Intercontinental Cup
The trophy given to the winners
Organising bodyUEFA
CONMEBOL
Founded1960
Abolished2004
RegionEurope and
South America
(1960–1979)
Japan (1980–2004)
Number of teams2
Related competitionsUEFA Champions League
Copa Libertadores
FIFA Club World Cup
FIFA Intercontinental Cup
Last championsPortugal Porto
(2nd title)
Most successful club(s)Argentina Boca Juniors
Italy Milan
Uruguay Nacional
Uruguay Peñarol
Spain Real Madrid
(3 titles each)

The Intercontinental Cup, also known as the Toyota European/South American Cup (abbreviated as Toyota Cup) for sponsorship reasons, from 1980 to 2004, was an international football competition endorsed by UEFA (Europe) and CONMEBOL (South America),[1][2] contested between representative clubs from these confederations (representatives of most developed continents in the football world), usually the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores. It ran from 1960 to 2004, when it was succeeded by the FIFA Club World Championship, although they both ran concurrently in 2000.

From its formation in 1960 to 1979, the competition was as a two-legged tie, with a play-off if necessary until 1968, and penalty kicks later. During the 1970s, European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due to controversial events in the 1969 match,[3] and some European Cup-winning teams withdrew.[4] From 1980, the competition was rebranded and contested as a single match played in Japan, regarded neutral territory for both contestants, and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota, which offered a secondary trophy, the Toyota Cup.[5] At that point, the Japan Football Association was involved at a logistical level as host,[6] though it continued to be endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL.[7][8]

The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid, who beat Peñarol of Uruguay in 1960. The last winner was Portuguese side Porto, defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004. The competition ended in 2004.[9] Since 2017, past Intercontinental Cup winners have been recognised by FIFA as club world champions.

History

Beginnings

According to Brazilian newspaper Tribuna de Imprensa in 1958, the idea for the Intercontinental Cup rose in 1958 in a conversation between the then president of the Brazilian FA João Havelange and French journalist Jacques Goddet.[10] The first mention of the creation of the Intercontinental Cup and the Copa Libertadores was published by Brazilian and Spanish newspapers on 9 October 1958, referring to Havelange's announcement of the project to create such competitions, which he uttered during a UEFA meeting he attended as an invitee.[11][12][13][14] Prior to this announcement, the reigning European champions, Real Madrid, played just one intercontinental club competition, the 1957 Tournoi de Paris (they also played the 1956 Pequeña Copa, but scheduled their participation in it before becoming European champions).[15] According to a video record of the highlights of the final match of the 1957 Tournoi de Paris, a video published by Journal Les Actualités Françaises on 19 June 1957,[16] that match, held between Real Madrid and Vasco da Gama, was the first match ever dubbed as "the best team of Europe vs. the best team of South America", as Madrid was the European champions and Vasco was the "Brazilian" (in fact, Rio de Janeiro) champions,[17][18] having this match been held at Parc des Princes, then managed by Jacques Goddet; moreover, the 1957 Paris match was the only defeat of Real Madrid to a non-European side since becoming European champions in 1956 and prior to the Intercontinental Cup in 1960, having Madrid's then-president Santiago Bernabéu been one of the instigators of the Intercontinental Cup (see below); for these reasons, some sources have claimed that the 1957 match and the 1958 FIFA World Cup Brazilian victory have influenced the Europeans on the importance of South American football, and thus the idea in 1958 for the creation of the Intercontinental Cup[19] (the Madrid team declined to participate in the 1958 Paris Tournoi for it was held just 5 days before the final of the 1957/1958 European Cup).[20] The Madrid-Vasco 1957 match was described as "being like a club world cup match" by the Brazilian press,[21][22] as was a June 1959 friendly between Real Madrid and Torneio Rio – São Paulo champions Santos, which Real Madrid won 5–3.[23]

Created in 1960 at the initiative of the European confederation (UEFA), with CONMEBOL's support, the European/South American Cup, known also as the Intercontinental Cup, was contested by the holders of the European Champion Clubs' Cup and the winners of its newly established South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. The competition was not endorsed by FIFA,[24] and in 1961 FIFA refused to allow it to take place unless the participants gave it a "private friendly match" status.[25] However, the competition went on regardless, with the endorsement of UEFA and CONMEBOL, both of whom include every edition of the competition in their records.[26][27][28] It was the brainchild of UEFA president Henri Delaunay, who also helped Jules Rimet in the realisation of the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930.[29][30] Initially played over two legs, with a third match if required in the early years (when goal difference did not count), the competition had a rather turbulent existence. The first winners of the competition were Spanish club Real Madrid. Real Madrid managed to hold Uruguayan side Peñarol 0–0 in Montevideo and trounce the South Americans 5–1 in Madrid to win.[31][32][33]

After Real Madrid's victory in the first Intercontinental Cup, Barcelona newspaper Mundo Deportivo hailed the Madrid team as the first world champion club; although they pointed out that the competition "did not include Africans, Asians and other countries part to FIFA", they also expressed doubt that these regions presented football of the same quality as Europe and South America.[34] The Spaniards titled themselves world champions until FIFA stepped in and objected; citing that the competition did not grant the right to attempt participation to any other champions from outside Europe and South America, FIFA stated that they can only claim to be intercontinental champions of a competition played between two continental organisations[35] (in contrast to the Intercontinental Cup, the right to attempt participation at the FIFA World Cup, through FIFA invitation in 1930 and qualification process since 1934, was open to every FIFA member-country, regardless of the continent where it was located). Peñarol would appear again the following year and come out victorious after beating Portuguese club Benfica on the play-off; after a 1–0 win by the Europeans in Lisboa and a 5–0 trashing by the South Americans, a play-off at the Estadio Centenario saw the home side squeeze a 2–1 win to become the first South American side to win the competition.[36][37][38]

In 1962 the tournament grew more in worldwide attention after it was swept through the sublime football of a Santos team led by Pelé, considered by some the best club team of all times.[39] Os Santásticos, also known as O Balé Branco ("The White Ballet"), which dazzled the world during that time and containing stars such as Gilmar, Mauro, Mengálvio, Coutinho, and Pepe, won the title after defeating Benfica 3–2 in Rio de Janeiro and thrashing the Europeans 2–5 in their Estádio da Luz.[40][41][42] Santos would successfully defend the title in 1963 after being pushed all the way by Milan. After each side won 4–2 at their respective home legs, a play-off match at the Maracanã saw Santos keep the title after a tight 1–0 victory.[40][43] The competition attracted the interest of other continents. The North and Central American confederation, CONCACAF, was created, among other reasons, to attempt the participation of North and Central American clubs in the Copa Libertadores, and thus in the Intercontinental Cup.[42][44] Milan's fierce rivals, Internazionale, would go on to win the 1964 and 1965 Intercontinental Cups, beating Argentine club Independiente on both occasions, in 1964 after a play-off match won at Santiago Bernabéu in extra time with a goal from Mario Corso, becoming the first european team to win two times in a row the competition.[45][46][47][48][49] Peñarol gained revenge for their loss in 1960 by crushing Real Madrid 4–0 in aggregate in 1966.[38][50][51]

Rioplatense violence

However, as a result of the violence often practised in the Copa Libertadores by Argentine and Uruguayan clubs during the 1960s,[52] disagreements with CONMEBOL, the lack of financial incentives and the violent, brutal and controversial way the Brazilian national team was treated in the 1966 FIFA World Cup by European teams, Brazilian football—including its club sides—declined to participate in international competitions in the late 1960s, including the Copa Libertadores and consequently the Intercontinental Cup. During this time, the competition became dogged by foul play.[53] Calendar problems, acts of brutality, even on the pitch, and boycotts tarnished its image, to the point of bringing into question the wisdom of organising it at all.

The 1967 games between Argentina's Racing Club and Scotland's Celtic were violent affairs, with the third decisive game being dubbed "The Battle of Montevideo" after three players from the Scottish side and two from the Argentine side were sent off. A fourth Celtic player was also dismissed near the end of the game, but amid the chaos he got away with staying on.[54][55][56][57]

Some of the rough moments in the 1968 match, between Manchester United and Estudiantes LP in Old Trafford, José Medina (covering his face), being sent off after a fight with George Best

The following season, Argentine side Estudiantes de La Plata faced England's Manchester United in which the return leg saw Estudiantes come out on top of a bad-tempered series.[58][59][60] But it was the events of 1969 which damaged the competition's integrity.

A.C. Milan's Néstor Combin was left bloodied and unconscious after a brutal series against Estudiantes de La Plata in 1969

[61] After a 3–0 win at San Siro, Milan went to Buenos Aires to play Estudiantes at La Bombonera.[62][63][64] Estudiantes' players booted balls at the Milan team as they warmed up and hot coffee was poured on the Italians as they emerged from the tunnel by Estudiantes' fans. Estudiantes resorted to inflicting elbows and allegedly even needles at the Milanese team in order to intimidate them. Pierino Prati was knocked unconscious and continued for a further 20 minutes despite suffering from a mild concussion. Estudiantes goalkeeper Alberto Poletti also punched Gianni Rivera, but the most vicious treatment was reserved for Néstor Combin, an Argentinean-born striker, who had faced accusations of being a traitor as he was on the opposite side of the intercontinental match.[61][65][66]

Combin was kicked in the face by Poletti and later had his nose and cheekbone broken by the elbow of Ramón Aguirre Suárez. Bloodied and broken, Combin was asked to return to the pitch by the referee but fainted. While unconscious, Combin was arrested by Argentine police on a charge of draft dodging, having not undertaken military service in the country. The player was forced to spend a night in the cells, eventually being released after explaining he had fulfilled national service requirements as a French citizen.[61] Estudiantes won the game 2–1 but Milan took the title on aggregate.[61][64][65][66]

Italian newspaper Gazzetta dello Sport dubbed it "Ninety minutes of a man-hunt". The Argentinean press responded with "The English were right" – a reference to Alf Ramsey's famous description of the Argentina national football team as "animals" during the 1966 FIFA World Cup.[61][65][66] The Argentinean Football Association (AFA), under heavy international pressure, took stern action. Argentina's president, military dictator Juan Carlos Onganía, summoned Estudiantes delegate Oscar Ferrari and demanded "the severest appropriate measures in defence of the good name of the national sport. [It was a] lamentable spectacle which breached most norms of sporting ethics".[61][65][66] Poletti was banned from the sport for life, Suárez was banned for 30 games, and Eduardo Manera for 20 with the former and latter serving a month in jail.[61]

Degradation

Due to the brutality in the 1967 match, FIFA was called into providing penalties and regulating the tournament. However, FIFA stated that it could not stipulate regulations in a competition that it did not organise. Though the competition was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, René Courte, FIFA's General Sub-Secretary, wrote an article shortly afterwards (1967) stating that FIFA viewed the competition as a "European-South American friendly match".[67] Courte's statement was endorsed by then-FIFA president Sir Stanley Rous, who then stated that FIFA saw the Intercontinental Cup as a friendly match.[68][69][70][71] After these controversial statements, Madrid newspaper ABC then pointed out that, though the Intercontinental Cup was not endorsed by FIFA, it was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, therefore being an "intercontinental jurisdiction" cup.[72] However, with the AFC and CONCACAF club competitions in place, FIFA opened the idea of supervising the Intercontinental Cup if it included those confederations, which was met with a negative response from its participating confederations, UEFA and CONMEBOL. According to Rous, CONCACAF and the Asian Football Confederation had requested in 1967 to participate in the Intercontinental Cup, which was rejected by UEFA and CONMEBOL. In 1970, the FIFA Executive Committee gathering put forward, unsuccessfully, a proposal for the expansion of the Intercontinental Cup into a Club World Cup with representative clubs of every existing continental confederation.[73][74][75][76][77][78] Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[79]

A moment of the Feyenoord v Estudiantes match, 9 Sep 1970

Estudiantes would face Dutch side Feyenoord the following season, which saw the Dutch side victorious. Oscar Malbernat ripped off Joop van Daele's glasses and trampled on them claiming that he was "not allowed to play with glasses".[80][81][82][83] Dutch side Ajax, European champions of 1971, would decline to face Uruguay's Nacional due to violence in previous matches, which resulted in European Cup runners-up, Greek side Panathinaikos, participating.[84][85][86] Ajax fears about Nacional's brutal game were confirmed. In the first game in Athens, Uruguayan striker Julio Morales broke the leg of Yiannis Tomaras with a brutal blow. According to the Greek press of the time, the sound of the fracture was heard up to the stands. The Greek defender collapsed on the ground and was transported unconscious out of the field. The medical diagnosis was a fracture of the tibia and fibula, an injury that effectively ended his career.[87] Nacional won the series 3–2 on aggregate.[84][85][86][88]

Dutch team Ajax won the 1972 series v Argentine club Independiente

Ajax participated in 1972 against Independiente.[89][90][91] The team's arrival at Buenos Aires was extremely hostile: Johan Cruyff received several death threats from Independiente's local fan firms.[92] Due to the indifference from the Argentine police, Ajax manager Ştefan Kovács appointed an organised emergency security detail for the Nederlandse meester, headed by himself and team member Barry Hulshoff, described as a big and burly man.[92] In the first leg, Cruyff opened the scoring in Avellaneda at the 5th minute. As a result, Dante Mircoli retaliated with a vicious tackle a couple of minutes later; Cruyff was too injured to continue and the Dutch team found themselves being assaulted with tackles and punches.[89][90][91] Kovács had to convince his team to play on during half-time as his players wanted to withdraw.[89][90][91] Ajax squeezed a 1–1 tie and followed up with a 3–0 trounce in Amsterdam to win the Cup.[89][90][91][93] Although Ajax were the defending champions, they again declined to participate in the 1973 Intercontinental Cup after Independiente won the Copa Libertadores again, leaving it to Juventus, European Cup runners-up, to play a single-match final won by the Argentines.[90][91][94][95]

Daniel Bertoni (left) and Ricardo Bochini with the Intercontinental trophy won in 1973 v Juventus

Also in 1973, French newspaper L'Équipe, which helped to bring about the birth of the European Cup, volunteered to sponsor a Club World Cup contested by the champions of Europe, South America, North and Central America, and Africa, the only continental club tournaments in existence at the time; the competition was to potentially take place in Paris between September and October 1974 with an eventual final to be held at the Parc des Princes.[79][96][97][98] The proposal, supported by CONMEBOL,[79] was dismissed due to the negativity of the Europeans.[98] In 1974, João Havelange was elected president of FIFA, having made the proposal, among others, of creating a multicontinental Club World Cup. In 1975, L'Équipe once again made its 1973 proposal, again to no avail.

West German club Bayern Munich also declined to play in 1974 as Independiente again qualified to participate.[99][100][101][102] European Cup runners-up Atlético Madrid from Spain won the competition 2–1 on aggregate.[99][100] Once again, Independiente qualified to participate in 1975; this time, both finalists of the European Cup declined to participate and the competition was not played.[103] That same year, L'Équipe tried, once again, to create a Club World Cup, in which the participants would have been: the four semifinalists of the European Cup, both finalists of the Copa Libertadores, as well as the African and Asian champions. However, UEFA declined once again and the proposal failed.[104]

In 1976, when Brazilian side Cruzeiro won the Copa Libertadores, the European champions Bayern Munich willingly participated, with the Bavarians winning 2–0 on aggregate. In an interview with Jornal do Brasil, Bayern's manager Dettmar Cramer denied that Bayern's refusal to dispute the 1974 and 1975 Intercontinental Cups were a result of the rivals being Argentine teams. He claimed it was a scheduling impossibility, rather, which kept the Germans from participating. He also stated that the competition was not economically rewarding due to the team's fan base's disinterest in the Cup. To cover the costs of playing the first leg in Munich's Olympiastadion, the organisers needed to have a minimum of 25,000 spectators. However, due to heavy snow and cold weather, only 18,000 showed up. Because of this deficit, Cramer stated that if Bayern were to win the European Cup again, they would decline to participate as it held no assurances of income, and that a friendly match, as the one Bayern Munich had scheduled in Tel Aviv, would have been more financially rewarding to them.[105]

Argentine Boca Juniors played West German Borussia Mönchengladbach after European champions Liverpool declined to participate in the 1977 edition. In the image, José Luis Salinas carrying the ball

Argentine side Boca Juniors qualified for the 1977 and 1978 matches, for which the European champions, English club Liverpool, declined to participate on both occasions. In 1977, Boca Juniors defeated European Cup runners-up, German club Borussia Mönchengladbach, 5–2 on aggregate.[106][107][108][109] Boca Juniors declined to face Belgian club Brugge in 1978 leaving that year's competition undisputed.[103] Paraguay's Olimpia won the 1979 match against European Cup runners-up, Swedish side Malmö FF, after winning both legs.[110][111][112][113] However, the competition had greatly declined in prestige. After the 0–1 win of the South Americans in the first leg at Malmö, which saw fewer than 5,000 Swedish fans turn up, Mundo Deportivo called the Cup "a dog without an owner".[79]

The truth is that the Intercontinental Cup is an adventitious competition without foundation. It has no known owner, it depends on a strange consensus and the interested clubs are not tempted to risk much for so little money, as evidenced by the attendance at the game in Malmö, played, of course, in absence of this year's champion, Nottingham Forest, by the Swedish team, finalist in one of the most boring and worst games played to cap off the European Cup since 1956.

Spanish newspaper Mundo Deportivo[79]

According to Brazilian newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, the deal for the establishment of the Interamerican Cup was made in 1968 by CONMEBOL and CONCACAF, and established that the Interamerican Cup champion club would be entitled to represent the American continent in the Intercontinental Cup.[114] According to the Mexican newspapers, after winning the 1977 and 1980 Interamerican Cup tournaments, Mexican clubs América and PUMAS Unam, and the Mexican Football Association, demanded, unsuccessfully, to participate in the Intercontinental Cup, either by representing the American continent against the European champions or by creating a UEFA-CONMEBOL-CONCACAF tournament.[115][116][117]

Rebirth in Japan

Logo of the tournament, used between 1980 and 2004

Seeing the deterioration of the Intercontinental Cup, Japanese motor corporation Toyota took the competition under its wing, and created contractual obligations to have the Intercontinental Cup played in Japan once a year, with every club participating being obliged to participate or face legal consequences. This modern format breathed new air into the competition which saw a new trophy handed out along with the Intercontinental Cup, the Toyota Cup.

In order to protect themselves against the possibility of European withdrawals, Toyota, UEFA and every European Cup participant signed annual contracts requiring the eventual winners of the European Cup to participate in the Intercontinental Cup – this was added as a condition to those UEFA stipulated for clubs to participate in the European Cup – or face an international lawsuit from UEFA and Toyota. Barcelona, the winners of the 1991–92 European Cup, considered not participating in the Intercontinental Cup in 1992, and the aforementioned contractual obligation weighed in for their decision to play.[118]

Waldemar Victorino shoting during the 1980 match, Nacional (winner) v Nottingham Forest, which was the first held in Japan

The first Toyota Cup was held in 1980, which saw Uruguay's Nacional triumph over Nottingham Forest. The 1980s saw a domination by South American sides as Brazil's Flamengo and Grêmio , Uruguay's Nacional and Peñarol, Argentina's Independiente and River Plate take the spoils once each after Nacional's victory in 1980. Only Juventus, Porto and Milan managed to bring the trophy back to Europe.

In that decade, the English Football Association attempted to organise a Club World Cup sponsored by promoting company West Nally, only to be shot down by UEFA.[119]

The 1990s proved to be a decade dominated by European teams, as Milan, Red Star Belgrade, Ajax, Juventus, Real Madrid, Manchester United, and newcomers Borussia Dortmund of Germany were fuelled to victory by their economic powers and heavy poaching of South American stars. Only three titles went to South America, as São Paulo and Argentina's Vélez Sársfield came out the winners, each of them defeating Milan, with São Paulo's inaugural win being over Barcelona.

The 2000s would see Boca Juniors win the competition twice for South America, while European victories came from Bayern Munich, Real Madrid, and Porto.

The 2004 Intercontinental Cup proved to be the last one, as the competition was merged with the FIFA Club World Cup.

International participation

Trophies of Intercontinental and Toyota Cup and shirts worn, displayed at the Porto (left), Estudiantes de La Plata, and San Siro Museums

All the winning teams from Intercontinental Cup were regarded as de facto "world club champions".[120][121][122][123] According to some texts on FIFA.com, due to the superiority at sporting level of the European and South American clubs to the rest of the world, reflected earlier in the tournament for national teams, the winning clubs of the Intercontinental Cup were named world champions and can claim to be symbolic World champions,[124][125] in a "symbolic" club world championship,[126] while the FIFA Club World Cup would have another dimension,[127] as the "true" world club showdown,[128][129][130] created because, with the passage of time and the development of football outside Europe and South America, it had become "unrealistic" to continue to confer the symbolic title of world champion upon the winners of the Intercontinental Cup,[131] the idea to expand it being mentioned for the first time in 1967 by Stanley Rous as CONCACAF and the AFC had established their continental club competitions and requested the participation,[71][73][74][75][76][77][78] an expansion that was to occur only in 2000 through the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship. Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[79] Though "symbolic" or de facto as a club world championship,[28] the Intercontinental Cup has always been an official title at interconfederation level, with both UEFA and CONMEBOL having always considered all editions of the competition as part of their honours.[7][8]

FIFA recognition

Sign at Arena do Grêmio saying "Grêmio - Campeão do Mundo" (Grêmio - World Champion), celebrating Grêmio's 1983 Intercontinental Cup as a world championship

Throughout the history of football, various attempts have been made to organise a tournament that identifies "the best club team in the world" – such as the Football World Championship, the Lipton Trophy, the Copa Rio, the Pequeña Copa del Mundo and the International Soccer League– due to FIFA's lack of interest or inability to organise club competitions,[132] – the Intercontinental Cup is considered by FIFA as the predecessor[133] to the FIFA Club World Cup, which was held for the first time in 2000.

On 27 October 2017, the FIFA Council, while not promoting statistical unification between the Intercontinental Cup and the Club World Cup, in respect to the history of the two tournaments[134] (which merged in 2005),[9] has made official (de jure) the world title of the Intercontinental Cup, recognising all the winners as club world champions,[135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143] with the same title of the FIFA Club World Cup winners, or "FIFA Club World Champions".[144][138][145][141][146][147][143][148][142]

FIFA recognises the Intercontinental Cup as the sole direct predecessor of the Club World Cup, and the champions of both competitions are the only ones uncontroversially officially recognised by FIFA as Club World Champions, as seen in the FIFA Club World Cup Statistical Kit, the official document of FIFA's club competition.

Trophy

The competition trophy bears the words "Coupe Européenne-Sudamericaine" ("European-South American Cup") at the top. At the base of the trophy, there is the round logo of UEFA and a map of South America in a circle.

During the sponsorship by Toyota, the competition awarded an additional trophy, entitled "Toyota Cup", usually given to the winning team's vice-captain.

Cup format

From 1960 to 1979, the Intercontinental Cup was played in two legs. Between 1960 and 1968, the cup was decided on points only, the same format used by CONMEBOL to determine the winner of the Copa Libertadores final through 1987. Because of this format, a third match was needed when both teams were equal on points. Commonly this match was host by the continent where the last game of the series was played. From 1969 through 1979, the competition adopted the European standard method of aggregate score, with away goals.

Starting in 1980, the final became a single match. Up until 2001, the matches were held at Tokyo's National Stadium. Finals since 2002 were held at the Yokohama International Stadium, also the venue of the 2002 FIFA World Cup final.

Results

  • From 1960 to 1967 the winner was defined by points (2 per win, 1 per draw), with a third match if necessary.
  • From 1968 to 1979, the winner was defined by goal difference, with no play-off held.
  • From 1980 to 2004, the cup was played as a single match in neutral venue.
Keys
  •   Play-off result
  •   Aggregate score
  •   Defined on penalty shoot-out
Year Winners 1st.
leg		 2nd.
leg		 Play-off/
Agg.		 Runners-up Venue
(1st leg)		 City
(1st leg)		 Venue
(2nd leg)		 City
(2nd leg)		 Venue
(Play-off)		 City
(Play-off)
1960Spain Real Madrid0–05–1–Uruguay PeñarolCentenarioMontevideoSantiago BernabéuMadrid–
1961Uruguay Peñarol0–15–02–1Portugal BenficaEstádio da LuzLisbonCentenarioMontevideoCentenarioMontevideo
1962Brazil Santos3–25–2–Portugal BenficaMaracanãRio de JaneiroEstádio da LuzLisbon–
1963Brazil Santos2–44–21–0Italy MilanSan SiroMilanMaracanãRio de JaneiroMaracanãRio de Janeiro
1964Italy Internazionale0–12–01–0 (a.e.t.)Argentina IndependienteIndependienteAvellanedaSan SiroMilanSantiago BernabéuMadrid
1965Italy Internazionale3–00–0–Argentina IndependienteSan SiroMilanIndependienteAvellaneda–
1966Uruguay Peñarol2–02–0–Spain Real MadridCentenarioMontevideoSantiago BernabéuMadrid–
1967Argentina Racing0–12–11–0Scotland CelticHampden ParkGlasgowRacingAvellanedaCentenarioMontevideo
1968Argentina Estudiantes LP1–01–12–1England Manchester UnitedLa BomboneraBuenos AiresOld TraffordManchester–
1969Italy Milan3–01–24–2Argentina Estudiantes LPSan SiroMilanLa BomboneraBuenos Aires–
1970Netherlands Feyenoord2–21–03–2Argentina Estudiantes LPLa BomboneraBuenos AiresDe KuipRotterdam–
1971Uruguay Nacional1–12–13–2Greece PanathinaikosKaraiskakisPiraeusCentenarioMontevideo–
1972Netherlands Ajax1–13–04–1Argentina IndependienteIndependienteAvellanedaOlympic StadiumAmsterdam–
1973Argentina Independiente1–0–Italy JuventusOlimpicoRome–
1974Spain Atlético Madrid0–12–02–1Argentina IndependienteIndependienteAvellanedaVicente CalderónMadrid–
1975(not held)
1976Germany Bayern Munich2–00–02–0Brazil CruzeiroOlympiastadionMunichMineirãoBelo Horizonte–
1977Argentina Boca Juniors2–23–05–2Germany Borussia MönchengladbachLa BomboneraBuenos AiresWildparkstadionKarlsruhe–
1978(not held)
1979Paraguay Olimpia1–02–13–1Sweden MalmöMalmö StadionMalmöDef. del ChacoAsunción–
1980Uruguay Nacional1–0–England Nottingham ForestNational Stad.Tokyo–
1981Brazil Flamengo3–0–England LiverpoolNational Stad.Tokyo–
1982Uruguay Peñarol2–0–England Aston VillaNational Stad.Tokyo–
1983Brazil Grêmio2–1–Germany Hamburger SVNational Stad.Tokyo–
1984Argentina Independiente1–0–England LiverpoolNational Stad.Tokyo–
1985Italy Juventus2–2a.e.t., 4–2pArgentina Argentinos JuniorsNational Stad.Tokyo–
1986Argentina River Plate1–0–Romania Steaua BucureștiNational Stad.Tokyo–
1987Portugal Porto2–1–Uruguay PeñarolNational Stad.Tokyo–
1988Uruguay Nacional2–2a.e.t., 7–6pNetherlands PSVNational Stad.Tokyo–
1989Italy Milan1–0–Colombia Atlético NacionalNational Stad.Tokyo–
1990Italy Milan3–0–Paraguay OlimpiaNational Stad.Tokyo–
1991Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star3–0–Chile Colo-ColoNational Stad.Tokyo–
1992Brazil São Paulo2–1–Spain BarcelonaNational Stad.Tokyo–
1993Brazil São Paulo3–2–Italy MilanNational Stad.Tokyo–
1994Argentina Vélez Sarsfield2–0–Italy MilanNational Stad.Tokyo–
1995Netherlands Ajax0–0a.e.t., 4–3pBrazil GrêmioNational Stad.Tokyo–
1996Italy Juventus1–0–Argentina River PlateNational Stad.Tokyo–
1997Germany Borussia Dortmund2–0–Brazil CruzeiroNational Stad.Tokyo–
1998Spain Real Madrid2–1–Brazil Vasco da GamaNational Stad.Tokyo–
1999England Manchester United1–0–Brazil PalmeirasNational Stad.Tokyo–
2000Argentina Boca Juniors2–1–Spain Real MadridNational Stad.Tokyo–
2001Germany Bayern Munich1–0(a.e.t.)Argentina Boca JuniorsNational Stad.Tokyo–
2002Spain Real Madrid2–0–Paraguay OlimpiaInternationalYokohama–
2003Argentina Boca Juniors1–1a.e.t., 3–1pItaly MilanInternationalYokohama–
2004Portugal Porto0–0a.e.t., 8–7pColombia Once CaldasInternationalYokohama–
Notes

Performances

The performance of various clubs is shown in the following tables:[157][158]

Performance by club

Club Winners Runners-up Winning years Runner-up years
Italy AC Milan 3 4 1969, 1989, 1990 1963, 1993, 1994, 2003
Spain Real Madrid 3 2 1960, 1998, 2002 1966, 2000
Uruguay Peñarol 3 2 1961, 1966, 1982 1960, 1987
Argentina Boca Juniors 3 1 1977, 2000, 2003 2001
Uruguay Nacional 3 — 1971, 1980, 1988 —
Argentina Independiente 2 4 1973, 1984 1964, 1965, 1972, 1974
Italy Juventus 2 1 1985, 1996 1973
Brazil Santos 2 — 1962, 1963 —
Italy Internazionale 2 — 1964, 1965 —
Brazil São Paulo 2 — 1992, 1993 —
Netherlands Ajax 2 — 1972, 1995 —
Germany Bayern Munich 2 — 1976, 2001 —
Portugal Porto 2 — 1987, 2004 —
Argentina Estudiantes 1 2 1968 1969, 1970
Paraguay Olimpia 1 2 1979 1990, 2002
Brazil Grêmio 1 1 1983 1995
Argentina River Plate 1 1 1986 1996
England Manchester United 1 1 1999 1968
Argentina Racing 1 — 1967 —
Netherlands Feyenoord 1 — 1970 —
Spain Atlético Madrid 1 — 1974 —
Brazil Flamengo 1 — 1981 —
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1 — 1991 —
Argentina Vélez Sarsfield 1 — 1994 —
Germany Borussia Dortmund 1 — 1997 —
Portugal Benfica — 2 — 1961, 1962
England Liverpool — 2 — 1981, 1984
Brazil Cruzeiro — 2 — 1976, 1997
Scotland Celtic — 1 — 1967
Greece Panathinaikos — 1 — 1971
Germany Borussia Mönchengladbach — 1 — 1977
Sweden Malmö FF — 1 — 1979
England Nottingham Forest — 1 — 1980
England Aston Villa — 1 — 1982
Germany Hamburger SV — 1 — 1983
Argentina Argentinos Juniors — 1 — 1985
Romania Steaua București — 1 — 1986
Netherlands PSV Eindhoven — 1 — 1988
Colombia Atlético Nacional — 1 — 1989
Chile Colo-Colo — 1 — 1991
Spain Barcelona — 1 — 1992
Brazil Vasco da Gama — 1 — 1998
Brazil Palmeiras — 1 — 1999
Colombia Once Caldas — 1 — 2004

Performance by country

Country Winners Runners-up Winning clubs Winning years
 Argentina 9 9 Boca Juniors, Independiente, Estudiantes, River Plate, Racing Club, Vélez Sarsfield 1967, 1968, 1973, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1994, 2000, 2003
 Italy 7 5 AC Milan, Juventus, Internazionale 1964, 1965, 1969, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1996
 Brazil 6 5 Santos, São Paulo, Grêmio, Flamengo 1962, 1963, 1981, 1983, 1992, 1993
 Uruguay 6 2 Peñarol, Nacional 1961, 1966, 1971, 1980, 1982, 1988
 Spain 4 3 Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid 1960, 1974, 1998, 2002
 Germany 3 2 Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund 1976, 1997, 2001
 Netherlands 3 1 Ajax, Feyenoord 1970, 1972, 1995
 Portugal 2 2 Porto 1987, 2004
 England 1 5 Manchester United 1999
 Paraguay 1 2 Olimpia 1979
 Yugoslavia 1 — Red Star Belgrade 1991
 Colombia — 2 — —
 Scotland — 1 — —
 Greece — 1 — —
 Sweden — 1 — —
 Romania — 1 — —
 Chile — 1 — —

Performance by confederation

Confederation Winners Runners-up Winning clubs Winning countries
CONMEBOL 22 21 13 4
UEFA 21 22 12 7

Notes

  • After the events of the 1969 Intercontinental Cup, many European Cup champions refused to play in the Intercontinental Cup. On five occasions, they were replaced by the tournaments' runners-up. Additionally, two Intercontinental Cups were called off after runners-up, too, declined to participate.[149]

Coaches

Players

All-time top scorers

Pelé is the all-time top goalscorer in Intercontinental Cup's history with 7 goals in 3 matches
  • Pelé is the all-time top scorer in the competition having scored seven goals in three matches.
    • In 1962, he scored five goals in two matches against Portugal Benfica, including a hat-trick in the second leg played in Lisbon (the only hat trick in competition's history).[159]
    • In 1963, he scored two goals in the first leg (vs AC Milan).[160][161][162]
  • Only six players scored at least three goals in the Intercontinental Cup.[163]
Player Club Goals Apps Years
Brazil Pelé Brazil Santos 7 3 1962, 1963
Ecuador Alberto Spencer Uruguay Peñarol 6 6 1960, 1961, 1966
Argentina Luis Artime Uruguay Nacional 3 2 1971
Uruguay José Sasía Uruguay Peñarol 3 3 1961
Portugal Santana Portugal Benfica 3 4 1961, 1962
Italy Sandro Mazzola Italy Internazionale 3 4 1964, 1965

Hat-tricks

Pelé is the only player to have scored a hat-trick in an Intercontinental Cup match (1962 second leg, vs Benfica in Lisbon).

Player Nation Club Opponent Goals Goal times Score Tournament Round Date
PeléBrazil BrazilBrazil SantosPortugal Benfica3 15', 25', 64'5–21962 Intercontinental CupSecond leg11 October 1962

Man of the Match

The man of the match was selected from 1980.[164]

Man of the Match
Michel Platini (1985)
Frank Rijkaard (1990)
Alessandro Del Piero (1996)
Raúl (1998)
Martín Palermo (2000)
Ronaldo (2002)
Year Player Club
1980 Uruguay Waldemar Victorino Uruguay Nacional
1981 Brazil Zico Brazil Flamengo
1982 Brazil Jair Uruguay Peñarol
1983 Brazil Renato Gaúcho Brazil Grêmio
1984 Argentina José Percudani Argentina Independiente
1985 France Michel Platini Italy Juventus
1986 Uruguay Antonio Alzamendi Argentina River Plate
1987 Algeria Rabah Madjer Portugal Porto
1988 Uruguay Santiago Ostolaza Uruguay Nacional
1989 Italy Alberigo Evani Italy AC Milan
1990 Netherlands Frank Rijkaard Italy AC Milan
1991 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Vladimir Jugović Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade
1992 Brazil Raí Brazil São Paulo
1993 Brazil Toninho Cerezo Brazil São Paulo
1994 Argentina Omar Asad Argentina Vélez Sársfield
1995 Netherlands Danny Blind Netherlands Ajax
1996 Italy Alessandro Del Piero Italy Juventus
1997 Germany Andreas Möller Germany Borussia Dortmund
1998 Spain Raúl Spain Real Madrid
1999 Wales Ryan Giggs England Manchester United
2000 Argentina Martín Palermo Argentina Boca Juniors
2001 Ghana Samuel Kuffour Germany Bayern Munich
2002 Brazil Ronaldo Spain Real Madrid
2003 Argentina Matías Donnet Argentina Boca Juniors
2004 Portugal Maniche Portugal Porto

See also

References

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  144. ↑ “While it does not promote the statistical unification of tournaments, that is, has not absorbed to the Intercontinental Cup (merged with FIFA Club World Cup in 2005), the title was conferred from the world federation (with Official Documents issued after the Council decision) so it is legally a FIFA world title" cfr. "FIFA Club World Cup Qatar 2019™" (PDF). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. cfr.
  145. ↑ "FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2018: Statistical-kit" (PDF). 10 December 2018. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2021.
  146. ↑ "Real Madrid! Sixth Club World Cup!". Realmadrid.com.
  147. ↑ "Historical decision, register Club World Cup is rewritten". Foxsports.it (in Italian).
  148. ↑ "Pelé Just Won A Club World Championship". The18. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  149. 1 2 "THE DECLINE, FALL AND REBIRTH OF THE INTERCONTINENTAL CUP".
  150. ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1971".
  151. ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1973". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  152. ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1973".
  153. ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1974".
  154. ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1977".
  155. ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1979".
  156. ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1993".
  157. ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup".
  158. ↑ "Hall of Honour".
  159. ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1962". Rec.Sports.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 14 April 1999. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  160. ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1963". Rec.Sports.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 14 April 1999. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  161. ↑ "Extraordinary Pele crowns Santos in Lisbon". FIFA. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  162. ↑ "King-less Santos retain throne in style". FIFA. 16 November 2013. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  163. ↑ "Trivia on Intercontinental (Toyota) Cup".
  164. ↑ "Toyota Cup – Most Valuable Player of the Match Award". Archived from the original on 24 December 2008.

Further reading

  • Amorim, Luís (1 December 2005). Intercontinental Cup 1960–2004. LuísAmorimEditions. ISBN 978-989-95672-5-2.
  • Amorim, Luís (1 September 2005). Taça Intercontinental 1960–2004 (in Portuguese). Editora Multinova. ISBN 989-551-040-3.
  • Williamson, Daniel (15 October 2022). When Two Worlds Collide: The Intercontinental Cup Years. Pitch Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-80150-145-3.
  • Karsdorp, Dirk (June 2022). The Complete Results & Line-ups of the Intercontinental Cup 1960-2004 and the FIFA Club World Cup 2000-2022. Soccer Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-86223-491-8.
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