A historical marker at the Nanjing Presidential Palace mentioning the term "Heavenly King" in its title (Chinese: 天王府遗址; lit. 'Heavenly King Seat of Government Relics')

Heavenly King or Tian Wang (Chinese: 天王; pinyin: Tiān Wáng; Wade–Giles: Tien1-wang2) is a Chinese title for various religious deities and divine leaders throughout history, as well as an alternate form of the term Son of Heaven, referring to the emperor.[1] The Chinese term for Heavenly King consists of two Chinese characters meaning "heaven/sky" and "king". The term was most notably used in its most recent sense as the title of the kings of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but is also used in religious (particularly Buddhist) contexts as well.

Historical uses

Spring and Autumn period

In the Spring and Autumn period, the term Heavenly King was used to at least some extent to refer to the kings of the various Chinese states of the time. On the second page of the first text of the Spring and Autumn Annals, the term Heavenly King is used in the description of how the King of Zhou helped pay for the funeral expenses of a duke's son who had died:

The use of Heavenly King in this text is analogous to the term Son of Heaven.

Sixteen Kingdoms period

During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the term Heavenly King was especially common to refer to the leaders of Chinese states. Some notable examples states whose kings used this term include:

  • Former Zhao: Liu Yuan, a member of Xiongnu nobility, claimed himself to be a Heavenly King after he became emperor in 304. A week after his death however, his son was overthrown and Liu Cong became emperor, who did not use the title.[3]
  • Later Zhao: Shi Le proclaimed himself Heavenly King in 330, while his son Shi Hu proclaimed himself Regent Heavenly King (Chinese: 攝政天王; pinyin: shèzhèng tiānwáng) in 334.[4]
  • Ran Wei: Ran Min proclaimed himself Emperor of Ran Wei, a state which he created in 350. However, he was posthumously honored as Heavenly King by the Former Yan.[5]
  • Former Qin: Fu Jian, the third emperor of the Former Qin, proclaimed himself as Heavenly Emperor during his reign, as well as his wife becoming "Heavenly Mistress".[6]
  • Zhai Wei: Zhai Liao, the founder of Zhai Wei, used the title Heavenly King. Zhai's son, Zhai Zhao used the title as well before the collapse of his state.
  • Later Liang: Lü Guang proclaimed himself Heavenly King upon the creation of the Later Liang state in 396. His son Lü Shao used the term during his brief rule in 400, as well as Lü Zuan, Lü Guang's eldest son and pretender to the throne, who seized power as the state's last leader until 401.[7]
  • Later Qin: In 416, Yao Xing proclaimed himself as a Heavenly King when he assumed power. His father, Yao Chang, did not use the term however.[8]
  • Later Yan: Murong Sheng proclaimed himself as Heavenly King, the fourth king of Later Yan.[9]
  • Northern Yan: Gao Yun, Feng Ba, and Feng Hong all proclaimed themselves as Heavenly Kings during their rule as king of Northern Yan.[10]

Southern Song Dynasty

During the Southern Song Dynasty, the title of Heavenly King was claimed by Yang Yao (simplified Chinese: 杨幺; traditional Chinese: 楊幺; pinyin: Yáng Yāo), a rebel leader in fighting against the Song government in Hunan. Yang's career as an anti-government leader began during Zhong Xiang's Revolt in 1130, where he served as a peasant soldier under the leadership of Zhong Xiang. Yang helped occupy the Dongting Lake area in the modern-day Hunan Province with some 80,000 other soldiers before Song forces arrived. After four successive attacks by the Song against opposition forces in 1132, Yao was appointed as chief leader of the opposition while the former leader Zhong Xiang retained power in a lesser role. As leader of opposition forces, Yang proclaimed himself the "Great Sage Heavenly King" (simplified Chinese: 大圣天王; traditional Chinese: 大聖天王; pinyin: dàshèng tiānwáng). Yang's tenure as the Great Sage Heavenly King was short lived however, lasting only three years. Following the seventh Song offensive in 1135, rebel defenses around Dongting Lake were broken, leading to the destruction of Yang Yao's "kingdom" and his own death.[11]

Hong Xiuquan, 1st Heavenly King of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

The most recent historical, as well as most well known use of the title Heavenly King is from the rule of Hong Xiuquan during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Unlike previous leaders such as those during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the rationale behind proclaiming himself a "heavenly" king is quite different. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's origins were deeply rooted in quasi-nationalism and religious zeal, with Hong having stated that he had received direct orders from God to become king. This reasoning behind becoming king led to Hong believing that he had been appointed to become a heavenly king, that is, a king appointed directly by heaven inside a directly appointed heavenly kingdom.[12]

Though the title of Heavenly King in the scope of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom would be passed down to Hong Xiuquan's son, Hong Tianguifu upon his death; Hong Tianguifu was executed shortly after becoming king as a teenager, spelling an end to the use of the title in the scope of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.[13]

Religious uses

The term Heavenly King is used even today in a limited scope within Chinese Buddhism, with a much more religious meaning than most of its uses as a title. An example of its use is within the Four Heavenly Kings. The Four Heavenly Kings are four Buddhist gods, each of whom represents one cardinal direction. They are Vaiśravaṇa (Chinese: 多闻天王; pinyin: Duōwén Tiānwáng), Virūḍhaka (Chinese: 增長天王; pinyin: Zēngcháng Tiānwáng), Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Chinese: 持国天王; pinyin: Chíguó Tiānwáng), and Virūpākṣa (Chinese: 广目天王; pinyin: Guǎngmù Tiānwáng).[14]

Guardian of the North, Vaiśravaṇa
Guardian of the North, Vaiśravaṇa
Guardian of the North, Vaiśravaṇa Guardian of the East, Dhṛtarāṣṭra Guardian of the South, Virūḍhaka Guardian of the West, Virūpākṣa

Uses in other countries

Outside China, the term Heavenly King has been sometimes used as a title to refer to a ruling king or divine entity. Two countries which have done this include Korea and Vietnam, both of which are in the Chinese cultural sphere of influence, especially historically. In Korea the term is used as a title for Hwanung, the legendary founder of Gojoseon,[15] while in Vietnam it is used to refer to the mythical folk hero Thánh Gióng.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "天王" [Heavenly King]. Online Complete Xinhua Dictionary. Retrieved 5 Oct 2019.
  2. ↑ "隱公元年" [First Year of Yin Gong]. (in Middle Chinese). Spring and Autumn Annals. Retrieved 5 Oct 2019.
  3. ↑ Liu, Bingguang (16 Sep 2009). "匈奴人刘渊为何自称汉皇帝？" [Why did the Xiongnu Liu Yuan claim to be the Han emperor?]. Sina Blog (in Chinese).
  4. ↑ Fang, Xuanling. "晋书". Wikisource. (in Middle Chinese). Retrieved 5 Oct 2019.
  5. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 99.
  6. ↑ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 59. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  7. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 111.
  8. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 117.
  9. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 105.
  10. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 115.
  11. ↑ Cheng, Wanjun (2017). 长进：中外史上的30条血训 [Progress: 30 Bloody Tales in Historical Sino-Foreign Relations] (in Chinese). Beijing, China: Tsinghua University Press. pp. 145–147. ISBN 9787302461807.
  12. ↑ Feuerwerker, Albert (1975). Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century China. University of Michigan. p. 20.
  13. ↑ "洪秀全的儿子洪天贵福，在被清军抓捕之后表现如何？" [How did Hong Xiufu’s son, Hong Tiangui Fu, perform after being arrested by the Qing army?]. Sohu (in Chinese). 27 Oct 2010. Retrieved 5 Oct 2019.
  14. ↑ Schumacher, Mark. "Shitenno - Four Heavenly Kings (Deva) of Buddhism, Guarding Four Cardinal Directions". Digital Dictionary of Buddhism in Japan.
  15. ↑ "환웅(桓雄)" [Hwanung (桓雄)]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 6 Oct 2019.
  16. ↑ Đinh, Hồng Hải. "BIỂU TƯỢNG THÁNH GIÓNG: TỪ HUYỀN THOẠI ĐẾN LỊCH SỬ THÀNH VĂN" [The Symbol of St. Giong: From Myth to Historical Text in Vietnam]. Academia (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 6 Oct 2019.
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