General structure of a Gilman reagent

A Gilman reagent is an] (diorganocopper) compound with the formula Li[CuR2], where R is an alkyl or aryl. They are colorless solids.

Use in organic chemistry

A conjugated 1,4 addition using a Gilman reagent with an arbitrary R group

These reagents are useful because, unlike related Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents, they react with organic halides to replace the halide group with an R group (the Corey–House reaction). Such displacement reactions allow for the synthesis of complex products from simple building blocks.[1][2] Lewis acids can be used to modify the reagent.[2]


Generalized chemical reaction showing Gilman’s reagent reacting with organic halide to form products and showing Cu(III) reaction intermediate

History

These reagents were discovered by Henry Gilman and coworkers.[3] Lithium dimethylcopper (CH3)2CuLi can be prepared by adding copper(I) iodide to methyllithium in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C. In the reaction depicted below,[4] the Gilman reagent is a methylating reagent reacting with an alkyne in a conjugate addition, and the negative charge is trapped in a nucleophilic acyl substitution with the ester group forming a cyclic enone.

Scheme 1. Example Gilman reagent reaction
Scheme 1. Example Gilman reagent reaction

Structure

Lithium dimethylcuprate exists as a dimer in diethyl ether forming an 8-membered ring. Similarly, lithium diphenylcuprate crystallizes as a dimeric etherate, [{Li(OEt2)}(CuPh2)]2.[5]

Lithium diphenylcuprate etherate dimer from crystal structure - 3D stick model Skeletal formula of lithium diphenylcuprate etherate dimer

If the Li+ ions is complexed with the crown ether 12-crown-4, the resulting diorganylcuprate anions adopt a linear coordination geometry at copper.[6]

Dimethylcuprate anion from crystal structure Diphenylcuprate anion from crystal structure

Mixed cuprates

More useful generally than the Gilman reagents are the so-called mixed cuprates with the formula [RCuX]− and [R2CuX]2−. Such compounds are often prepared by the addition of the organolithium reagent to copper(I) halides and cyanide. These mixed cuprates are more stable and more readily purified.[7] One problem addressed by mixed cuprates is the economical use of the alkyl group. Thus, in some applications, the mixed cuprate has the formula Li
2[Cu(2-thienyl)(CN)R] is prepared by combining thienyllithium and cuprous cyanide followed by the organic group to be transferred. In this higher order mixed cuprate, both the cyanide and thienyl groups do not transfer, only the R group does.[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ J. F. Normant (1972). "Organocopper(I) Compounds and Organocuprates in Synthesis". Synthesis. 1972 (2): 63–80. doi:10.1055/s-1972-21833.
  2. 1 2 Woodward, Simon (2000-01-01). "Decoding the 'black box' reactivity that is organocuprate conjugate addition chemistry". Chemical Society Reviews. 29 (6): 393–401. doi:10.1039/B002690P. ISSN 1460-4744.
  3. ↑ Henry Gilman, Reuben G. Jones, and L. A. Woods (1952). "The Preparation of Methylcopper and some Observations on the Decomposition of Organocopper Compounds". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 17 (12): 1630–1634. doi:10.1021/jo50012a009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Modern Organocopper Chemistry, N. Krause Ed. Wiley-VCH, 2002.
  5. ↑ N. P. Lorenzen; E. Weiss (1990). "Synthesis and Structure of a Dimeric Lithium Diphenylcuprate:[{Li(OEt)2}(CuPh2)]2". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 29 (3): 300–302. doi:10.1002/anie.199003001.
  6. ↑ H. Hope; M. M. Olmstead; P. P. Power; J. Sandell; X. Xu (1985). "Isolation and x-ray crystal structures of the mononuclear cuprates [CuMe2]−, [CuPh2]−, and [Cu(Br)CH(SiMe3)2]−". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 107 (14): 4337–4338. doi:10.1021/ja00300a047.
  7. ↑ Steven H. Bertz, Edward H. Fairchild, Karl Dieter, "Copper(I) Cyanide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis 2005, John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rc224.pub2
  8. ↑ Bruce H. Lipshutz, Robert Moretti, Robert Crow "Mixed Higher-order Cyanocuprate-induced Epoxide Openings: 1-Benzyloxy-4-penten-2-ol" Org. Synth. 1990, volume 69, pp. 80. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.069.0080
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