Later Zhao

Later Zhao (後趙)
趙
Later Zhao (後趙) 趙
319–351
	Later Zhao in northern China
Capital	Xiangguo (319–335, 350–351); Yecheng (335–350)
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
• 319–333	Shi Le
• 333–334	Shi Hong
• 334–349	Shi Hu
• 349	Shi Shi
• 349	Shi Zun
• 349–350	Shi Jian
• 350–351	Shi Zhi
History
• Established	319
• Destruction of Han-Zhao	329
• Shi Le's claim of imperial title	330
• Shi Hu's seizing the throne from Shi Hong	335
• Ran Min's establishment of Ran Wei	350
• Disestablished	351
Area
329 est.	2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi)
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Han-Zhao
	Jin dynasty (266–420)
Ran Wei
Former Qin
Former Yan
Jin dynasty (266–420)
Duan Qi
Today part of	China

The Later Zhao (simplified Chinese: 后赵; traditional Chinese: 後趙; pinyin: Hòuzhào; 319–351) was a dynasty of the Sixteen Kingdoms in northern China. It was founded by the Shi family of the Jie ethnicity. According to Alexander Vovin, the Jie were most likely a Yeniseian people and spoke next to Chinese one of the Yeniseian languages.^[2] However, according to most of other authors, they were a Turkic people.^[3] The Later Zhao was the second in territorial size to the Former Qin dynasty that once unified northern China under Fu Jian.

When Later Zhao was founded by former Han general Shi Le,^[4] the capital was at Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), but in 335 Shi Hu moved the capital to Yecheng (鄴城, in modern Handan, Hebei), where it would remain for the rest of the state's history (except for Shi Zhi's brief attempt to revive the state at Xiangguo).

Rulers of the Later Zhao

Temple name	Posthumous name	Personal name	Durations of reign	Era names
Gaozu	Ming	Shi Le	319–333	Zhaowang (趙王) 319–328 Taihe (太和 Tàihé) 328–330 Jianping (建平) 330–333
–		Shi Hong	333–334	Yanxi (延熙) 334
Taizu	Wu	Shi Hu	334–349	Jianwu (建武) 335–349 Taining (太寧) 349
–		Shi Shi	349	–
–		Shi Zun	349	–
–		Shi Jian	349–350	Qinglong (青龍) 350
–		Shi Zhi	350–351	Yongning (永寧) 351

Rulers family tree

Later Zhao monarchs family tree

Adoption

Shi Xie 石邪

Shi Beixie
石㔨邪

Shi Zhouhezhu
石周曷朱

Shi Koumi
寇覓

Shi Le
石勒 (274–333)
Ming 明
r. 319–333

Shi Hu 石虎 (295–349)
Wu 武
(r. 334–349)

Ran Long 冉隆

Shi Hong 石弘
314–335; r. 333–334

Shi Zun 石遵
(d./r. 349)

Shi Jian 石鉴
d. 350; r. 349–350

Shi Zhi 石祗
d. 351; r. 350–351

Shi Shi 石世
339–349; r.349

Ran Zhan
冉瞻 (299?–328)

Ran Min 冉闵 (d. 352)
of Ran Wei (冉魏) state
r. 350–352

Ran Zhi 冉智 (d. 354)
of Ran Wei (冉魏) state
r. 352

References

↑ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
↑ Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87–104.
↑ Shimunek, Andrew; Beckwith, Christopher I.; North Washington, Jonathan; Kontovas, Nicholas; Niyaz, Kurban (2015). "The Earliest Attested Turkic Language: The Chieh (*Kir) Language of the Fourth Century A.D." Journal Asiatique. 303 (1): 143–151. doi:10.2143/JA.303.1.3085124.
↑ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.

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[Taagepera-1] Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.

[2] Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87–104.

[3] Shimunek, Andrew; Beckwith, Christopher I.; North Washington, Jonathan; Kontovas, Nicholas; Niyaz, Kurban (2015). "The Earliest Attested Turkic Language: The Chieh (*Kir) Language of the Fourth Century A.D." Journal Asiatique. 303 (1): 143–151. doi:10.2143/JA.303.1.3085124.

[Rene-4] Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

Rulers of the Later Zhao

Rulers family tree

See also

References