpha 13]  United Kingdom,
 Italy[lower-alpha 14]		 1986–2001 2602601752027851.5153610212
Boro  Netherlands 1976–1977 86480000000
Brabham  United Kingdom 1962–1987, 1989–1992 4033943999535843394112424
Brawn GP  United Kingdom 2009 17172348172541511
British Racing Motors  United Kingdom 1951, 1956–1977 208197715591738511156111
British Racing Partnership  United Kingdom 1963–1964 131321901100000
Bugatti  France 1956 11110n/a000n/a0
Caterham  Malaysia 2012–2014 565681120000000
Cisitalia  Italy 1952 10110n/a000n/a0
Coloni[lower-alpha 15]  Italy 1987–1991 65138810000000
Connaught  United Kingdom 1952–1959 181729520000100
Connew  United Kingdom 1972 21120000000
Cooper Car Company  United Kingdom 1950, 1952–1969 1291291115281630111145822
Dallara  Italy 1988–1992 8078614401500200
De Tomaso  Italy 1961–1963, 1970 15108180000000
Eagle (Anglo American Racers)  United States[48] 1966–1969 262673511702200
Eifelland  Germany 1972 88180000000
Emeryson  United Kingdom 1956, 1961–1962 64670000000
Eisenacher Motorenwerk  East Germany 1953 11110n/a000n/a0
Ecurie Nationale Belge  Belgium 1962 11110000000
Ensign  United Kingdom 1973–1982 134982515401901000
English Racing Automobiles  United Kingdom 1950–1952 777120n/a000n/a0
EuroBrun  Italy[49] 1988–1990 46155760000000
Ferguson Research Ltd.  United Kingdom 1961 11210000000
FIRST  Italy 1989 10000000000
Fittipaldi Automotive (Copersucar)  Brazil[50] 1975–1982 120103815604400300
Fondmetal  Italy 1991–1992 29194420000000
Force India[lower-alpha 16] (Sahara)  India 2008–2018 2032037406098715600
Forti  Italy 1995–1996 28234540000000
Frank Williams Racing Cars[lower-alpha 17]  United Kingdom 1972–1976 6156251120600000
Frazer-Nash  United Kingdom 1952 44240n/a000n/a0
Fry  United Kingdom 1959 10110000000
Gilby Engineering  United Kingdom 1961–1963 63260000000
Gordini  France 1952–1956 3333231010n/a012n/a0
Greifzu  East Germany 1953 11110n/a000n/a0
Hesketh  United Kingdom 1974–1978 6052159714801700
Hill  United Kingdom 1975 11106210300000
HRT (Hispania Racing Team)  Spain 2010–2012 585681160000000
Honda  Japan 1964–1968, 2006–2008 88888154315422900
HWM (Hersham and Walton Motors)  United Kingdom 1951–1955 161415480n/a000n/a0
Jaguar[lower-alpha 18]  United Kingdom 2000–2004 8585817004900200
JBW  United Kingdom 1959–1961 65160000000
Jordan[lower-alpha 19]  Ireland[52] 1991–2005 250250305004291221900
Kauhsen  Germany 1979 20120000000
Klenk  Germany 1954 11110n/a000n/a0
Kojima  Japan 1976–1977 22330000000
Kurtis  United States 1959 1212110000000
Lambo (Modena Team)  Italy 1991 1662320000000
Lancia  Italy 1954–1955 444100n/a211n/a0
Larrousse  France 1993–1994 32327640500000
LDS  South Africa 1962–1963, 1965, 1967–1968 55380000000
LEC  United Kingdom 1977 53150000000
Leyton House[lower-alpha 20]  United Kingdom 1990–1991 32303640800100
Life  Italy 1990 1402140000000
Ligier/Talbot Ligier[lower-alpha 21]  France 1976–1996 3323262861293889105000
Lola[lower-alpha 22]  United Kingdom 1962–1963, 1967–1968, 1974–1975, 1985–1991, 1993, 1997 1521462728004510300
Lotus (1958–1994)  United Kingdom 1958–1994 49148912213327913321077017276
Lotus (2010–2011)  Malaysia 2010–2011 38383760000000
Lotus (2012–2015)  United Kingdom 2012–2015 777751542706052500
Lyncar  United Kingdom 1974–1975 21120000000
Maki  Japan 1974–1976 80380000000
Manor  United Kingdom 2016 21213420100000
March[lower-alpha 23]  United Kingdom 1970–1977, 1981–1982, 1987–1989, 1992 208197545793172.5572100
Martini  France 1978 94170000000
Marussia[lower-alpha 24]  Russia,
 United Kingdom[lower-alpha 25]		 2012–2015 747371440200000
Maserati  Italy 1950–1960 77701064239910153702
Matra  France 1967–1972 6161511791634122111
MBM   Switzerland 1961 10110000000
McGuire  Australia 1977 10110000000
Merzario  Italy 1978–1979 31103320000000
Midland[lower-alpha 26]  Russia 2006 18182360000000
Milano  Italy 1950 10110n/a000n/a0
Minardi[lower-alpha 27]  Italy 1985–2005 3463404267603800000
Onyx  United Kingdom 1989–1990 26176520600100
O.S.C.A.  Italy 1951–1953, 1958 74511000000
Osella[lower-alpha 28]  Italy 1980–1990 172132172530500000
Pacific  United Kingdom 1994–1995 33225660000000
Parnelli  United States 1974–1976 16161160601000
Penske  United States[60] 1974–1977 414074612300300
Porsche  Germany 1957–1964 3633137514610500
Prost[lower-alpha 29]  France 1997–2001 8383916603500300
RAM  United Kingdom 1983–1985 44318730000000
Racing Point Force India[lower-alpha 30]  United Kingdom 2018 9921805200000
Racing Point[lower-alpha 31]  United Kingdom 2019–2020 38 38 3 76 1 268 1 0 4 0 0
RE  Rhodesia 1965 10110000000
Renault  France,
 United Kingdom[lower-alpha 32]		 1977–1985,
2002–2011,
2016–2020		 403 400 26 788 35 1777 51 33 103 2 2
Rebaque  Mexico 1979 31130000000
Rial  Germany 1988–1989 32216480600000
Sauber/BMW Sauber[lower-alpha 33]   Switzerland,
 Germany[lower-alpha 34]		 1993–2018 465462309021865152600
Scarab  United States 1960 524100000000
Scirocco  United Kingdom 1963–1964 75390000000
Shadow  United States,
 United Kingdom[lower-alpha 35]		 1973–1980 11210321240167.532700
Shannon  United Kingdom 1966 11110000000
Simca-Gordini  France 1950–1953 151411290n/a000n/a0
Simtek  United Kingdom 1994–1995 21217400000000
Spirit  United Kingdom 1983–1985 25233250000000
Spyker[lower-alpha 36]  Netherlands 2007 17174340100000
Stebro  Canada 1963 11110000000
Stewart[lower-alpha 37]  United Kingdom 1997–1999 494949814710500
Super Aguri  Japan 2006–2008 39395390400000
Surtees  United Kingdom 1970–1978 1191183826005303200
SVA  Italy 1950 10110n/a000n/a0
Talbot-Lago  France 1950–1951 131318810n/a002n/a0
Tec-Mec  United States 1959 11110000000
Tecno  Italy 1972–1973 12103140100000
Theodore  Hong Kong 1978, 1981–1983 513410640200000
Token  United Kingdom 1974 43340000000
Toleman[lower-alpha 38]  United Kingdom 1981–1985 7053913102612300
Toro Rosso[lower-alpha 39]  Italy 2006–2019 26826814536150011300
Toyota  Japan 2002–2009 14013992760278.5331300
Trojan  United Kingdom 1974 86180000000
Tyrrell[lower-alpha 40]  United Kingdom 1970–1998 433430478842361714207712
Vanwall  United Kingdom 1954–1960 29281266948761310
Venturi  France 1992 16162320100000
Veritas  Germany 1951–1953 6615180n/a000n/a0
Virgin[lower-alpha 41]  United Kingdom,
 Russia[lower-alpha 42]		 2010–2011 38383760000000
Wolf (Walter Wolf Racing)[lower-alpha 43]  Canada[64][65] 1977–1979 4847454379121300
Zakspeed  Germany 1985–1989 745471360200000
Constructor Licensed in Seasons Races Entered Races Started Drivers Total Entries Wins Points Poles FL Podiums WCC WDC

Indianapolis 500 only

The following are constructors whose only participation was in the Indianapolis 500 from 1950 to 1960 when the race was part of the Formula One World Drivers' Championship. All were based in the United States.[66]

Privateer teams

From the inaugural 1950 British Grand Prix until the 1981 Spanish Grand Prix numerous privateer teams entered cars, built by another companies as their constructors, in World Championship events. Some of them, such as Tyrrell and Williams, later began to build their own chassis and thus became constructors as well as works teams. At the 1981 Spanish Grand Prix the Equipe Banco Occidental team became the last privateer team to have entered a car for a race alongside a works team when they entered a Williams car alongside the Williams works team.[67] During the period of the 1950–1981 seasons privateer teams won 20 World Championship races in total. Only once (the Matra International team in 1969) a privateer team helped a constructor (Matra) to win the World Constructors' Championship and a driver (Jackie Stewart) to win the World Drivers' Championship.

The following are privateer teams which never built their own chassis, and thus were not constructors:

Privateer teams by number of wins

Privateer team Number of wins First win Last win Constructor(s)
United Kingdom Matra International/Tyrrell Racing 10 1968 Dutch Grand Prix 1970 Spanish Grand Prix France Matra* (9), United Kingdom March** (1)
United Kingdom Rob Walker Racing 9 1958 Argentine Grand Prix 1968 British Grand Prix United Kingdom Cooper** (4), United Kingdom Lotus** (5)
Italy FISA 1 1961 French Grand Prix*** 1961 French Grand Prix Italy Ferrari

* All constructor's wins
** First win for the constructor
*** Team's only championship race

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Equipe Banco Occidental team became the last privateer team to have entered a Williams car for a race alongside the Williams works team at the 1981 Spanish Grand Prix, but eventually withdrew before the practice and qualifying.
  2. ↑ E.g. both in 2000 and 2001 Benetton was owned by the French company Renault and was based in Britain, yet in case of win an Italian anthem would have been played for a winning team because the French-owned British-based team held an Italian licence in both seasons.
  3. ↑ Alfa Romeo had an Italian licence in 1950–1951 and 1979–1985[39]
  4. ↑ Between 1950–1951 and 1979–1985 based in Italy.
  5. ↑ Between 1954–1955 based in Germany.
  6. ↑ Red Bull had a British licence in 2005 and 2006.[40]
  7. ↑ In 1949 and 1950, AFM participated in the German Formula 2 championship.[41]
  8. ↑ Peter de Klerk contested the 1963 and 1965 South African Grands Prix in a home-built "Alfa Special"
  9. ↑ From 1950 to 1959, Alta was also an engine manufacturer for teams HWM, Cooper and Connaught.[42]
  10. ↑ Arrows were known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996.[43]
  11. ↑ In 1964 and 1967, ATS was an engine manufacturer for teams Derrington-Francis and Cooper, racing at the 1964 Italian and 1967 British Grands Prix with Mário de Araújo Cabral and Silvio Moser.[44]
  12. ↑ BAR formerly Tyrrell; subsequently became Honda, then Brawn, then Mercedes.[45]
  13. ↑ Benetton formerly Toleman; subsequently became Renault, then Lotus F1 then Renault again, then Alpine.[45]
  14. ↑ From 1986 to 1995 Benetton had a British licence; from 1996 to 2001, an Italian one.[46]
  15. ↑ Coloni subsequently became Andrea Moda.[47]
  16. ↑ Force India formerly Jordan, Midland and Spyker; subsequently became Racing Point Force India, then Racing Point, then Aston Martin.[45]
  17. ↑ Frank Williams Racing Cars includes Politoys (1972), Iso–Marlboro (1973–1974) and Wolf–Williams (1976) cars. Prior to 1972 FWRC ran customer chassis. Subsequently became Wolf. Williams Grand Prix Engineering was a new constructor established by Frank Williams and Patrick Head after Williams left Wolf–Williams.[51]
  18. ↑ Jaguar formerly Stewart Grand Prix. Subsequently became Red Bull Racing.[45]
  19. ↑ Jordan subsequently became Midland F1 Racing, then Spyker, then Force India, then Racing Point Force India, then Racing Point, then Aston Martin.[45]
  20. ↑ Leyton House formerly March Engineering.[53]
  21. ↑ From 1981 to 1982 as Talbot Ligier; subsequently became Prost Grand Prix.[54]
  22. ↑ Lola includes Larrousse (1990) and MasterCard Lola (1997) entries.[55]
  23. ↑ March subsequently became Leyton House Racing, later reappearing as March for one final season.[53]
  24. ↑ Marussia formerly Virgin Racing, subsequently became Manor Racing.[56][57]
  25. ↑ From 2012 to 2014 Marussia had a Russian licence; in 2015 a British one.[58]
  26. ↑ Midland formerly Jordan Grand Prix; subsequently became Spyker F1, then Force India, then Racing Point Force India, then Racing Point, then Aston Martin.[45]
  27. ↑ Minardi subsequently became Scuderia Toro Rosso, then AlphaTauri.[45]
  28. ↑ Osella subsequently became Fondmetal.[59]
  29. ↑ Prost formerly Ligier.[54]
  30. ↑ Racing Point Force India formerly Jordan, Midland, Spyker and Force India; subsequently became Racing Point, then Aston Martin.[45]
  31. ↑ Racing Point formerly Jordan, Midland, Spyker, Force India and Racing Point Force India; subsequently became Aston Martin.[45]
  32. ↑ Renault had a British licence in 2011.[61]
  33. ↑ From 1993 to 2005 and from 2011 to 2018 as Sauber; from 2006 to 2010 as BMW Sauber; subsequently became Alfa Romeo.[45]
  34. ↑ From 1993 to 2005 and from 2010 to 2018 Sauber had a Swiss licence (in 2010 as BMW Sauber); from 2006 to 2009, a German one (as BMW Sauber).
  35. ↑ From 1973 to 1975 Shadow had an American licence; from 1976 to 1980, a British one.[62]
  36. ↑ Spyker formerly Jordan Grand Prix and Midland F1 Racing; subsequently became Force India, then Racing Point Force India, then Racing Point, then Aston Martin.[45]
  37. ↑ Stewart subsequently became Jaguar Racing.[45]
  38. ↑ Toleman subsequently became Benetton Formula.[45]
  39. ↑ Scuderia Toro Rosso formerly Minardi; subsequently became AlphaTauri.[45]
  40. ↑ Tyrrell subsequently became British American Racing.[45]
  41. ↑ Virgin subsequently became Marussia F1, then Manor Racing.[56][57]
  42. ↑ Virgin had a British licence in 2010 and a Russian one in 2011.[63]
  43. ↑ Wolf formerly Frank Williams Racing Cars.[51]
  44. ↑ In 1952 and 1953 Scuderia Platé built their own engines for the Maserati-Platé 4CLT.

Bibliography

  • Mansell, Nigel, ed. (2001). The Official 2001–2002 Formula One Record Book. Holborn, London: European Press Ltd. ISBN 0-9541368-0-2.
  • Hughes, Mark; Tremayne, David (2002). The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula 1. Parragon. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-75258-766-8.
  • Hayhoe, David; Holland, David (2006). Grand Prix Data Book (4th ed.). Haynes Publishing. ISBN 1-84425-223-X.

References

General
Specific
  1. 1 2 "The FIA FAQ on Formula One World Championship". Atlas F1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2001. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  2. ↑ Williamson, Martin. "A brief history of Formula One". ESPN. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  3. ↑ Hughes & Tremayne 2002, pp. 82–83
  4. ↑ Budzinski, Oliver; Feddersen, Arne (March 2019). "Measuring Competitive Balance in Formula One Racing" (PDF). Ilmenau Economics Discussion Papers. 25 (121): 5, 7. ISSN 0949-3859. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021 – via EconStor.
  5. ↑ "F1 Stats Zone – Results by Team". Sky Sports. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  6. ↑ "All-Time Calendar". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Formula One – Sporting Regulations – 2018".
  8. ↑ Diepraam, Mattijs (3 November 2019). "European & World Champions". 8W. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  9. ↑ "Drivers' Championships". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  10. ↑ "Statistics Constructors: Wins By number". StatsF1. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  11. ↑ Diepraam, Mattijs; Cherkashin, Dmitriy (7 November 2021). "Pole positions in World Championship events". 8W. Forix. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  12. ↑ "Statistics Constructors – Points – By number". StatsF1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  13. ↑ "Statistics Constructors: Podiums By number". StatsF1. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  14. ↑ Diepraam, Mattijs; Cherkashin, Dmitriy; Fisher, Alun (7 November 2021). "World Championship Grand Prix participations". 8W. Forix. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  15. ↑ "Statistics Constructors: Grands Prix Chronology". StatsF1. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  16. ↑ Dodgins, Tony (14 November 2020). "2020 Turkish Grand Prix qualifying: Stroll skates to pole in Istanbul". Motor Sport. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  17. ↑ Verlin, Kurt (10 October 2017). "Quick Guide to Formula One Constructors". The News Wheel. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  18. ↑ "1973 Belgian Grand Prix Entry list".
  19. ↑ "1976 Italian Grand Prix Entry list".
  20. ↑ FIA international sporting regulations Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine para 112
  21. ↑ "Shadow". StatsF1. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  22. ↑ "Benetton". StatsF1. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  23. ↑ "Red Bull". StatsF1. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  24. ↑ "Renault". StatsF1. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  25. ↑ "Cooper T51 entered by the Rob Walker team (1959 Monaco Grand Prix)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ↑ "Brabham BT3 entered by the Brabham team in 1962". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ↑ "McLaren M2B entered by the McLaren team (1966 Monaco Grand Prix)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ↑ "1970 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list".
    "1970 United States Grand Prix Entry list".
    "1971 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list".
  29. ↑ "Guy Ligier in Cooper-Maserati (1966 Dutch Grand Prix)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ↑ "1978 United States Grand Prix Entry list". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ↑ "1979 United States Grand Prix Entry list". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. ↑ "1973 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ↑ "1975 Belgian Grand Prix Entry list". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ↑ "1975 United States Grand Prix Entry list". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. ↑ "1998 Belgian Grand Prix podium ceremony". 6 May 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. ↑ "2009 Chinese Grand Prix podium ceremony". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  37. ↑ "Case History". Corktree.tripod.com. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  38. ↑ Barretto, Lawrence (26 June 2013). "Motorsport Valley – the home of Formula 1". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  39. ↑ Nimmervoll, Christian (16 March 2019). ""Mogelpackung" Alfa Romeo: Es bleibt ein Schweizer Team!". motorsport-total.com. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  40. ↑ Roberts, James (30 June 2019). "Aston Martin Red Bull Racing claim their 60th Formula One win". Red Bull. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  41. ↑ "Phoenix from the flames, part 2: AFM". 8W. Forix. 22 March 2002. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  42. ↑ Mansell 2001, pp. 572–583
  43. ↑ Alsop, Derick (5 July 2002). "Walkinshaw runs out of road". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  44. ↑ Mansell 2001, pp. 590, 594
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Mulder, Mike (23 January 2021). "F1-stambomen: van Tyrrell en Stewart tot Mercedes en Red Bull" [F1 pedigrees: from Tyrrell and Stewart to Mercedes and Red Bull]. Motorsport.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  46. ↑ Hayhoe & Holland 2006, p. 592
  47. ↑ Williamson, Martin (1 November 2010). "Rewind to ... 1992 – Running on empty". ESPN. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  48. ↑ "Saga of Audacity: Eagle F1 – Dan Gurney's All American Racers". All American Racers. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  49. ↑ "Eurobrun". StatsF1. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  50. ↑ "1975 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list". Racing Sports Cars. Retrieved 13 February 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  51. 1 2 "Williams F1". GrandPrix.com. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  52. ↑ "itv.com/f1 – The day EJ beat them all". ITV F1. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  53. 1 2 "March" (in French). StatsF1. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  54. 1 2 Henry, Alan (29 January 2002). "Debts end Prost grand prix dream". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  55. ↑ Smith, Sam (29 May 2017). "Eric Broadley, Lola founder and F1 designer, dies aged 88". Autosport. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  56. 1 2 Silvestro, Brian (27 January 2017). "Manor Formula One Team Shuts Down Due to Financial Troubles". Road & Track. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  57. 1 2 Culmer, Kris (27 January 2017). "Manor F1 team collapses". Autocar. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  58. ↑ "Marussia". StatsF1. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  59. ↑ "Fondmetal F1 SpA". GrandPrix.com. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  60. ↑ "1974 United States Grand Prix Entry list". Racing Sports Cars. Retrieved 23 January 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  61. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (13 January 2011). "Renault to switch to British licence". Autosport. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  62. ↑ "Shadow" (in French). StatsF1. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  63. ↑ "Virgin". StatsF1. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  64. ↑ "The story of Formula 1's first winning Wolf". 12 December 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  65. ↑ "Canada's first Formula 1 team has wealthy backer, Scheckter". The Montreal Gazette. 10 November 1976. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  66. ↑ "USA Constructors". StatsF1. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  67. ↑ "1981 Spanish Grand Prix Entry list".
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