Iris forrestii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Sibiricae
Species:
I. forrestii
Binomial name
Iris forrestii
Synonyms[1]

Limniris forrestii (Dykes) Rodion.

Iris forrestii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, also the subgenus Limniris and in the series Sibiricae. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China (including Tibet) and Burma. It has linear grassy-like leaves, long thin stem and fragrant yellow or lemon-yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

Iris forrestii is similar in form to the smaller Iris wilsonii.[2] It has short thick, rhizomes that form dense clumps of plants.[3][4] The base of the plant is covered by fibres from the remains of the previous season’s leaves.[3]

It has linear, grassy-like leaves that are grey-green with one dull side and the other side a glossy green or yellow-green.[5][6][7] The leaves grow to between 11–50 cm (4.5–19.5 in) long and 2–7 mm (0.079–0.276 in) wide.[8][9] The leaves are shorter than the flower stems.[6][10][11]

It has a slender, hollow, flowering stem that grows up to between 15–45 cm (6–17.5 in) long and 2–3 mm wide.[12][8][13] In the wild, the plants are much smaller starting from 15 cm (6 in).[13] The stem has between 1 and 2 smaller leaves (or bracts).[6][9] The unbranched stems have between 1 and 2 flowers at the terminal ends, in early summer, between May and June.[7][10][11]

It has 3 green lanceolate (sword-shaped) spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which have a slight reddish-purple edge and measuring 5.5–7 cm (2.2–2.8 in) long and 1–1.2 cm (0.39–0.47 in) wide.[3][9]

The yellow or lemon-yellow flowers are slightly fragrant,[14][15][16] and are about 5–6 cm (2–2.5 in) in diameter.[6][7]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals) known as the falls and 3 – 4 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the standards.[5] The drooping (obovate shaped) falls have a wide blade (about 1 inch wide and 4 inches long), which have purple-brown or red-brown stripes, lines or spots over a deeper yellow centre or signal patch.[17][14][15] The upright and oblanceolate standards are narrower than the falls,[9][10][11] with slightly curled edges.[3][4] It has a perianth tube of 1.3 cm long, 3 cm long stamens, brown-yellow anthers and large pale yellow, arching style branches (almost as big as the standards) 4-4.5 cm long and 1.4–1.6 cm wide.[3][9]

In July and August (after blooming) it has a pale green ovary (seed case),[9] containing the (ellipsoid shaped) seed capsule, measuring 4–4.5 cm long and 1.5–1.8 cm wide.[3][4] The capsule has 6 ribs and a beaked point. Inside the capsule are semi-orbicular seeds.[3]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[5] It has a chromosome count: 2n=40,[10][17][14] discovered by Sim 1932.[18] This places it within the sub-group of the series, called the Sino-siberians.[5]

Taxonomy

It is written as 云南鸢尾 in Chinese script, and known as 'yun nan yuan wei' in Pidgin.[3][19]

Iris forrestii is pronounced EYE-ris FOR-est-ee-eye.[20][21]

It has the common name of Forrest's iris,[12][15][22] or occasionally as Yunnan Iris.[19][18][23] The Latin specific epithet forresti refers to the 19th century plant collector and explorer George Forrest.[24]

It was first published and described by William Rickatson Dykes in Gardeners' Chronicle (of London), on page 418 in 1910.[25] Using plants that were collected from one of George Forrest's favourite plant collecting areas, the Cang Mountain in the province of Yunnan in China.[15]

Dykes, later published it in his book 'The Genus Iris' in 1913 (with a colour illustration). Then in 1924, it was shown by Wal, at the Annual Meeting of the R.H.S. and then noted in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 50, Jan. 1925. Also Waddick & Zhao mentioned Iris forrestii in 'Iris of China', 1992 (with a colour illustration).[18]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014.[19]

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit since 1994,[15][20] as well as being an accepted name.[26][27]

Distribution and habitat

Iris forrestii is native to tropical and temperate Asia.[19]

Range

It is found in China,[2][17] (within the provinces of Guizhou,[19] eastern Xizang,[13] (also known as Tibet), western Yunnan,[11][28] and southern Sichuan, including the 'Lichiang Range',[2]), and also found in north east Burma (once known as Myanmar).[3][8]

Habitat

It grows on the alpine meadows and mountain pastures at altitudes of 2,900–4,300 m (9,500–14,100 ft) above sea level.[2][4][8][29]

Cultivation

The Sino-siberian irises all generally have similar cultivation requirements.[5] Although Iris forrestii is known as being easy to grow.[10] They are not as hardy as the other group of Siberian irises.[5] They also don't like very hot conditions either. If it losses too much moisture it will wither and die.[16][29] Preferring the northern parts of America and United States to the overly warm southern America. They will tolerate temperatures of up to – 10 degrees C. But may survive lower if protected or well mulched in winter.[5]

It is hardy to USDA Zone 2–9, known as 'Hardy' in the UK, in Australia Zone 1–3,[12][20] and Zone H2 (which means Hardy to −15 to-20 °C (5 to −4 °F [30]) in Europe.[6]

They prefer soils with a ph level of 5.5 to 7 (acidic to neutral) and more moisture tolerant.[4][7][31] It is thought to be fairly easy to grow in most soils.[15] They are also tolerant of windy conditions,[31] except just after being planted.[29] They like wet soils, but only during the growing season, if the rhizome and roots are exposed to constant moisture, it is likely to suffer from fungal infections.[16][21]

Unlike, other Sino-Siberians, Iris forrestii prefers positions in partial shade but can tolerate full sun. Although, they produce less flowers in sunny positions.[12]

They can be mulched with peat or garden compost in spring.[11][31] They can also be fed in spring with a general fertiliser but it is not essential.[5]

They can be divided after flowering (in early summer) if the clumps become too big and congested,[11] or if the centre of the plant is too old to produce flowers.[8] Also propagation is easier carried out by division of the rhizomes, rather than growing from seed which takes at least 3 years to get the plant to flowering maturity.[31]

New plants should be re-planted or planted 25 cm (10 in)s) apart and 10 cm (4 in) deep,[11][31] into weed free conditions. New plants can then be planted in spring or autumn.[5][31] But the ground needs to be prepared before planting. New plants should be well watered during the first season,[31] and also take at least 2 years to become established.[5]

They can be used in gardens, at waterside locations beside pools or streams.[10] But with some dryness during the year.[16]

A specimen exists in Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, which was collected by Forrest on 15 June 1906.[32]

Hybrids and cultivars

It can easily hybridize with other members of the Sibericae series.[4]

Known Iris forrestii cultivars include 'Gelber Knirps', 'King's Forrest', 'Tetrafor', 'Yellow Apricot',[18] and 'Charm of Finches'.[4]

Known Iris forrestii crosses;

  • Iris chrysographes × Iris forrestii has produced 'Chrysofor', 'Chrysofor Bronze Queen', 'Chrysofor Canary', 'Chrysofor Delicata', 'Chrysofor Gloriosa', 'Chrysofor Maggie', 'Chrysofor Marion', 'Chrysofor Nancy', 'Chrysofor Peggy', 'Chrysofor Primrose Queen', 'Chrysofor Purpurea', 'Chrysofor Sunrise', 'Chrysofor Thelma', and 'Cleeton Cross'.
  • Iris forrestii × Iris chrysographes has produced 'Gamma'.
  • Iris delavayi × Iris forrestii produced 'Delfor' and 'Wid-Wid'.[18]

Crosses between the series Sibericae and the series Californicae are often referred to as Cal-Sibes.[18] They are generally smaller than typical Siberian iris, but taller than Pacific Coast irises. They have semi-evergreen foliage, and flowers that are 5–7 cm (2–3 in) in diameter. They are best grown in rich, well-drained soil in sun or part shade.[33]

  • Pacific Coast hybrid × Iris forrestii has produced 'Dougbractifor'.
  • Iris bulleyana × I. forrestii produced 'Epsilon'.
  • Iris forrestii × Iris bracteata produced 'Forbra'
  • Iris forrestii × Siberian hybrid produced 'Foretell'[18]

Toxicity

All parts of plant (rhizome, leaf and flower) are poisonous if ingested.[21]

References

  1. ↑ "Iris forrestii Dykes is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Adapted from Dykes, The Genus *Iris, p. 30" (PDF). ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 300". efloras.org. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 188. ISBN 9780330327749.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification, p. 259, at Google Books
  7. 1 2 3 4 Christopher Bricknell, ed. (1994) [1st. pub.=1989]. Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers 7th Edition (Revised ed.). Dorling Kindersley. p. 522. ISBN 978-0751301472.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris". rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk. 13 February 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 978-0715305393.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Iris". bhg.com (Better Homes and Gardens). Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation at Google Books
  14. 1 2 3 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris forrestii AGM". exclusiveplants.co.uk. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Nick Romanowski Water Garden Plants & Animals: The Complete Guide for All Australia, p. 80, at Google Books
  17. 1 2 3 Kramb, D. (November 2003). "Iris forrestii". signa.org. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Black, John (2014-10-12). "(SPEC) Iris forrestii Dykes". wiki.irises.org. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris forrestii". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 "Iris forrestii". gardenaway.com. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  21. 1 2 3 "PlantFiles: Yellow Iris, Iris forrestii". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  22. ↑ "Iris forrestii". plant-world-seeds.com. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  23. ↑ "Yunnan Iris". tl.swewe.net. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  24. ↑ Sue Gordon (Editor)Horticulture – Plant Names Explained: Botanical Terms and Their Meaning, p. 84, at Google Books
  25. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris forrestii Dykes". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  26. ↑ "Iris". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  27. ↑ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 53. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  28. ↑ "Wildlife of Yunnan Part Four". robs-journeys.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  29. 1 2 3 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  30. ↑ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Siberian Irises". herbs2000.com. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  32. ↑ "Filed as Iris forrestii Dykes [family IRIDACEAE]". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 17 December 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ↑ "Cal-Sib Iris". cascadiairisgardens.com. Retrieved 20 December 2014.

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