2004 United States Senate election in Illinois
November 2, 2004
Turnout68.56%
 
Nominee Barack Obama Alan Keyes
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 3,597,456 1,390,690
Percentage 69.97% 27.05%
County results
Obama:      40-50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
Keyes:      50–60%      60–70%
U.S. senator before election

Peter Fitzgerald
Republican

 Elected U.S. Senator

Barack Obama
Democratic

The 2004 United States Senate election in Illinois was held on November 2, 2004. Incumbent Republican Senator Peter Fitzgerald decided to retire after one term. The Democratic and Republican primary elections were held in March, which included a total of 15 candidates who combined to spend a record total of over $60 million seeking the open seat.

On March 16, 2004, State Senator Barack Obama won the Democratic primary, and businessman Jack Ryan won the Republican primary. Three months later, Ryan announced his withdrawal from the race four days after the Chicago Tribune persuaded a California court to release records from Ryan's custody case, which included allegations that Ryan had pressured his then-wife actress Jeri Ryan to perform sexual acts in public.

Six weeks later, the Illinois Republican State Central Committee chose former Diplomat Alan Keyes to replace Ryan as the Republican candidate. Keyes had previously lost two races for the U.S. Senate in Maryland in 1988 and 1992, both by large margins. The election was the first in U.S. Senate history in which both major-party candidates were Black. According to Obama's 2020 memoir A Promised Land, he had promised his wife Michelle that if he lost the race, he would retire from politics.

Obama won the election with 70% of the vote and a margin of 43% over Keyes, the largest margin of victory for a U.S. Senate candidate in Illinois history and significantly larger than Democrat John Kerry's 10.3% margin in the concurrent presidential election. Obama carried 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats had traditionally not done well. The inequality in the candidates spending for the fall elections – $14,244,768 by Obama and $2,545,325 by Keyes – is also among the largest in history in both absolute and relative terms.[1] This was the first open-seat election for this seat since 1980. Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator on January 3, 2005, and served until he resigned on November 16, 2008, 12 days after he was elected President. [2]

Election information

The primaries and general elections coincided with those for federal offices (president and House), as well as those for state offices.

Turnout

For the primary elections, turnout was 26.69%, with 1,904,800 votes cast.[3][4] For the general election, turnout was 68.56%, with 5,141,520 votes cast.[5][4]

Republican primary

Candidates

Campaign

In this campaign, Chirinjeev Kathuria became the first Indian-American and first person of the Sikh religion to run for a United States Senate seat.

GOP frontrunner Jack Ryan had divorced actress Jeri Ryan in 1999, and the records of the divorce were sealed at their mutual request. Five years later, when Ryan's Senate campaign began, the Chicago Tribune newspaper and WLS-TV, the local ABC affiliate, sought to have the records released. On March 3, 2004, several of Ryan's GOP primary opponents urged Ryan to release the records.[6] Both Ryan and his wife agreed to make their divorce records public, but not make the child custody records public, claiming that the custody records could be harmful to their son if released. Ryan went on to win the GOP primary on March 16, 2004 defeating his nearest competitor, Jim Oberweis, by twelve percentage points.[7]

Ryan was a proponent of across-the-board tax cuts and tort reform, an effort to limit payout in medical malpractice lawsuits. He was also a proponent of school choice and supported vouchers for private school students.

Oberweis's 2004 campaign was notable for a television commercial where he flew in a helicopter over Chicago's Soldier Field, and claimed enough illegal immigrants came into America in a week (10,000 a day) to fill the stadium's 61,500 seats.[8][9] Oberweis was also fined $21,000 by the Federal Election Commission for a commercial for his dairy that ran during his 2004 Senate campaign. The FEC ruled that the commercial wrongly benefited his campaign and constituted a corporate contribution, thus violating campaign law.[10]

Results

Results by county
Map legend
  •   Ryan—50–60%
  •   Ryan—40–50%
  •   Ryan—30–40%
  •   Oberweis—30–40%
  •   Rauschenberger—30–40%
  •   Rauschenberger—40–50%
  •   Rauschenberger—50–60%
  •   McKenna—30–40%
  •   Wright—30–40%
  •   Wright—40–50%
Republican primary results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jack Ryan 234,791 35.5%
Republican Jim Oberweis 155,794 23.5%
Republican Steve Rauschenberger 132,655 20.0%
Republican Andrew McKenna 97,238 14.7%
Republican Jonathan C. Wright 17,189 2.6%
Republican John L. Borling 13,390 2.0%
Republican Norm Hill 5,637 0.9%
Republican Chirinjeev Kathuria 5,110 0.8%
Total votes 661,804 100.0%

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared

Withdrew

  • Matt O'Shea, Mayor of Metamora, Illinois. He withdrew December 1, 2003 due to poor polling numbers. He endorsed Gery Chico.[11]

Source:[12]

Campaign

Obama float at the 2004 Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic

Fitzgerald's predecessor, Democrat Carol Moseley Braun, declined to run.[13] Barack Obama, a member of the Illinois Senate since 1997 and an unsuccessful 2000 Democratic primary challenger to four-term incumbent U.S. Rep. Bobby Rush for Rush's U.S House seat, launched a campaign committee at the beginning of July 2002 to run for the U.S. Senate, 21 months before the March 2004 primary,[14] and two months later had David Axelrod lined up to do his campaign media.[15] Obama formally announced his candidacy on January 21, 2003,[16] four days after former U.S. Sen. Carol Moseley Braun announced she would not seek a rematch with U.S. Sen. Peter Fitzgerald.[17]

On April 15, 2003, with six Democrats already running and three Republicans threatening to run against him,[18] incumbent Fitzgerald announced he would not seek a second term in 2004,[19] and three weeks later popular Republican former Governor Jim Edgar declined to run,[20] leading to wide open Democratic and Republican primary races with 15 candidates, including 7 millionaires[21] (triggering the first application of the Millionaires' Amendment of the 2002 McCain–Feingold Act), in the most expensive Senate primary in U.S. history.[22]

Obama touted his legislative experience and early public opposition to the Iraq War to distinguish himself from his Democratic primary rivals. Illinois Comptroller Dan Hynes won the endorsement of the AFL–CIO. Obama succeeded in obtaining the support of three of the state's largest and most active member unions: AFSCME, SEIU, and the Illinois Federation of Teachers. Hynes and multimillionaire former securities trader Blair Hull each won the endorsements of two of the nine Democratic Illinois members of the US House of Representatives. Obama had the endorsements of four: Jesse Jackson, Jr., Danny Davis, Lane Evans, and Jan Schakowsky.

Obama surged into the lead after he finally began television advertising in Chicago in the final three weeks of the campaign, which was expanded to downstate Illinois during the last six days of the campaign. The ads included strong endorsements by the five largest newspapers in Illinois—the Chicago Tribune, Chicago Sun-Times, Daily Herald, The Rockford Register Star, and Peoria Journal Star—and a testimonial by Sheila Simon that Obama was "cut from that same cloth" as her father, the late former U.S. Senator Paul Simon, who had planned to endorse and campaign for Obama before his unexpected death in December 2003.[23]

Results

Results by county
Map legend
  •   Obama—60–70%
  •   Obama—50–60%
  •   Obama—40–50%
  •   Obama—30–40%
  •   Hynes—30–40%
  •   Hynes—40–50%
  •   Hynes—50–60%
  •   Hynes—60–70%
  •   Hynes—70–80%
  •   Hull—30–40%
  •   Hull—40–50%
  •   Hull—50–60%

On March 16, 2004, Obama won the Democratic primary by an unexpected landslide—receiving 53% of the vote, 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival, with a vote total that nearly equaled that of all eight Republican candidates combined—which overnight made him a rising star in the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.[24][25] The Democratic primary election, including seven candidates who combined to spend over $46 million, was the most expensive U.S. Senate primary election in history.

Democratic primary results[26]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Barack Obama 655,923 52.8%
Democratic Daniel W. Hynes 294,717 23.7%
Democratic M. Blair Hull 134,453 10.8%
Democratic Maria Pappas 74,987 6.0%
Democratic Gery Chico 53,433 4.3%
Democratic Nancy Skinner 16,098 1.3%
Democratic Joyce Washington 13,375 1.1%
Democratic Estella Johnson-Hunt (write-in) 10 0.0%
Total votes 1,242,996 100.0%

General election

Obama vs. Ryan

As a result of the GOP and Democratic primaries, Democrat Barack Obama was pitted against Republican Jack Ryan.

Ryan trailed Obama in early polls, after the media reported that Ryan had assigned Justin Warfel, a Ryan campaign worker, to track Obama's appearances.[27] The tactic backfired when many people, including Ryan's supporters, criticized this activity. Ryan's spokesman apologized, and promised that Warfel would give Obama more space. Obama acknowledged that it is standard practice to film an opponent in public, and Obama said he was satisfied with Ryan's decision to have Warfel back off.[27]

As the campaign progressed, the lawsuit brought by the Chicago Tribune to open child custody files from Ryan's divorce was still continuing. Barack Obama's backers emailed reporters about the divorce controversy, but refrained from on-the-record commentary.[28] On March 29, 2004, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Robert Schnider ruled that several of the Ryans' divorce records should be opened to the public, and ruled that a court-appointed referee would later decide which custody files should remain sealed to protect the interests of Ryan's young child.[29] A few days later, on April 2, 2004, Barack Obama changed his position about the Ryans' soon-to-be-released divorce records, and called on Democrats to not inject them into the campaign.[28]

On June 22, 2004, after receiving the report from the court appointed referee, the judge released the files that were deemed consistent with the interests of Ryan's young child. In those files, Jeri Ryan alleged that Jack Ryan had taken her to sex clubs in several cities, intending for them to have sex in public.[30][31]

The decision to release the files generated much controversy because it went against both parents' direct request, and because it reversed the earlier decision to seal the papers in the best interest of the child. Jim Oberweis, Ryan's defeated GOP opponent, commented that "these are allegations made in a divorce hearing, and we all know people tend to say things that aren't necessarily true in divorce proceedings when there is money involved and custody of children involved."[30]

Although their sensational nature made the revelations fodder for tabloid and television programs specializing in such stories, the files were also newsworthy because of questions about whether Ryan had accurately described the documents to GOP party leaders. Prior to release of the documents, Ryan had told leading Republicans that five percent of the divorce file could cause problems for his campaign.[32] But after the documents were released, GOP officials including state GOP Chair Judy Baar Topinka said they felt Ryan had misleadingly indicated the divorce records would not be embarrassing.[33]

That charge of dishonesty led to intensifying calls for Ryan's withdrawal, though Topinka, who was considering running herself, said after the June 25 withdrawal that Ryan's "decision was a personal one" and that the state GOP had not pressured Ryan to drop out.[34] Ryan's campaign ended less than a week after the custody records were opened, and Ryan officially filed the documentation to withdraw on July 29, 2004. Obama was left without an opponent.

Obama vs. Keyes

The Illinois Republican State Central Committee chose former diplomat Alan Keyes to replace Ryan as the Republican candidate after former governor Jim Edgar, Topinka, and former Chicago Bears head coach Mike Ditka declined to run.[35] Keyes, a conservative Republican, faced an uphill battle. First, as a native of Maryland, he had almost no ties to Illinois. Second, he had an unsuccessful electoral track record, losing two races for U.S. Senate in Maryland by landslides and making unsuccessful bids for the Republican presidential nomination in 1996 and 2000.[36] Third, Keyes's lack of electoral momentum enabled Obama to focus on campaigning in more conservative downstate regions, an unusual move for an Illinois Democrat.[37]

Media lambasted Keyes for what they considered his parachute candidacy. The Chicago Tribune published a scathing editorial, calling him "[t]he GOP's rent-a-senator" and sarcastically listing basic facts about local geography for a candidate they suspected had no familiarity with the area: "Keyes may have noticed a large body of water as he flew into O'Hare. That is called Lake Michigan. It's large. It's wide. It's deep. And we'll spoil the surprise: You can't even see across it."[38] In a similar vein, The New York Times published an editorial decrying "the rank hypocrisy", recalling that four years earlier, Keyes had attacked Hillary Clinton for establishing residency in New York for the first time only two months before announcing her U.S. Senate candidacy in that state.[39] Keyes attacked Barack Obama for voting against a bill that would have outlawed a form of late-term abortion.[40]

Race became an issue in the contest between the two black candidates when Keyes claimed that he, not Obama, was the true "African-American". Indeed there were a handful of black spokesmen who did not consider Obama to be African-American. The black voters of Illinois voted 92% for Obama.[41][42]

Obama ran the most successful Senate campaign in 2004, and was so far ahead in polls that he soon began to campaign outside of Illinois in support of other Democratic candidates. He gave large sums of campaign funds to other candidates and the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee and sent many of his volunteers to work on other races, including that of eventual three-term Congresswoman Melissa Bean who defeated then-Congressman Phil Crane in that year's election. Obama and Keyes differed on many issues including school vouchers and tax cuts, both of which Keyes supported and Obama opposed.[43]

Predictions

Source Ranking As of
Sabato's Crystal Ball[44] Safe D (flip) November 1, 2004

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 1]		 Margin
of error		 Barack
Obama (D)		 Alan
Keyes (R)		 Other /
Undecided
SurveyUSA October 27–29, 2004 655 (LV) ± 3.9% 66% 27% 6%

Results

2004 United States Senate election in Illinois[4][5]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Barack Obama 3,597,456 69.97% +22.6%
Republican Alan Keyes 1,390,690 27.05% -23.3%
Independent Al Franzen 81,164 1.6% N/A
Libertarian Jerry Kohn 69,253 1.3% N/A
Write-in 2,957 0.1% N/A
Total votes 5,141,520 100.0% N/A
Democratic gain from Republican

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

Analysis

The Obama-Keyes race was one of the first to be called on Election Day, November 2, 2004. At the start of Keyes' candidacy in August, Keyes had 24% support in the polls. He received 27% of the vote in the November general election to Obama's 70%.[45]

Following the election, Keyes refused to call Obama to congratulate him. Media reports claimed that Keyes also failed to concede the race to Obama.[46] Two days after the election, a radio interviewer asked Keyes whether he had conceded the race. Keyes replied, "Of course I've conceded the race. I mean, I gave my speech to that effect."[47]

On the radio program, Keyes explained that his refusal to congratulate Obama was "not anything personal," but was meant to make a statement against "extend[ing] false congratulations to the triumph of what we have declared to be across the line." He said that Obama's position on moral issues regarding life and the family had crossed that line. "I'm supposed to make a call that represents the congratulations toward the triumph of that which I believe ultimately stands for... a culture evil enough to destroy the very soul and heart of my country? I can't do this. And I will not make a false gesture," Keyes said.[47]

Obama would go on to be elected President of the United States in 2008.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear

References

  1. ↑ Jacobson, Gary C. (March 30, 2006). The First Congressional Elections After BCRA. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 195. ISBN 978-0742538702. Retrieved October 27, 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Obama Resigns Senate Seat, Honors Illinois - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. November 16, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  3. ↑ "Voter Turnout". www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 "Election Results". www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Voter Turnout". www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  6. ↑ Fornek, Scott; Herrmann, Andrew. “Senate rivals urge Ryan to unseal divorce records”, Chicago Sun-Times (March 4, 2004).
  7. ↑ Davey, Monica (March 17, 2004). "From Crowded Field, Democrats Choose State Legislator to Seek Senate Seat". The New York Times.
  8. ↑ Ford, Liam; Avila, Oscar (February 25, 2004). "Oberweis ads rile immigrant groups". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008.
  9. ↑ Andres Salles (November 16, 2007). "Oberweis: hard line on immigration". The Beacon News.
  10. ↑ cbs2chicago.com - Oberweis Fined For Funding Campaign With Dairy Ad Archived December 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Quigley, Kelly (December 1, 2003). "O'Shea backs out of Senate race". Crain's Chicago Business. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Will Mr. Obama go to Washington? Illinois state legislator seeks to become only black U.S. senator.(Washington Report)". Black Enterprise. February 1, 2004.
  13. ↑ Mihalopoulos, Dan (February 14, 2003). "Chance for 2nd act on national stage". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ↑ Neal, Steve (July 3, 2002). "Obama could add drama to Senate race" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 41. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  15. ↑ "No shortage of candidates for U.S. Senate run in '04" (paid archive). The State Journal-Register. September 1, 2002. p. 15. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  16. ↑ Pearson, Rick; Chase, John (January 22, 2003). "Legislator in race to unseat Fitzgerald; Democrat seeks 2004 nomination for U.S. Senate". Chicago Tribune. p. 4 (Metro). Archived from the original (paid archive) on October 24, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  17. ↑ Krol, Eric (January 18, 2003). "Ex-senator doesn't want rematch with Fitzgerald" (paid archive). Daily Herald (Arlington Heights). p. 11. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Zorn, Eric (January 18, 2003). "Moseley-Braun gives Democrats reason for hope". Chicago Tribune. p. 15 (Metro). Archived from the original (paid archive) on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  18. ↑ Krol, Eric (December 9, 2002). "Why senator ending up more isolated; Fitzgerald's style has both Democrats and Republicans planning to challenge him" (paid archive). Daily Herald (Arlington Heights). p. 1. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Neal, Steve (April 16, 2003). "Writing was on the wall after latest Fitzgerald polls" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 55. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  19. ↑ Wilgoren, Jodi (April 16, 2003). "Illinois Senator announces he won't seek re-election". The New York Times. p. A.10. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  20. ↑ Pearson, Rick; Chase, John (May 10, 2003). "GOP Senate floodgates open as Edgar says no". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original (paid archive) on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  21. ↑ Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004). "Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range". The New York Times. p. 1.19. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    "Candidate wealth; net worth of the richest Illinois candidates for the U.S. Senate". The New York Times. March 7, 2004. p. 1.19. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  22. ↑ Justice, Glen (October 17, 2003). "In races with one deep pocket, the law tries to tailor a second". The New York Times. p. A.1. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  23. ↑ Rosenbaum, David E. (December 10, 2003). "Paul Simon, former Senator from Illinois, is dead at 75". The New York Times. p. A29. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Long, Ray (December 10, 2003). "A legacy of honesty and dignity; Straight-talking manner appealed even to conservatives". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original (paid archive) on October 20, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Neal, Steve (December 31, 2003). "Obama's endorsements stacking up; Before he died, former Sen. Paul Simon had decided to endorse Obama" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 33. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Schoenburg, Bernard (February 26, 2004). "Obama gets endorsement from Simon's daughter" (paid archive). The State Journal-Register. p. 12. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Wallace-Wells, Ben (April 1, 2007). "Obama's narrator". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
    Mendell (2007), pp. 227–232
  24. ↑ Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). "Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Fornek, Scott; Herguth, Robert C. (March 17, 2004). "Obama defeats Hull's millions, Hynes' name; Consistent effort results in landslide for Hyde Parker" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 2. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Brown, Mark (March 17, 2004). "Voters warmed to Obama, the next hot politician" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 2. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Wills, Christopher (Associated Press) (March 18, 2004). "Republican Ryan trying to battle new Democratic star despite questions" (paid archive). Times-Courier. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Mendell, David (March 18, 2004). "Ryan, Obama enter new ring; Democrat carries high hopes of blacks with him to center stage". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original (paid archive) on October 24, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Sweet, Lynn (March 18, 2004). "Senate Democrats race to raise cash for Obama. The Obama campaign energized voters. The Ryan election did not get people to the polls" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 43. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Krol, Eric (March 18, 2004). "Campaign starts early for Ryan, Obama; Senate hopefuls already trying to define each other" (paid archive). Daily Herald (Arlington Heights). p. 1. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    "Illinois primary victor is Party's Senate hope; Democratic leaders see the state as a key battleground in their effort to regain control". Los Angeles Times. March 18, 2004. p. A25. Archived from the original (paid archive) on October 24, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Tilove, Jonathan (Newhouse News Service) (March 18, 2004). "Barack Obama: Black Senate candidate a rising star" (paid archive). Mobile Register. p. A06. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Davey, Monica (March 18, 2004). "As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Howlett, Debbie (March 19, 2004). "Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate". USA Today. p. A04. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
    Harwood, John (March 31, 2004). "Presidential politics overshadows rise of state-level stars". The Wall Street Journal (paid archive). p. A4.
    Romano, Lois (April 10, 2004). "Kerry sprinkles jobs message with attacks on Iraq policy". The Washington Post. p. A4. Archived from the original (paid archive) on October 24, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Fornek, Scott (April 12, 2004). "Obama's poll puts him far ahead of Ryan" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 7. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Kuhnhenn, James (May 24, 2004). "With seven retirements, control of Senate is at stake in election" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A02. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Scheiber, Noam (May 31, 2004). "Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign". The New Republic. pp. 21–22, 24–26 (cover story). Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Finnegan, William (May 31, 2004). "The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go?". The New Yorker. pp. 32–38. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Dionne Jr.; E. J. (June 25, 2004). "In Illinois, a star prepares". The Washington Post. p. A29. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
    Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.
  25. ↑ Turow, Scott (March 30, 2004). "The new face of the Democratic Party -- and America". Salon.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
    Cader, Michael (July 30, 2004). "Publishers eyeing Obama". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on April 28, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
    Leroux, Charles (August 6, 2004). "The buzz around Obama's book". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
    Sweet, Lynn (March 17, 2005). "Be-bop, Barack and bucks from book". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 39. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
    Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
  26. ↑ "Election Vote Totals Results". www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  27. 1 2 Mendell, David (May 23, 2004). "Ryan aide to give Obama more space". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 5, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  28. 1 2 Fornek, Scott. "Obama: Back off divorce files", Chicago Sun-Times (April 3, 2004).
  29. ↑ Ford, Liam. “Some Ryan divorce files should be unsealed”, Chicago Tribune (March 30, 2004).
  30. 1 2 Kinzer, Stephen; Jo Napolitano (June 23, 2004). "Illinois Senate Campaign Thrown Into Prurient Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  31. ↑ Lannan, Maura Kelly (June 22, 2004). "Illinois Republican vows to stay in Senate race despite embarrassing allegations". SignOnSanDiego.com. Associated Press. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  32. ↑ Martinez, Michael; Pearson, Rick. “Court sets release of Ryan's divorce file”, Chicago Tribune (June 18, 2004).
  33. ↑ Pearson, Rick; Ford, Liam. “GOP leaders say they felt misled on Ryan file”, Chicago Tribune (June 23, 2004).
  34. ↑ Ford, Liam; Bush, Rudolph. “Ryan Quits Race”, Chicago Tribune June 26, 2004.
  35. ↑ "Ditka Spikes Illinois Senate Run". CBS News. Associated Press. July 14, 2004.
  36. ↑ "Keyes challenges Obama for Illinois Senate seat". CNN. August 9, 2004.
  37. ↑ Winfrey, Oprah; Obama, Barack (November 2004). "Oprah Talks To Barack Obama". Oprah.com. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  38. ↑ "Commentary: The GOP's rent-a-senator". Chicago Tribune. August 6, 2004. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  39. ↑ "Plan B for Illinois". The New York Times. August 10, 2004. Archived from the original on December 28, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
  40. ↑ Robinson, Mike (August 9, 2004). "Keyes assails Obama's abortion views". NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  41. ↑ Omiunota N. Ukpokodu; Peter Otiato Ojiambo (2017). Erasing Invisibility, Inequity and Social Injustice of Africans in the Diaspora and the Continent. Cambridge Scholars. p. 113. ISBN 9781527504165.
  42. ↑ Andra Gillespie (2010). Whose Black Politics?: Cases in Post-Racial Black Leadership. Routledge. pp. 143–44. ISBN 9781135851088.
  43. ↑ Alan Keyes Archives, 2004 Illinois Debates Archived February 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  44. ↑ "The Final Predictions". Sabato's Crystal Ball. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  45. ↑ "America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate/Illinois". CNN. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  46. ↑ "Keyes concedes race, says Obama stands for 'evil' culture - Lewiston Sun Journal". Lewiston Sun Journal. November 6, 2004. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  47. 1 2 Thomas, Scott (November 4, 2004). "Alan Keyes on the Scott Thomas Show, WYLL". Allan Keyes Archives. Retrieved August 12, 2007.

Further reading

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