John Woo

SBS
吳宇森
Woo in 2005
Born (1946-09-22) 22 September 1946[1]
Guangzhou, China
NationalityHong Konger
Occupations
  • Film director
  • screenwriter
  • producer
Years active1968–present
Spouse
Anne Chun-Lung Niu
​
(m. 1976)​
Children3
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese吳宇森
Simplified Chinese吴宇森
Signature

John Woo Yu-Sen SBS (Chinese: 吳宇森; born September 22, 1946)[1] is a Hong Kong filmmaker, known as a highly influential figure in the action film genre.[2] He is a pioneer of heroic bloodshed films (a crime action film genre involving Chinese triads) and the gun fu genre in Hong Kong action cinema, before working in Hollywood films. He is known for his highly chaotic "bullet ballet"[3][4] action sequences, stylized imagery, Mexican standoffs, frequent use of slow motion and allusions to wuxia, film noir and Western cinema.[5]

Considered one of the major figures of Hong Kong cinema, Woo has directed several notable action films including A Better Tomorrow (1986), The Killer (1989), Hard Boiled (1992) and Red Cliff (2008/2009).[5][6] His Hollywood films include Hard Target (1993), Broken Arrow (1996), Face/Off (1997) and Mission: Impossible 2 (2000).[5] He also created the comic series Seven Brothers, published by Virgin Comics. He is the founder and chairman of the production company Lion Rock Productions.[7]

Woo is a winner of the Hong Kong Film Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Editing, as well as a Golden Horse Award, an Asia Pacific Screen Award and a Saturn Award.

Early life

Woo was born as Wu Yu-seng (Ng Yu-sum in Cantonese) on September 22, 1946, in Guangzhou, China, amidst the chaotic Chinese Civil War. Due to school age restrictions, his mother changed his birth date to 22 September 1948, which is what remains on his passport. The Woo family, who were Protestant Christians, faced persecution during Mao Zedong's early anti-bourgeois purges after the communist revolution in China, and fled to Hong Kong when he was five.[1][8]: xv, 3 

Impoverished, the Woo family lived in the slums at Shek Kip Mei. His father was a teacher, though rendered unable to work by tuberculosis, and his mother was a manual laborer on construction sites.[9] The family was rendered homeless by the Shek Kip Mei Fire of 1953.[8] Charitable donations from disaster relief efforts enabled the family to relocate; however, violent crime had by then become commonplace in Hong Kong housing projects. At age three he was diagnosed with a serious medical condition. Following surgery on his spine, he was unable to walk correctly until eight years old, and as a result his right leg is shorter than his left leg.[10]

His Christian upbringing shows influences in his films.[11] As a young boy, Woo had wanted to be a Christian minister. He later found a passion for movies influenced by the French New Wave especially Jean-Pierre Melville. Woo has said he was shy and had difficulty speaking, but found making movies a way to explore his feelings and thinking and would "use movies as a language".[5]

Woo found respite in Bob Dylan and in American Westerns.[12] He has stated the final scene of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid made a particular impression on him in his youth: the device of two comrades, each of whom fire pistols from each hand, is a recurrent spectacle later found in his own work.[13]

Career

1969–1985: Career beginnings in Hong Kong

In 1969, Woo was hired as a script supervisor at Cathay Studios. In 1971, he became an assistant director at Shaw Studios.[14] The same year, he watched Bruce Lee's The Big Boss, which left a strong impression on him due to how different it was from earlier martial arts films. Lee's films inspired to direct his own action films.[14] His directorial debut in 1974 was the feature film The Young Dragons (鐵漢柔情, Tiě hàn róu qíng).[15] In the kung fu film genre, it was choreographed by Jackie Chan,[16] and featured dynamic camera-work and elaborate action scenes. The film was picked up by Golden Harvest Studio where he went on to direct more martial arts films. He later had success as a comedy director with Money Crazy (發錢寒, Fā qián hàn) (1977), starring Hong Kong comedian Ricky Hui and Richard Ng.[17]

1986–1992: 'Heroic Bloodshed', breakthrough and international recognition

By the mid-1980s, Woo was experiencing occupational burnout. Several of his films were commercial disappointments, and he felt a distinct lack of creative control. It was during this period of self-imposed exile that director/producer Tsui Hark provided the funding for Woo to film a longtime pet project, A Better Tomorrow (1986). The story of two brothers—one a law enforcement officer, the other a criminal—was a financial blockbuster. A Better Tomorrow became a defining achievement in Hong Kong action cinema[18] for its combination of emotional drama, slow-motion gunplay, and gritty atmospherics. Its signature visual device of two-handed, two-gunned shootouts within confined quarters—often referred to as "gun fu"—was novel, and its diametrical inversion of the "good-guys-bad guys" formula in its characterization would influence later American films.

Woo would make several more Heroic Bloodshed films in the late 1980s and early 1990s, nearly all starring Chow Yun-Fat. These violent gangster thrillers typically focus on men bound by honor and loyalty, at odds with contemporary values of impermanence and expediency. The protagonists of these films, therefore, may be said to present a common lineage with the Chinese literary tradition of loyalty among generals depicted in classics such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" (三國演義).

Woo gained international recognition with the release of The Killer, which became the most successful Hong Kong film in America since Bruce Lee's Enter the Dragon (1973) and garnered Woo an American cult following. Bullet in the Head followed a year later, but failed to find an audience that accepted its political undertones, and failed to recoup its massive budget. Woo rebounded the following year with 1991's caper comedy Once a Thief, which was a financial success.

His last Hong Kong film before emigrating to the United States was Hard Boiled (1992), a police thriller that served as the antithesis of his previous glorification of gangsters. Most notable of its numerous action scenes is a 30-minute climax set within a hospital. One particular long take follows two characters for exactly 2 minutes and 42 seconds as they fight their way between hospital floors. On the Criterion DVD and laserdisc, this chapter is referenced as "2 minutes, 42 seconds." The film was considerably darker than most of Woo's previous films, depicting a police force nearly helpless to stop the influx of gangsters in the city, and the senseless slaughter of innocents. As a result, it did not match the success of his other films, but nonetheless garnered positive critical reception and became one of his most popular films in later years.

John Woo: Interviews includes a 36-page interview with Woo by editor Robert K. Elder, which documents the years 1968 to 1990. It includes Woo's early career in working on comedies, his work on kung fu films (during which time he gave Jackie Chan one of his first major film roles), and more recently, his gunpowder morality plays in Hong Kong.[19]

1993–2000: Move to the United States and international success

An émigré in 1993, the director experienced difficulty in cultural adjustment while contracted with Universal Studios to direct Jean-Claude Van Damme in Hard Target. Like other foreign national film directors confronted with the Hollywood environment, Woo was unaccustomed to pervasive management concerns over matters such as limitations on violence and completion schedules. When initial cuts failed to yield an "R" rated film, the studio assumed control of the project and edited footage to produce a cut "suitable for American audiences". A "rough cut" of the film, supposedly the original unrated version, is still circulated among his admirers.

A three-year hiatus saw Woo next direct John Travolta and Christian Slater in Broken Arrow. A frenetic chase-themed film, the director once again found himself hampered by studio management and editorial concerns. Despite a larger budget than his previous Hard Target, the final feature lacked the trademark Woo style. Public reception saw modest financial success.

Reluctant to pursue projects which would necessarily entail front-office controls, the director cautiously rejected the script for Face/Off several times until it was rewritten to suit him. (The futuristic setting was changed to a contemporary one.) Paramount Pictures also offered the director significantly more freedom to exercise his speciality: emotional characterisation and elaborate action. A complex story of adversaries—each of whom surgically alters their identity—law enforcement agent John Travolta and terrorist Nicolas Cage play a cat-and-mouse game, trapped in each other's outward appearance. Face/Off opened in 1997 to critical acclaim and strong attendance. Grosses in the United States exceeded $100 million. Face/Off was also nominated for an Academy Award in the category Sound Effects Editing (Mark Stoeckinger) at the 70th Academy Awards.

Around this period, Woo would also produce and direct several film and TV projects. In 1996, Woo produced and directed Once a Thief, a Canadian made-for-television remake of Woo's 1991 caper film. The teleplay subsequently spawned a television series of the same name, which Woo executive produced. In 1998, Woo directed Blackjack, which featured Dolph Lundgren as a leukophobic bodyguard who hunts down an assassin. The film was intended as a backdoor pilot for a television series, but was not picked up. That same year, Woo served as executive producer and action choreographer on Antoine Fuqua's directorial debut The Replacement Killers, which featured Chow Yun-Fat's first international starring role.

Later, Woo directed Mission: Impossible 2, the second entry in the Tom Cruise-led action film series. Despite receiving mixed reviews, Mission: Impossible 2 grossed over $549 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2000,[20] as well as of Woo's career. [21]

2001-2007: Decline in Hollywood and other ventures

Woo made two additional films in Hollywood: Windtalkers (2002) and Paycheck (2003), both of which fared poorly at the box office and were summarily dismissed by critics. Also in 2003, Woo directed a television pilot entitled The Robinsons: Lost in Space for The WB Television Network, based on the 1960s television series Lost in Space. The pilot was not purchased, although bootleg copies have been made available by fans.

Woo also directed and produced the 2007 video game Stranglehold, which is a sequel to his 1992 film, Hard Boiled. The game features Woo as a multiplayer playable character. That same year he produced the anime movie, Appleseed: Ex Machina, the sequel to Shinji Aramaki's 2004 film Appleseed.[22]

2008-2017: Red Cliff and return to Asian cinema

In 2008, Woo returned to Asian cinema with the completion of the two-part epic war film Red Cliff, based on a historical battle from Records of the Three Kingdoms. Produced on a grand scale, it is his first film in China since he emigrated from Hong Kong to the United States in 1993. Part 1 of the film was released throughout Asia in July 2008, to generally favourable reviews and strong attendance. Part 2 was released in China in January 2009.

John Woo was presented with a Golden Lion award for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival in 2010.[23]

He followed Red Cliff with another two-part film, The Crossing, in 2014 and 2015. Featuring an all-star cast, the four-hour epic tells the parallel stories of several characters who all ultimately find themselves passengers on the doomed Taiping steamer, which sank in 1949 en route from mainland China to Taiwan and has been described as "China's Titanic".

Following the box-office disappointment of The Crossing, Woo and producer Terence Chang disbanded Lion Rock Productions.[24]

Woo followed up The Crossing with Manhunt, a remake of the 1976 Japanese crime thriller of the same name. Production started on Manhunt in June 2016 in Osaka[25] and later reported to be finished filming by the end of November.[25][26] The film, co-led by Chinese actor Zhang Hanyu and Japanese actor Masaharu Fukuyama, features a large Japanese cast including Yasuaki Kurata, Jun Kunimura, Hiroyuki Ikeuchi, Nanami Sakuraba, Naoto Takenaka and Tao Okamoto.[25] In addition, Chinese actress Qi Wei, Korean actress Ha Ji-won and Woo's daughter Angeles were cast in key roles in the film.[25] The film was released in China on 24 November 2017.[27][28][25]

2021-present: Silent Night and return to Hollywood

Following another hiatus, Woo returned to Hollywood to direct the action thriller Silent Night, where a normal father heads into the underworld to avenge his young son's death. Produced by Basil Iwanyk, the film starred Joel Kinnaman and was told entirely without dialogue.[29] It was Woo's first American feature film since Paycheck (2003).[30]

Woo commented in 2015 that he will remake The Killer for American audiences. Initially, actress Lupita Nyong'o had been cast for the lead role,[31] however by March 2023, Nathalie Emmanuel was cast instead,[32] with Omar Sy joining the film as the cop character.[33] The film will be directed by Woo, produced by Universal Studios and released exclusively on Peacock.[34]

Unrealized film projects

In May 2008, Woo announced in Cannes that his next movie would be 1949, an epic love story set between the end of World War II and Chinese Civil War to the founding of the People's Republic of China, the shooting of which would take place in China and Taiwan. Its production was due to begin by the end of 2008, with a theatrical release planned in December 2009. However, in early April 2009, the film was cancelled due to script right issues. Reports indicated that Woo might be working on another World War II film, this time about the American Volunteer Group, or the Flying Tigers. The movie was tentatively titled "Flying Tiger Heroes" and Woo is reported as saying it will feature "The most spectacular aerial battle scenes ever seen in Chinese cinema." It was not clear whether Woo would not be directing the earlier war film, or whether it was put on the back burner. Woo has stated that Flying Tiger Heroes would be an "extremely important production" and will "emphasise US-Chinese friendship and the contributions of the Flying Tigers and the Yunnan people during the war of resistance."[35] Woo has announced he will be using IMAX cameras to film the Flying Tigers project. "It has always been a dream of mine to explore shooting with IMAX cameras and to work in the IMAX format, and the strong visual element of this film is incredibly well-suited to the tastes of cinemagoers today [...] Using IMAX for Flying Tigers would create a new experience for the audience, and I think it would be another breakthrough for Chinese movies".[36]

Personal life

Woo has been married to Annie Woo Ngau Chun-lung since 1976. They have two daughters, Kimberley Woo, Angeles Woo, and a son Frank Woo.[8] He is a Christian and told BBC in an interview that he believes in God and has utmost admiration for Jesus, whom he calls a "great philosopher".[5]

His three favorite films are David Lean's Lawrence of Arabia, Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai and Jean-Pierre Melville's Le Samouraï.[5]

Filmography

Film

Year Title Director Writer Producer Notes
1968 Dead Knot Yes Yes No
Ouran Yes No No
1974 The Young Dragons Yes Yes No
1975 The Dragon Tamers Yes Yes No
1976 Princess Chang Ping Yes Yes No
Hand of Death Yes Yes No Also actor (as Scholar Cheng)
1977 Money Crazy[17] Yes Yes No
1978 Hello, Late Homecomers Yes Yes No
Follow the Star Yes No No Also actor (as Mr. Chen)
1979 Last Hurrah for Chivalry Yes Yes No
1980 From Riches to Rags Yes Yes No
1981 To Hell with the Devil Yes Yes No
Laughing Times Yes Yes No
1982 Plain Jane to the Rescue Yes No No
1984 The Time You Need a Friend Yes Yes Yes
1985 Run, Tiger, Run Yes No Yes
1986 A Better Tomorrow Yes Yes Yes Also actor (as Inspector Wu)
Heroes Shed No Tears Yes Yes Yes
1987 A Better Tomorrow II Yes Yes No
1989 The Killer Yes Yes No
Just Heroes Yes No No
1990 Bullet in the Head Yes Yes Yes Also actor (as Police Inspector)
1991 Once a Thief Yes Yes No
1992 Hard Boiled Yes Yes No Also actor (as Bartender)
1993 Hard Target Yes No No
1996 Broken Arrow Yes No No
1997 Face/Off Yes No No
2000 Mission: Impossible 2 Yes No No
2002 Windtalkers Yes No Yes
2003 Paycheck Yes No Yes
2008 Red Cliff: Part I Yes Yes Yes
2009 Red Cliff: Part II Yes Yes Yes
2010 Reign of Assassins Yes No Yes Co-directed with Su Chao-pin
2014 The Crossing Yes No Yes
2015 The Crossing 2 Yes No Yes
2017 Manhunt Yes No No
2023 Silent Night Yes No Yes

Television

Year Title Director Executive Producer Notes
1996 Once a Thief Yes Yes TV movie
1997–98 Once a Thief No Yes
1998 Blackjack Yes Yes TV movie

Producer only

Year Title Director Notes
1989 A Better Tomorrow III: Love & Death in Saigon Tsui Hark
1995 Peace Hotel Wai Ka-fai
1996 Somebody Up There Likes Me Patrick Leung
1998 The Replacement Killers Antoine Fuqua Woo also choreographed the action sequences
The Big Hit Kirk Wong
2003 Bulletproof Monk Paul Hunter
2005 The Glass Beads Angeles Woo Short film
2007 Blood Brothers Alexi Tan
Appleseed Saga: Ex Machina Shinji Aramaki
2009 My Fair Gentleman Li Ju-Yuan
2010 A Better Tomorrow Song Hae-sung
2011 Seediq Bale Wei Te-sheng

Other works

Accolades

Year Title Award/Nomination
1986 A Better Tomorrow Hong Kong Film Award for Best Film
Nominated–Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director
Nominated–Hong Kong Film Award for Best Screenplay
1989 The Killer Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director
Nominated–Hong Kong Film Award for Best Screenplay
1990 Bullet in the Head Nominated–Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director
1991 Once a Thief Nominated–Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director
1993 Hard Target Nominated–Saturn Award for Best Director
1997 Face/Off Saturn Award for Best Director
2008 Red Cliff: Part I Nominated–Asian Film Award for Best Director
2009 Red Cliff: Part II Nominated–Hong Kong Film Award for Best Film
Nominated–Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Rawnsley, Gary D. Rawnsley, Ming-Yeh T. (2003). Political Communications in Greater China: construction and reflection identity. Routledge; ISBN 0-7007-1734-X.
  2. ↑ "John Woo". Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
  3. ↑ Kehr, Dave (14 July 2002). "John Woo: Ballets full of bullets". the Guardian. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  4. ↑ Weinraub, Bernard (22 February 1996). "ON LOCATION WITH: John Woo;Ballets With Bullets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pierce, Nev (24 September 2014). "Calling The Shots: John Woo". BBC.
  6. ↑ "WOO John - Festival de Cannes 2014 (International Film Festival)". Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Festival de Cannes fiche artiste (artist profile)
  7. ↑ "John Woo". Variety. 7 November 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 Woo, John (2005). Elder, Robert K. (ed.). John Woo:Interviews;Conversations with Filmmakers Series. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-776-3.
  9. ↑ Leydon, Joe (3 January 1993). "COVER STORY New Gun in Town John Woo, Hong Kong's legendary action director, teams with Jean-Claude Van Damme for his first American thriller, 'Hard Target'".
  10. ↑ "Famous Persons with Disabilities". Tampagov.net. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  11. ↑ June 2000 edition of Premiere magazine
  12. ↑ amiamcable (27 October 2015). "John Woo". N/A.
  13. ↑ Szeto, Kin-Yan (2011). The Martial Arts Cinema of the Chinese Diaspora: Ang Lee, John Woo, & Jackie Chan in Hollywood. SIU Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0809330218.
  14. 1 2 How Bruce Lee Changed the World (television documentary). History Channel / Discovery Channel. 17 May 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  15. ↑ "John Woo". IMDb. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  16. ↑ Havis, Richard James (3 October 2021). "Being a stunt double for Bruce Lee made Jackie Chan want to be a star". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  17. 1 2 Andrew Saroch. "Money Crazy (1977) - Review". Far East Films. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  18. ↑ Biography for John Woo at IMDb
  19. ↑ Elder, Robert (2005). John Woo: Interviews. Conversations with filmmakers series. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-776-3.
  20. ↑ "2000 Yearly Box Office Results". Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  21. ↑ "John Woo - Box Office". Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  22. ↑ Kelly, Kevin (17 December 2007). "io9 Links Up With 'Appleseed: Ex Machina' Director". Gizmodo.
  23. ↑ Woo awarded Golden Lion for lifetime achievement Archived 7 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Shackleton, Liz (30 June 2017). "Terence Chang talks China market challenges and new ventures". Screen Daily. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Shackleton, Liz (20 June 2016). "John Woo's 'Manhunt' starts shooting in Osaka". Screen Daily. Screen International. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  26. ↑ Shackleton, Liz (5 November 2016). "AFM: Media Asia launches 'Love Off The Cuff' sales". Screen Daily. Screen International. Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  27. ↑ "追捕 - Manhunt". Gewara (in Chinese). Maoyan. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  28. ↑ Rui, Zhang (16 January 2017). "John Woo remakes 'Manhunt' for career reboot". China.org.cn. China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  29. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (29 October 2021). "John Woo Returns To Direct Joel Kinnaman In No-Dialogue Action Film 'Silent Night' – AFM". Deadline.
  30. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (22 September 2023). "John Woo's First American Pic In 20 Years, 'Silent Night', Sets December Release". Deadline. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  31. ↑ McNary, Dave (30 April 2018). "Lupita Nyong'o to Star in 'The Killer' Remake With John Woo Directing". Variety. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  32. ↑ https://deadline.com/2023/03/game-of-throness-nathalie-emmanuel-omar-sy-universal-pictures-the-killer-remake-peacock-1235298609/
  33. ↑ "'Lupin's Omar Sy to Lead John Woo's Reimagining of 'The Killer' for Peacock". 4 August 2022.
  34. ↑ Petski, Denise (2 May 2022). "Original Films From LeBron James, Will Packer & John Woo To Premiere On Peacock In 2023". Deadline. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  35. ↑ Foreman, Liza (21 May 2008). "Woo sets prod'n clock for '1949'". The Hollywood Reporter, the Daily from Cannes (8): 22.
  36. ↑ "Woo's Flying Tigers to be shot in IMAX format". ScreenDaily. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
  37. ↑ Lang, Mark (11 May 1998). "Creative: Best Spots – April". Adweek.
  38. ↑ Mallya, Harish (9 August 2022). "Fantasia 2022 round-up". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 10 August 2022.

Further reading

In English

  • Bliss, Michael. Between the Bullets: The Spiritual Cinema of John Woo. Filmmakers series, no. 92. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4110-X.
  • Brown, Andrew M. J. Directing Hong Kong: The Political Cinema of John Woo and Wong Kar-Wai. Political Communications in Greater China: the Construction and Reflection of Identity. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001. ISBN 0-7007-1734-X.
  • Crawford, Kevin R. "Mixing violence and religion in 'The Reckoning' : The Scripting of a Postmodern Action Thriller inside the John Woo-film noir Paradigm". Digital Dissertation/Theses, 2007. .
  • Fang, Karen Y. John Woo's A Better Tomorrow. The New Hong Kong Cinema. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004. ISBN 962-209-652-2.
  • Hall, Kenneth E. John Woo: The Films. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1999. ISBN 0-7864-0619-4.
  • Heard, Christopher. Ten Thousand Bullets: The Cinematic Journey of John Woo. Los Angeles: Lone Eagle Publishing Co., 2000. ISBN 1-58065-021-X.
  • Woo, John (2005). Elder, Robert K. (ed.). John Woo:Interviews;Conversations with Filmmakers Series. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-776-3.

Other languages

  • Berruezo, Pedro J. John Woo y el cine de acción de Hong Kong. Biblioteca Dr. Vértigo, 23. [Barcelona]: Ediciones Glénat, 2000. ISBN 84-8449-043-2. (in Spanish)
  • Bertolino, Marco, and Ettore Ridola. John Woo: la violenza come redenzione. Recco, Genova: Le mani, 1998. ISBN 88-8012-098-0. (in Italian)
  • Gaschler, Thomas, and Ralph Umard. Woo Leben und Werk. München: Belleville, 2005. ISBN 3-933510-48-1. (in German)
  • Nazzaro, Giona A., and Andrea Tagliacozzo. John Woo: la nuova leggenda del cinema d'azione. Contatti, 199. Roma: Castelvecchi, 2000. ISBN 88-8210-203-3. (in Italian)
  • Spanu, Massimiliano. John Woo. Il castoro cinema, 203. Milano: Castoro, 2001. ISBN 88-8033-192-2. (in Italian)
  • Vié-Toussaint, Caroline. John Woo. Paris: Dark star, 2001. ISBN 2-914680-01-5. (in French)
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