Gosho no Gorōmaru
御所五郎丸
Chō chidori jūbankiri: Gosho no Gorōmaru Woodblock print by Toyohara Kunichika
Born
Heian-kyō, Japan
Diedafter 1193
NationalityJapanese
Other namesShigemune
Occupationsamurai lord

Gosho no Gorōmaru (御所 五郎丸) was a Japanese samurai lord and retainer of the Kamakura Shogunate in the late Heian and early Kamakura period. He is best known for saving the shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo during the Revenge of the Soga Brothers incident in 1193[1] by capturing Soga Tokimune. According to legend, he was the lord of Tobe. His legacy survives in noh and kabuki drama and in place names in Kanagawa Prefecture. In kabuki he is known as Gosho no Gorozō. His imina is Shigemune (重宗) but he is best known by his azana Gorōmaru.

Life

According to Soga Monogatari, Gorōmaru was born in Heian-kyō (present-day Kyoto). He served as a samurai at the Enryaku-ji temple, but left the capital at the age of 16 after avenging the death of his lord.[2] He then moved to Amari Manor in Kai Province (present-day Nirasaki, Yamanashi Prefecture),[3] and was a retainer of Ichijō Tadayori. Gorōmaru became well-known for his great strength and horse-riding skills.[2]

After Tadayori was killed in 1184, it is said that Gorōmaru became a retainer of Minamoto no Yoritomo after Yoritomo had thought that, "He is an excellent man" upon seeing him. Gorōmaru became a close retainer of Yoritomo and is said to have been his favorite.[2]

Gosho no Gorōmaru with Minamoto no Yoritomo by Utagawa Yoshiume

In June 1193, Gorōmaru participated in the grand hunting event Fuji no Makigari held by shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo.[4] On June 28, 1193, the Soga brothers killed Kudō Suketsune at the event and planned an attack on the shogun, an incident known as the Revenge of the Soga Brothers. The brothers began a bloodbath at the event, defeating ten samurai and slashing many others, during which the elder brother Soga Sukenari was killed by Nitta Tadatsune. The younger brother Soga Tokimune set off to find the shogun and stormed into the shogun's mansion. Gorōmaru, who had been keeping an eye on the situation at the mansion, apprehended Tokimune before he could attack the shogun. According to Soga Monogatari, Gorōmaru locked Tokimune's elbows, tried to bring him down with his own weight and shouted that he had apprehended the enemy. It is said that Tokimune struggled and tried to find his sword, but gave up when he could not find it. Tokimune was tied up for questioning and executed the next day. Gorōmaru's apprehension of Tokimune marked an end to the Revenge of the Soga Brothers incident.[2]

According to legend, Gorōmaru was the lord of Tobe (in present-day Yokohama) in the Kamakura period and succeeded the former lands of the Mutō clan. A tomb of Gosho no Gorōmaru and a monument exist in Goshoyama, Yokohama, part of the historic Tobe, but there is no further information on his activities in the area. Tobe was originally territory of the Mutō clan until Mutō Sukeyori descended to Kyushu and established the Shōni clan.[5] However, apart from legend, it remains uncertain who succeeded the Mutō clan's domains in Musashi Province.[6]

Gosho no Gorōmaru capturing Soga Tokimune by Sharaku

Gorōmaru is said to have been an excellent horse-rider and a man of valor with "the strength of seventy-five people".[3] Kanabon Soga Monogatari describes Gorōmaru: "Among them, Gorōmaru appears superior. Wearing a one-shaku-eight-sun [54.5 cm or 1.8 ft] tachi in his moegiodoshi dō-maru [light green-braided armor], he lightly struck with a knurled seven-shaku [2.1 m or 6.9 ft] iron pole and stood on the shank of the horse."[2] Jūbangiri describes Gorōmaru saying, "He is eighteen years old, but has the strength of eighty-five people."[7][8] During Tokimune's questioning, Tokimune is said to have explained that he had mistaken Gorōmaru for a regular retainer, and would have attacked him right away had he recognized him.[2]

In Soga Monogatari, it is written that Gorōmaru put a women's usuginu (a thin robe) over his haramaki armor, supposedly disguising as a woman catching Tokimune off guard. It is said that this was against the morals of samurai (bushidō), and Gorōmaru was exiled from Kamakura to Yagoshima in Kai Province. However, the Kamakura period Azuma Kagami and the early version of Soga Monogatari do not mention him disguising as a woman; this was most likely added later for dramatization.[3]

Gosho no Gorōmaru by Utagawa Toyokuni

Genealogy

The Gosho family is a branch of the Fujiwara clan,[9] a powerful family of Japanese regents and court nobility, founded by Fujiwara no Kamatari in the 7th century. Gosho no Gorōmaru's ancestors were shinkan government officials of Atsuta Shrine in Owari Province. They took the name Gosho from the Atsuta Palace (Atsuta Gosho) that they lived in as the acting governor (daikan) of the shrine and its territory.[10]

The descendants of Gorōmaru became a prominent family in Usa, Buzen Province (in present-day Fukuoka and Ōita Prefecture), who descended to Kyushu in 1196 with Ōtomo Yoshinao,[10] the Governor of Buzen and Bungo Provinces and Defense Commissioner of the West who was also a retainer of Yoritomo. They served in several positions such as magistrate general (sōbugyō) or administrator general (sōkengyō) of the Atsuta Shrine. In 1334, they succeeded the court rank of Senior Sixth Rank and the position of grand officer of divine offerings (ōuchibito), a position passed down from generation to generation in the Moribe no Sukune clan, and by 1470, they were promoted to Fifth Rank.[11]

Historic sites

The remains of Gorōmaru's mansion and a stone monument can be found in Gosho no Gorōmaru Park located in Goshogaoka, Koshigoe, Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture. There are large stones which are said to be garden stones of the mansion. The place names Goshogaoka, Goshogayatsu and Goshonoyato in the Koshigoe area derive from the mansion.[12][13] There is also Gosho Tanuki Park nearby in Gosho, Koshigoe.[14]

In Goshoyama, Yokohama, there is a tomb of Gosho no Gorōmaru, which is protected by the Goshoyama Town Council. It is said that Gorōmaru lived in the Goshoyama area.[1] The tomb has a gorintō pagoda,[5] a shrine,[1] and a black marble monument describing Gorōmaru's involvement in the Revenge of the Soga Brothers incident and the history of the tomb.[5] An annual Gosho no Gorōmaru festival, featuring a parade with a portable shrine and dashi,[15] is held on May 5 by the town council[5][15] and Gorōmaru Association. A number of human bones were discovered near the tomb, and the area may be a gravesite of Daikyō-ji temple whose time of foundation and closing are unknown.[5]

There is a tomb of Gosho no Gorōmaru in Yagoshima, Minami-Alps, Yamanashi Prefecture. In front of the tomb is a temple dedicated to Kannon, with a statue of Kannon Bodhisattva, which is said to protect Gosho no Gorōmaru. Locals hold an annual memorial service for Gorōmaru at the end of August.[3]

Theater

Gorōmaru appears in noh and kabuki in the Sogamono plays.[7]

  • Soga Moyōtateshi no Gosho-zome (曽我綉侠御所染), commonly known as Gosho no Gorozō; the protagonist Gosho no Gorozō is modeled after Gosho no Gorōmaru.[16]
  • Soga Kyōgen (曽我狂言) is a story about the Revenge of Soga Brothers in which Gosho no Gorozō is a supporting character.[17]

Film

Art

Gosho no Gorōmaru has been the subject of several ukiyo-e paintings. The most famous include the following:

References

  1. 1 2 3 "TV Tokyo: Gosho no Goromaru no Haka｜Nov 28, 2020｜Shutsubotsu! Ado Machikku Tengoku (テレビ東京：御所五郎丸の墓｜2020年11月28日｜出没！アド街ック天国)". TV Tokyo (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kajihara, Masaaki (2002). Soga monogatari. Yūichi Ōtsu, Tesshō Nonaka. Shōgakkan. pp. 302–323. ISBN 4-09-658053-8. OCLC 49614203.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Kamakura Gosho no Goromaru no Haka". Yamanashi Prefecture Minami-Alps City (山梨県 南アルプス市 -自然と文化が調和した幸せ創造都市-) (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-03-13.
  4. ↑ Ichiko, Teiji (1966). Soga Monogatari - Iwanami Koten Bungakutaikei 88 (曽我物語 岩波古典文学大系88) (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten. pp. 362–363.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Mori, Atsuo (1973). Yokohama Sanpo (ヨコハマ散步) (in Japanese). Yokohama-shi Kanko Kyokai. p. 57.
  6. ↑ Yokohama-shi Shiko (in Japanese). Yokohama City. 1932. p. 196.
  7. 1 2 "Jūbangiri Column (十番切 コラム)". Meisei University (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-03-13.
  8. ↑ Jūbangiri (十番切) (in Japanese). Vol. 5, 5th paragraph. Meisei University.
  9. ↑ Fujiwara Shizoku Seishi Ichiran (藤原氏族姓氏一覧) (in Japanese). Japan: Toeikai. 1991. pp. 130, Gosho.
  10. 1 2 Ota, Akira (1942). Seishi Kakei Daijiten, Volume 3 (姓氏家系大辞典、第3巻) (in Japanese). Kokuminsha. pp. 41, Gosho.
  11. ↑ Ota, Akira (1942). Seishi Kakei Daijiten, Volume 6 (姓氏家系大辞典、第6巻) (in Japanese). Kokuminsha. pp. 482–483, Moribe.
  12. ↑ Inoue, Rokuro (1991). Toki no nagare Tsu-mura no nagare (時のながれ 津村の流れ) (in Japanese). Inoue Rokuro. p. 36.
  13. ↑ Board of Education, Kamakura City (2009). Kamakura Kodomo Fudoki, 13th edition (かまくら子ども風土記 第13版) (in Japanese). Kamakura City Education Center. p. 183.
  14. ↑ Kamakura City Green Basic Plan (鎌倉市緑の基本計画) (in Japanese). Kamakura City. 2011. p. 196.
  15. 1 2 "Remembering Gorōmaru at the festival - Festival at the tomb in Goshoyama (五郎丸を祭りで偲ぶ 御所山で墓前祭)". Town News (in Japanese). 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  16. ↑ Encyclopedia Nipponica (日本大百科全書). Shogakukan. 1998. Soga Moyōtateshi no Gosho-zome (曽我綉侠御所染). ISBN 4-09-906721-1.
  17. ↑ "Approaching the charm of "Gosho no Gorozō" where the spirit of the Kabuki artist can be seen through (Kabuki sakusha no seishin ga sukete mieru "Gosho no Gorozō" no miryoku ni semaru)". Waraku Web (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-03-13.
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