Iran

• Raad-1 ('Thunder') – Iranian variant based on the hull of the Boragh APC.

Myanmar

• 2S1U – In March 2019, a Ukrainian company, the Great Export Import Company, and the Myanmar military have signed a joint-venture agreement to build a plant capable of manufacturing armored personnel carriers (APCs) and self-propelled howitzers. The types of APCs that will be made in the plant are said to be eight-wheeled BTR-4Us while the howitzers will be 2S1Us, which are based on the MT-LBu multipurpose chassis.^[4][5]

Poland

The 2S1 Gvozdika, and other related vehicles such as the MT-LB and Opal, were produced in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola under the name 2S1 Goździk.

• 2S1M Goździk – Version with special amphibious kit that increases the vehicle's amphibious capabilities.
• 2S1T Goździk – Version with a TOPAZ digital fire control system from WB electronics. The system consists of a FONET-IP digital intercom system, new digital radio, military GPS receiver, military computer and dedicated software. The same system is used on other Polish Armed Forces artillery systems like the AHS Krab, Dana-T and WR-40 Langusta.

Romania

• OAPR model 89 (Obuzierul autopropulsat românesc, model 89) – Romanian variant combining the 2S1 Gvozdika's turret and a modified version of the MLI-84's chassis. Designed around 1978, produced between 1987 and 1992. Also simply known as Model 89.^[6][7]

Russia

• 2S34 Khosta – Modernisation of the 2S1 with the 122 mm 2A31 gun replaced by the 120 mm 2A80-1 gun-mortar. Further improvements include a new Malakhit fire control system, a battlefield observation system and the ability to fire the Kitolov-2M guided ammunition. One unit, the 21st Guards Motor Rifle Brigade in Totskoye, is currently being equipped with the system.

Serbia

• 2S1 modernized - The modernization is being carried out on the basis of the 122 mm towed howitzer of the Serbian modernization program. Project "SORA 122mm" and NORA B-52. Where the truck platform was abandoned, which was used by the proto-type version of the "SORA 122mm" system in favor of a much better, crawler platform 2S1 Gvozdika system. The action was made possible by two new projectiles and an increased range of about 40% from 15,200 to almost 22,000 m. A new ballistic computer and fire control system make it much faster to prepare for action. There is also a new inertial navigation system, GPRS, as well as the possibility of action, multiple projectiles in one point MRSI. Thus, it was achieved that with one 2S1 Gvozdika system, in the system of MRSI action in one point, 6 projectiles can be fired in one minute; the modernized 2S1 Gvozdika is much improved. For better defence a turret with a 12.7mm machine gun was added. In 2021, the first modernized 2S1 Gvozdika system battery was inducted into service with the Serbian Army.

Soviet Union

• 2S15 Norov – A prototype tank destroyer equipped with a radar-based fire control system and a 100 mm gun.^[8]
• UR-77 Meteorit – Mine clearing vehicle with launcher for mine-clearing line charges.

Ukraine

• Kevlar-E – Infantry fighting vehicle based on the 2S1 platform, equipped with Shturm remote weapon station and room for 6 passengers in addition to the 3 crew. The original 300 horsepower V8 diesel engine has been replaced with a 420 horsepower diesel engine produced by Caterpillar, Cummins or Deutz, increasing the maximum road speed to 70 km/h. The vehicle is amphibious, and has air conditioning, a fire detection and suppression system, an NBC system, navigation system and night-vision equipment. The variant was first introduced in April 2018.^[9] The prototype has been fighting in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[10]

Current operators

•  Algeria – 145
•  Angola
•  Armenia – 20
•  Azerbaijan^[11] – 81 2S1 and unknown number of UR-77
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina – 5
•  Belarus – 246^[12]
•  Bulgaria – 506. In 2013, 11 SPG delivered from Poland^[13]
•  Chad – 10^[14]
•  Cuba
•  Croatia – 9 (to be used alongside 15 Panzerhaubitze 2000 from German Army stock)
•  Eritrea – 20^[15]
•  Ethiopia
•  Finland – 74 (known as 122 PsH 74). In 2013 three delivered from Poland.^[13] Unknown number donated to Ukraine.^[16]
•  Georgia - 48
  •  South Ossetia
•  India – 110 (to be replaced)
•  Iran
•  Kazakhstan – 10
•  Libya
•  Moldova
  •  Transnistria
•  Poland – 198 To be replaced by SMK Rak and AHS Krab. Some are donated to Ukraine forces during Russian invasion of Ukraine.
•  Russia – 245 (2021)^[17]
•  Serbia – 81
•  Syria – 400
•  Turkmenistan – unknown number in service as of 2016^[18]
•  Ukraine – 638.^[19] In June 2018 33 2S1 delivered from Poland and July 2019 16 delivered from Czech Republic.^[20]
•  Uruguay – 6 delivered in 1998 from Czech Republic^[21]
•  Uzbekistan
•  Vietnam
•  Yemen^[22]

Former operators

•  Czech Republic – Phased out in the early 2000s.
•  Czechoslovakia – Passed on to successor states.
•  East Germany – Phased out in 1990 after German reunification.
•  Hungary – Phased out in 2004. Original there were 144 pieces of Gvozdikas.
•  Iraq – Phased out.
•  Islamic State^[23]
•  Romania – Phased out. 48 reserve status since 2005 (42 OAPR 89s and 6 2S1 Gvozdikas).
•  Slovakia – Phased out.
•  Slovenia – Phased out. 8 reserve status.
•  Soviet Union – Passed on to successor states.
•  Yugoslavia – Passed on to successor states.^[24]