José María Ampuero Jáuregui
Born1837 (1837)
Durango, Biscay, Spain
Died1917 (aged 79–80)
Durango, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupation(s)landholder, businessman
Known forpolitics
Political partyCarlism

José María Ampuero Jáuregui[1] (1837-1917) was a Spanish Carlist politician. In 1881-1884 he served one term in the lower house of the Cortes, in 1907-1913 during two terms he held the Senate ticket, and during a few separate strings between the 1880s and the 1910s he was a member of the Biscay provincial self-government, diputación. At the turn of centuries acting as second-in-command of the Biscay party organization, in the mid-1910s he was briefly a member of the Carlist national executive. Currently he is known mostly as fervent advocate of Basque culture and separate Basque provincial establishments, which he promoted as publisher, organizer and politician.

Family and youth

Durango (present view)

The first known ascendant of José María was Pedro Ampuero Ajo, who in 1704 integrated numerous possessions in Asturias into one mayorazgo. One branch of the Ampueros settled in Biscay, grew to major landholders, inter-married with other prestigious families,[2] and were already known as “notoria familia vizcaína”.[3] The paternal grandfather of José María, Pedro María Ampuero Musaurieta, in the 1810s served as the first constitutional alcalde of Bilbao.[4] He married his cousin from the Durango-based Maguna family; its representatives commanded tercios in Flanders, one was the founder of Montevideo[5] and another served as governor of Buenos Aires.[6] Durango became the family nest of the branch, centred upon the mansion known as Eche Zuria Palace.[7] Apart from rural landholdings, the principal source of family wealth,[8] the father of José María, José Joaquín Ampuero Maguna,[9] constructed and owned numerous buildings in Bilbao and surroundings.[10] In the 1820s and the 1830s he held various municipal and provincial posts, e.g. serving in the Bilbao ayuntamiento[11] or as the Biscay regidor.[12]

Ampuero Maguna married Genara Jáuregui Elguezabal, descendant to a prestigious Bilbao family;[13] the couple had 5 children, born between 1829 and 1840. José María was the second one in sequence and the only son who survived early childhood.[14] Close to nothing is known of his early years, except that he was growing up in wealth and as the only male heir of the family; according to hagiographic obituary notes, living mostly at the Eche Zuria estate since youth he demonstrated vivid interest in the history of his family, Durango, Biscay and Vascongadas.[15] None of the sources consulted provide any information on his education and it is not clear whether, and if yes where and when he pursued an academic career. Sporadically he was later referred in the press as “distinguido abogado”,[16] which might suggest his law studies, probably in the late 1850s.[17] In the early 1860s he resided in Durango, aspiring to public posts and taking over the family economy.[18]

In 1870[19] Ampuero married María Milagro del Río y Aguero, the native of Madrid though related also to Burgos.[20] The couple settled in the family residence in Durango; they had 7 children, born in the 1870s and 1880s.[21] María del Carmen died in infancy and Antonio in his youth. José Joaquín succeeded his father in politics; as a Traditionalist in the 1910s and 1920s he served in the Biscay diputación, in the Congress and in the Senate, becoming also the local business tycoon. María de la Soledad married a Carlist politician, deputy mayor of Bilbao and senator Manuel Lezama Leguizamón.[22] Most of Ampuero's grandchildren engaged in business and held executive posts in various companies, though the best known one, Casilda Ampuero Gandarias, married general José Enrique Varela and supposedly influenced him towards Carlism.[23] Her daughter and the great-granddaughter to Ampuero Jáuregui, Casilda Varela Ampuero, married a guitar virtuoso, Paco de Lucía.[24] Some of Ampuero's great-great-grandchildren are known as business moguls and at times attract media attention.[25]

Access to Carlism

Durango (mid-19th century)
Durango (mid-19th century)

None of Ampuero's ancestors was known for traditionalist political preferences and most sided rather with the emergent Spanish liberalism. His paternal grandfather was alcalde of Bilbao as defined by the new, constitutional regime, and his father sided with the Cristinos during the First Carlist War, serving on various posts in the city besieged by the Carlists.[26] However, later on the family moved towards more moderate, fuerista positions; disappointed by the curtailment of Biscay autonomous establishments in the 1840s, they were involved in conspiracy against centralizing policy of Espartero.[27] It is known that José María was from his youth attached to provincial fueros.[28] In his late 20s and taking advantage of the prestige of his father and other relatives, José María started to aspire to public posts. In 1864 he was appointed to the Biscay diputación foral as regidor electo from the so-called Bando Gamboino, a historical-geographical unit that the county of Durango formed part of;[29] as such he entered Gobierno del señorio de Vizcaya, a provincial self-government. Ampuero's term expired in 1866 and it is not clear whether he was re-elected for the following one of 1866–1868.[30] He received the same mandate for the years of 1868-1870[31] and was re-elected – still as representative of Durango - for the period of 1872–1874.[32]

Junta de Merindades offering their support to Carlos VII, 1874

Following the outbreak of the Third Carlist War, in 1873-1874 most of Biscay was overrun by the legitmist troops and the Carlists set up their own administration. The provincial self-government, its powers limited mostly to the besieged Bilbao, remained loyal to the Madrid government. However, most Biscay counties constituted a so-called Junta de Merindades de Vizcaya, a body which posed as an assembly grouping traditional Biscay territorial units; it claimed power in the province and effectively rejected the authority of diputación.[33] Ampuero entered the Junta as representative of the Durango county.[34] In hope to get the traditional fueros, abolished during the Isabelline period, reinstated,[35] in May 1874 the Junta adopted an openly rebellious stand and offered its support to the Carlist claimant, Carlos VII.[36] Ampuero was nominated to a section named Junta de Agravios; its role was to inspect appeals against draft to the Carlist army.[37] He also engaged personally and offered the claimant hospitality at the family estate; the proposal was accepted and Ampuero actually hosted the Carlist king in Durango during an unspecified period.[38] However, at least theoretically, Ampuero was still forming part of the Biscay diputación foral; he was listed as its diputado by the Madrid Guía oficial de España for the years of 1875[39] and 1876.[40]

Early post-war engagements

Carlist standard

It is not clear whether Ampuero suffered any governmental repression following the ultimate Carlist defeat; none of the sources consulted confirms any. He did not abandon his earlier declaration and in the late 1870s allegedly he remained faithful to the claimant; however, as the movement was in total disarray and there was hardly any Carlist organization operational in Vascongadas,[41] his loyalty to Carlos VII did not translate to any action. This changed in 1880, when Ampuero decided to stand as a candidate for the Biscay diputación from Durango; thanks to the position of his family, but also thanks to Traditionalist strength in the county, he was elected[42] and unsuccessfully coveted the post of the president.[43] His term came to an end the following year when he obtained the Cortes ticket. As the Carlists officially did not field party candidates, during the 1881 electoral campaign for the lower chamber of the parliament he competed as an individual in Durango and emerged victorious.[44] His first act when confirmed was sending homage letters to the Pope and Carlos VII; the latter replied, declaring Ampuero and Ortiz de Zárate “unicos representantes en la Cámara de nuestra gran Comunión”.[45] As a member of a minuscule, unofficial 2-member Carlist minority, Ampuero had little chance to influence the country politics; he was recorded when defending Catholic rights,[46] speaking against attempts to curtail prerogatives of the Biscay self-government[47] and advocating decentralisation of public administration[48] before his term expired in 1884.

Beti-bat (1882)

An ardent supporter of separate Biscay foral establishments, Ampuero was also an enthusiast of Basque culture; himself he spoke and wrote Basque with pleasure and frequently preferred to use euskara rather than castellano.[49] As part of his electoral campaign, though also as his private campaign to promote both Basque and foral rights, in 1881 and together with Gustavo Cobreros[50] he co-founded a Bilbao-based periodical, Beti-bat (eng. "never changing").[51] From the onset it suffered financial problems and has never gone beyond 500 subscribers;[52] highly flavored with traditionalist outlook, Beti-bat suffered also because of internal divisions within the movement[53] and ceased to exist in the mid-1880s. At the time Ampuero launched another Basque initiative; 1885 marked the inauguration of Fiestas Euskaras, a Durango-based annual multi-cultural event which followed the pattern of juegos florales.[54] Highly influenced by early vascologist initiatives of Antoine d'Abbadie and his own distant relative Vicente Araña,[55] Ampuero officially appeared as president of “Comisión de las Fiestas Euskaras”[56] and formatted the event as competition in categories such as literature, music and paintings, all related to Basque culture; in 1885 there were 28 different contributions presented.[57] Fiestas were re-staged in 1886[58] and irregularly also later on. Ampuero was reportedly nominated himself for a prize related to his Cartilla del agricultor vascongado,[59] which he reportedly declined out of modesty.[60]

Integrist crisis

Ramon Nocedal

In the early 1880s Carlism was increasingly plagued by the conflict between the claimant Carlos VII and his political representative in Spain, Cándido Nocedal. Ampuero's position was somewhat ambiguous. When in 1881 the king's trustee and aspiring leader marqués de Cerralbo suggested that Nocedal's personal jefatura be replaced with a collegial leadership, Ampuero seemed supportive, declaring utter loyalty to his king and quoting “exclusivismo de D. Cándido”.[61] However, in the unfolding press war between titles which represented competitive currents Beti-Bat sided with the Nocedalista daily, El Siglo Futuro,[62] and in 1883 Ampuero personally voiced against its major opponent, La Fé.[63] Following the 1885 death of Candido Nocedal he co-signed a homage letter to his son Ramón, who at the time was widely expected to take over the party leadership;[64] however, the claimant opted for an interim solution.

The unquestioned Carlist leader in Biscay, Ramón Ortiz de Zarate, passed away in 1883, and there was no dominant party personality in the province in the mid-1880, with Juan E. Orúe, Pedro M. Piñeira, Estanislao Jaime de Labayru, José de Acillona, José María de Orbe y Gaytán and Ampuero considered potential leaders.[65] Following a string of changes in 1886 Valde-Espina, the trustee of Carlos VII and the party leader for the entire Vascongadas, offered the Biscay post to Ampuero.[66] He declined; the official reason quoted was related to formalities, but historians speculate that Ampuero was overwhelmed by scale of internal conflict within the party.[67] The post eventually went to Acillona, though shortly afterwards Ampuero refused even to accept the position of the county leader in Durango.[68] The same year he was supposed to stand in the Cortes elections[69] and there were plans of alliances made; again, he eventually declined.[70] “Por motivos de delicateza” Ampuero refused even to host a meeting of provincial party leaders at his estate.[71]

Carlos VII

The internal Carlist crisis erupted in 1888, when Nocedal was expulsed from the party and left to build his own organisation; the movement came to be known as Integrism. Though most rank-and-file militants remained loyal, in Vascongadas “almost all grand Carlist landholders in the province defected"[72] and all periodicals joined the rebels.[73] Ampuero, who few years earlier had been counted among “integros más destacados”, was widely expected to side with Nocedal.[74] However, he opted for loyalty versus the claimant and together with José Niceto de Urquizu remained one of few recognizable figures who stood by Carlos VII.[75] Following the breakup he emerged as a key Carlist personality in Biscay and as such featured on party rallies; e.g. in 1889 he appeared along with the new party leader de Cerralbo during a Guernica anniversary of Carlos VII taking the oath to defend Basque fueros.[76] It is not clear whether he again refused the post of the party provincial jefe, which eventually went to Román de Zubiaga; at the turn of the decades Ampuero appeared merely as his deputy.[77]

1890s: electoral and Basque campaigns

the Ampuero family and de Mella, Durango (later picture)

In 1889 Ampuero resumed his service in the Biscay diputación, elected from Durango. Little is known of his 2-year assignment, except that he engaged in legal dispute over internal composition of the body.[78] Once his term expired and following some vacillation,[79] in 1891 he tried his hand in general elections to the Cortes. He competed against a liberal candidate and lost marginally;[80] according to present-day historians, he was “the only man of Biscay Carlism with sufficient economic capacity, prestige and personal influence which could have been elected in the only Biscay district where Carlist victory was imaginable”, but owed his defeat to internal divisions within Traditionalism.[81] During the campaign of 1893 Ampuero again stood as the official Carlist candidate[82] from Durango[83] and lost again, this time decisively to a conservative rival.[84] In 1896 the press reported that he was likely to run for the Senate from Bilbao,[85] but there is no confirmation of him actually standing. In 1898 he lost his Senate bid,[86] this time standing in Gipuzkoa.[87] The last press speculation on Ampuero's Congress’ bid comes from 1905.[88]

Ampuero did not take part in nationwide Carlist politics and is barely mentioned in historiographic works on the movement of the 1890s;[89] occasionally the press noted his outbursts against the Integrists, who allegedly sinned against "Dios, Patria y Rey".[90] However, he was barely missing during Traditionalism-flavored rallies in the province, e.g. in 1892 appearing along de Cerralbo in Guernica.[91] The year 1895 marked his beginning of what was to become a longtime friendship with the rising star of Carlist politics, Juan Vázquez de Mella, whom Ampuero hosted in Biscay;[92] similar news were repeated over time, e.g. in 1903;[93] in a public letter of 1905 Ampuero hailed de Mella as his great friend.[94] At the turn of the centuries he began to appear accompanied by his son José Joaquín, who started to aspire to public posts; in 1900 both were briefly detained as part of governmental precautionary measures related to suspected Carlist conspiracy and minor disturbances in Catalonia.[95]

Ampuero, Feliu and other Carlist leaders during a rally to support Basque fueros, Guernica

Ampuero went on with his campaign to promote Basque culture. In 1888 in a periodical Euskal-Erria he published Aita Santu Leon XIII-garrenari, a homage address to the Pope; what made it exceptional was that the eulogy was written in euskara, at the time considered the language suitable for barns rather than for such highly aimed documents.[96] In the early 1890s he co-organized new Basque festivals, like the one in Iurreta,[97] and sponsored the existing ones;[98] later on he was active in various commemorative committees, like the one to celebrate the anniversary of death of Pablo Astarloa.[99] Some of these initiatives overlapped with his interest in agriculture and horticulture, considered part of the Basque identity. Apart from experimenting with various plants in his Piñondo gardens,[100] in 1903 he published another manual designed for Basque farmers.[101] In 1904 Ampuero entered Junta Consultiva de Agricultura de la Diputación de Bilbao[102] and in 1906 as vice-president[103] co-founded provincial Sindicato Agrícola.[104]

Senator

Ampuero with de Mella, 1911

In 1907 Ampuero re-launched his bid for the senate, though again not from Biscay but from the neighboring province of Gipuzkoa. As a Carlist representative he closed a deal with other right-wing candidates to form a so-called “candidatura católico-fuerista”,[105] in the press dubbed as “candidatura carlo-integrista”.[106] The alliance worked and Ampuero was comfortably elected, after 23-year-break resuming his service in the Spanish legislative.[107] In 1910 and again as representative of Gipuzkoa he was re-elected for another term,[108] which ensured his seat in the upper chamber of the Cortes until 1913;[109] he formed a small, 4-member Traditionalist minority.[110] In the senate he remained more active than 25 years earlier in the Congress and his official record documents numerous interpellations, interventions or questions;[111] in the press he was noted mostly as promoter of rural syndicalism, e.g. when speaking in 1907,[112] 1909[113] or 1911; when advocating interests of agrarian syndicates in the chamber he challenged mostly the Minister of Economy.[114] Other threads visible in Ampuero's activity were championing Catholic rights against secular attempts of the government,[115] mounting pro-fuerista initiatives with other Biscay deputies and senators,[116] and promoting provincial railway network, the business he was personally interested in.[117]

Ampuero (centre) and his daughter during a rally of Juventud Jaimista, Durango 1912

Apart from parliamentary activity Ampuero remained involved in Carlist propaganda, this time not limited to Biscay but focused also on Madrid. As a senator he used to take part in grand banquets grouping the party parliamentarians,[118] visited headquarters of Carlist periodicals,[119] attended central religious services formatted as homages to grand defunct Carlists,[120] took part in rallies, e.g. the one in Bilbao aimed against secular schooling,[121] hosted de Mella[122] or participated in local religious ceremonies, e.g. in 1912 – by virtue of his Gipuzkoan representation - in Azpeitia.[123] In 1909 together with his son he travelled to Italy to attend the funeral of Carlos VII.[124] However, despite his status of a senator and the local Traditionalist personality, Ampuero did not hold leadership posts in the local organization; his taking part in the 1909 sitting of the provincial executive was exceptional.[125] In the early 1910s he was noted as merely president of Circulo Jaimista de Durango, though during a public rally it was rather his daughter who took to the floor.[126] His nomination to the national party executive came in 1912,[127] when Ampuero took the seat in Junta Nacional not as a Biscay representative, but by virtue of his senate ticket.[128] In 1913 he was appointed member of the Junta's section of Acción Social,[129] but was not noted in the central party ruling board beyond this date.[130] The same year Ampuero and his wife travelled to Pau, where they again met the new Carlist king, Jaime III.[131]

Last years: patriarch

Ampuero and national Carlist leaders, 1910s

As nearly an octogenarian, in the mid-1910s Ampuero enjoyed the status of a Biscay Carlist patriarch[132] and a provincial charismatic figure.[133] Beyond the party ranks he was known as authority on agriculture and horticulture; his earlier manual was translated into Basque[134] and while in his 70s he travelled as far as Valencia[135] and Madrid[136] to deliver lectures at agricultural conferences; proposed Gran Cruz del Mérito Agrícola, he reportedly refused it because of his modesty.[137] Ampuero was also acknowledged as zealous supporter of the foral regime; as member of the so-called Casa de Juntas de Guernica, until shortly before death he used to take part in its sittings when advocating "reintegración foral".[138] In recognition of his merits, in 1916 he was again elected from Durango to the Biscay diputación, though this time it took him a legal battle to prevail.[139] The last news on his engagements comes from 1917, when he stood for Durango during a Biscay meeting of provincial county representatives.[140]

During half a century Ampuero has partially re-oriented the family economy. When he took over it relied mostly on exploitation of the mountains with their chestnut and oak trees, agriculture, leases of farmhouses, mills or ironworks, and interests.[141] When he handed over to his son, the family held stakes in Ferrocarril Central de Vizcaya de Bilbao a Durango, the company he co-founded in the 1880s[142] and which he supervised as member of the board;[143] he was also sitting in the executive of Banco de Bilbao, an insurance company La Polar[144] and other firms.[145] He turned one of his caserios into a small electric power plant.[146] The official statement listing Ampuero's possessions contains 20 pages and lists numerous estates in Bilbao and surroundings;[147] his descendants inherited at least 600 hectares of land.[148]

Ampuero's agricultural booklet in Basque

Ampuero's role in the history of Biscay, Vascongadas and Spain is not clear. Upon death a number of obituary notes hailed him as a great “regionalista”, who sacrificed his life for the cause of local fueros and declined a number of posts to pursue his ideas, though also as an expert on agriculture and a man who combined respect for tradition with implementation of new economic measures.[149] Later his memory gradually went into oblivion, especially that it was eclipsed by activity of his son, José Joaquín Ampuero y del Río. A historiographic judgment from the 1980s was that though a genuine foralist, Ampuero remained “ante todo realista”, above all a politician attached to dynastic and monarchist values. He allegedly failed to re-define the Carlist political offer in Biscay, which in wake of emerging Basque nationalism and ongoing social change contributed to downturn of Traditionalism in the province.[150] A spate of articles which appeared in 2017 on centenary of his death offered a different picture: his Carlism was downplayed, while Ampuero was presented as an “euskaltzale”, a lover of Basque culture who contributed to emergence of the Basque nation.[151]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ spelling of the segundo apellido is unclear. The official site of the Spanish senate opts of “Jaúregui”, compare here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine. Also some official documents reproduced at the Senate site and originated during Ampuero’s parliamentary career use the “Jaúregui” spelling, compare e.g. the property registry certificate from 1907, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine. However, a Basque online encyclopedia opts for “Jáuregui”, compare here Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Press and other prints from the 19th century opted for “Jáuregui” as well, see e.g. Guía Oficial de España 1912, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. Obituaries published by Ampuero’s family after his death adhere to the “Jáuregui” spelling, see here Archived 2020-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, and this is the version followed here
  2. ↑ the great-great grandfather of Ampuero Jáuregui, Pedro Antonio Ventura de Ampuero Salcedo (grandson to Ampuero Ajo), married María Teresa de Urquijo Gutiérrez, Archivo Familiar Ampuero [in:] Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio, available online here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Pedro José Chacón Delgado, Nobleza con libertad. Biografía de la derecha vasca, Bilbao 2015, ISBN 9788494248047, p. 372
  4. ↑ Carlos de la Plaza y Salazar, Por Bilbao!, Bilbao 1900, p. 158
  5. ↑ the person in question was Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, El Correo Español 17.09.17, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Griselda Beatriz Tarragó, De “Las Montañas” al Río de la Plata: gobernadores cántabros en Buenos Aires, [in:] Monte Buciero 12 (2006), p. 105
  7. ↑ in literature the building appears also under the names of Etxezuria, Etxe Zuria, Etxe Zuri, Echezuria, and Eche Zuri
  8. ↑ see e.g. the list of properties in Bilbao, inherited by Ampuero’s son, Ampuero Jaúregui, Expediente personal. Certificación del Registro de la Propiedad de Bilbao, [in:] Senado service, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ the son of Ampuero Salcedo, Pedro Joaquín de Ampuero Urquijo, was the great grandfather of Ampuero Jáuregui; he married María Francisca de Musaurieta Urbina. Their son was the grandfather of Ampuero Jáuregui, Pedro María de Ampuero Musaurieta; he married María Teresa de Maguna and then her sister, Eulalia de Maguna Ampuero, Archivo Familiar Ampuero [in:] Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio, available online here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ especially in Begoña and Uribarri. In downtown Bilbao José Joaquín de Ampuero Maguna built a grand house at Calle de la Lotería; the Ampuero coat of arms can still be observed at the facade, Manuel Basas, La calle de la lotería, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine. The suburban houses of particular importance were “Larracoechea en Begońa, Bitańo y Beascoechea en Izurtza y Arandia-Iturrioz en Iurreta”, apart from houses in Bilbao at Calles del Correo, Carnicería Vieja, Astarloa, Gran Vía and Plaza Nueva de Bilbao, plus iron workshops Durango, Abadińo and Erdikolea, Archivo Familiar Ampuero [in:] Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio, available online here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ see Calle de la Lotería entry, [in:] Bilbaopedia service, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Dario de Areito y Mendiolea, El Gobierno Universal del Señorio de Vízcaya, Bilbao 1943, p. 134
  13. ↑ some sources prefer the “Jenara” and “Elgezabal” spelling, Ampuero del Río, José Joaquín. Expediente personal. Partida de Bautismo, [in:] Senado service, available < here
  14. ↑ José María was born as one of two twins; his brother Victoriano died in his 13th day. His sisters were Francisca Josefa (1829), Gumersinda (1831), Fidela Eladia (1833), and María Visitación (1840), Genara Antonia Jáuregui Elguezábal entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ J. R. Belausteguibeitia, Notas necrológicas. D. José María Ampuero, [in:] Revista Vascongada 77 (1917), p. 269
  16. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 19.04.99, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ in the early 1860s Ampuero assumed public posts in Biscay, hardly available for a candidate with no academic education
  18. ↑ it is not known when his father died and when Ampuero Jáuregui became the family head
  19. ↑ 100 años de la muerte de Jose Maria Ampuero ¿Quién fue?, [in:] Gerediaga service 13.03.17, available here Archived 2020-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ she was daughter to Antonio del Rio from Albalejo (Burgos) and Soledad de Aguero (Madrid), Ampuero del Río, José Joaquín. Expediente personal. Partida de Bautismo, [in:] Senado service, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ María de la Soledad (born 1871, married to Manuel Lezama Leguizamón), José Joaquín (1872), María del Carmen (1875-1876), Antonio (1878-1901), María de la Concepción (1880), and María de la Asunción (1887-1890) are listed by the María del Milagro Río Agüero entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available here Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. Another son, Ramon, is listed in Ampuero's death notice, see here Archived 2020-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Mikel Urquijo (eds.), Bilbao desde sus alcaldes, vol. 3, Bilbao 2002, ISBN 9788488714145, p. 594, Rafael Ruzafa Ortega, J. Antonio Pérez, Francisco Javier Montón Martínez, Santiago de la Hoz, Características y evolución de las elites en el País Vaco (1898-1923), [in:] Historia contemporánea 8 (1992), p. 134
  23. ↑ when discussing Varela’s political itinerary it is often noted that his close co-operation with the Carlists in the early 1930s and later loose links with Traditionalism were related to marriage with Casilda Ampuero, for review see here
  24. ↑ Yolanda Ruiz, La familia de Paco de Lucía: «Llevamos a Durango en el corazón», [in:] El Correo 27.05.17, available here Archived 2018-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ Joaquín Güell Ampuero, high executive of numerous companies, became the target of gossip media also due to his marriage with a politician Cayetana Alvarez de Tolado, Vera Bercovitz, Lo más catalan de Cayetana Alvarez de Toledo, [in:] Vanity Fair 16.04.19, available here Archived 2020-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Calle de la Lotería entry, [in:] Bilbaopedia service, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, also El Gobierno Universal del Señorio de Vízcaya, Bilbao 1943, p. 134
  27. ↑ Cornelia Ampuero Maguna married Juan Ramón Arana Landázuri, alcalde of Bilbao in the 1830s and member of the Biscay diputación in the 1840s; he took part in minor “sublevación moderada-fuerista” against Espartero, Arana Landázuri, Juan Ramón entry, [in:] Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine. Ampuero’s paternal uncle, Mariano Ampuero Maguna, was a priest himself, Ampuero Maguna, Mariano Melquiades de entry, [in:] Bergarako Artxiboa service, available here Archived 2020-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ Belausteguibeitia, 1917, p. 269
  29. ↑ La España 28.07.64, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ Areito Mendiolea 1943, p. 152
  31. ↑ Areito Mendiolea 1943, p. 154
  32. ↑ Areito Mendiolea 1943, p. 157
  33. ↑ La Unión Católica 02.06.80, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ El Católico 07.04.80, available here Archived 2020-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ El Católico 07.04.80, available here Archived 2020-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ La Junta de Merindades de Bizkaia ofrece su apoyo a Carlos VII (1874), [in:] DinastíaCarlista service 11.04.19 [wordpresssite blocked by WP]
  37. ↑ Antonio Pirala y Criada, Historia contemporánea: annales desde 1843 hasta la conclusion de la actual guerra civil, vol. V, Madrid 1878, p. 120. The same episode from the Carlist perspective in Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. XXVI, Seville 1959, pp. 47-48
  38. ↑ El Correo Español 17.09.17, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ compare Guía Oficial de España 1875, available here Archived 2020-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ↑ compare Guía Oficial de España 1876, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876-1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN 9788432305108, p. 48
  42. ↑ La Unión Católica 15.09.80, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ↑ he lost to Benigno de Salazar, El Agra 09.11.90, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ↑ see the official Congress of Deputies service, available here Archived 2019-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ↑ Carlos VII wrote: “me apresuro, pues, á deciros cuanto me satisfacen vuestras declaraciones, vuestra inquebrantable adhesión, vuestra siempre viva lealtadl circunstancias que proclama vuestro entusiasmo y que os reconoce mi cariño. Unicos representantes en la Cámara de nuestra gran Comunión seréis allí mantenedores de su santa Bandera y leales intérpretes de mí política”, Tierra hidalga 29.09.17, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 13.10.81, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ↑ Diario Oficial de Avisos de Madrid 28.01.83, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ↑ La Unión 18.05.83, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ Belausteguibeitia 1917, p. 269
  50. ↑ Gustavo Cobreros served as provincial deputy for Gipuzkoa
  51. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 49
  52. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 60
  53. ↑ Ampuero noted that “todo el mundo está dividido po las últimas desgraciadas escisiones o retraído en completa inacción y sin prestar ningún concurso”,quoted after Real Cuesta 1985, p. 61
  54. ↑ Belausteguibeitia 1917, p. 270
  55. ↑ Cornelia Ampuero Musaurieta, sister to Ampuero’s grandfather, married Juan Ramón de Arana y Landazuri
  56. ↑ El Siglo Futuro 13.06.85, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ↑ the sections of Fiestas Euskaras included: “Certamen literario: trabajos en vascuence; trabajos en vascuence ó castellano; música; pintura y dibujo” , Revista Contemporánea 30.09.94, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ Lau-buru 27.08.86, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ↑ full title Cartilla de Agricultor Bascongado para uso de nuestros labradores; in 1909 it was later translated into Basque as Nezcazariyen cartilachua Bizcaico Eusqueran, 100 años de la muerte de José María Ampuero, euskaltzale y bisabuelo de la mujer de Paco de Lucía, [in:] Durangón service 13.03.17, available here Archived 2017-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ↑ Revista contemporánea 30.09.94, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 29-20
  62. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 61
  63. ↑ El Siglo Futuro 26.02.83, available here Archived 2020-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ↑ La Verdad 29.05.85, available here Archived 2020-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 47-48
  66. ↑ formally the post was titled “Delegado del Señorio” [de Vizcaya]
  67. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 71-72
  68. ↑ the post eventually went to José L. de Urraburu, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 75
  69. ↑ El Imparcial 02.02.86, available here Archived 2020-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ↑ the Biscay governor civil proposed an alliance with liberals which would get Ampuero elected with no competition, on basis of a notorious “Article 29”, but declined, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 214
  71. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 74
  72. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 252
  73. ↑ all Carlist periodicals in Vascongadas opted for Integrism, Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta, Aproximación a un estudio de las elecciones y partidos políticos en Euskadi, desde 1808 hasta la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera, [in:] Historia del Pueblo Vasco, San Sebastián 1979, p. 177
  74. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 62
  75. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 252
  76. ↑ El Día 02.07.89, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ↑ there were 2 deputies, the other one was José de Muguruza, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 146
  78. ↑ Boletin Oficial de la Provincia de Palencia 12.02.89, available here Archived 2020-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  79. ↑ initially Ampuero declined the proposal to run, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 221
  80. ↑ Ampuero got 2959 votes, while his rival, a liberal and Biscay economic mogul Chávarri, got 3359 votes
  81. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 221. During the 1891 campaign Ampuero was among 33 Carlist candidates running, the only one from Biscay and one of 3 candidate standing in Vascongadas, Agustín Fernández Escudero, El Marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía política [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2012, p. 237
  82. ↑ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 249
  83. ↑ El Correo Español 23.02.93, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ↑ El Correo Español 06.03.93, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine; in 1893 Ampuero ran as one of 29 Carlist candidates, the only one from Biscay and among 4 hopefuls from the Vascongadas, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 249
  85. ↑ La Unión Católica 01.04.96, available here Archived 2018-09-22 at the Wayback Machine
  86. ↑ La Unión Católica 05.04.98, available here Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  87. ↑ El Norte 22.04.98
  88. ↑ in 1905 Bilbao was supposed to run from Bilbao and the press considered his a likely victorious candidate, El Correo Espanol 01.09.05, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ↑ compare Fernández Escudero 2012; in the 570-page work Ampuero is mentioned 4 times, listed among candidates standing in the Cortes elections
  90. ↑ La Unión Católica 14.07.92, available here Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  91. ↑ El Correo Español 09.07.92, available here Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ↑ El Correo Español 24.09.95, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  93. ↑ El Correo Español 12.11.03, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  94. ↑ El Correo Español 02.12.05, available here Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  95. ↑ El Globo 04.11.00, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  96. ↑ the text available online at the KMliburetegia service, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  97. ↑ 100 años de la muerte de José María Ampuero, euskaltzale y bisabuelo de la mujer de Paco de Lucía, [in:] Durangón service 13.03.17, available here Archived 2017-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
  98. ↑ Revista Contemporánea VIII-IX 1894, available here Archived 2020-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  99. ↑ 100 años de la muerte de José María Ampuero, euskaltzale y bisabuelo de la mujer de Paco de Lucía, [in:] Durangón service 13.03.17, available here Archived 2017-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
  100. ↑ e.g. Ampuero tried to implant sequoias in his Durango garden, M. Aranbarri, La casa blanca donde Paco componía y jugaba a pelota mano, [in:] Durangón service 27.02.14, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  101. ↑ titled Breve estudio de los abonos químicos y sus aplicaciones; apéndice a la Cartilla del agricultor vascongado; it is available online at the KMliburetegia service, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  102. ↑ El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario 31.10.04, available here Archived 2020-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
  103. ↑ El Imparcial 03.10.06, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  104. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 03.10.06, available here Archived 2020-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ↑ it was formed by Rafael Picavea and Ignacio Múrua, conde del Valle, Alfonso de Otazu, El fotografó, frente a la cámar y de cerca, Bergara 2015, p. 112
  106. ↑ Heraldo de Madrid 05.05.07, available here Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  107. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 06.05.07, available here Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  108. ↑ see the official Senate service, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  109. ↑ however, in Guía Oficial de España for the year of 1914 he was still listed as a senator form Gipuzkoa, compare here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  110. ↑ the other Carlist senators were Duque de Solferino, Manuel Bofarull, and Manuel Polo y Peyrolón, La Epoca 10.06.13, available here Archived 2020-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  111. ↑ see the account of Ampuero’s activities at the official Cortes service, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  112. ↑ El Correo Español 11.11.07, available here Archived 2020-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  113. ↑ El Correo Español 11.02.09, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  114. ↑ compare Ampuero’s record at the official Senate service, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  115. ↑ for his speech “in defensa de manifestaciones católicas” see El Correo Español 27.10.10, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. As member of the Carlist minority he addressed a homage letters to the pope, see El Correo Español 08.07.10, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  116. ↑ La Epoca 09.02.12, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  117. ↑ see e.g. his 1907 intervention in favor of Basarrate-Adoratrices railway or similar 1909 intervention related to Estella-Vitoria railway, available for consultation at the official Senate service here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  118. ↑ e.g. in 1907 took part in a grand Carlist banquet in Madrid, listed among de Mella, Barrio, Rodezno, Llorens, Tamarit, Feliú, Bilbao, Junyent, Salaberri and others, Heraldo de Madrid 19.05.07, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  119. ↑ e.g. in 1908 Ampuero visited the headquarters of El Correo Español in Madrid, El Correo Español 08.06.08, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  120. ↑ e.g. in 1909 in Madrid he took part in solemn religious service for the soul of Doña Margarita, the defunct Carlist queen, El Correo Español 29.01.09, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  121. ↑ El Correo Español 28.01.10, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  122. ↑ La Hormiga de Oro 12.08.11, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  123. ↑ El Siglo Futuro 05.08.12, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  124. ↑ La Epoca 21.07.09, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  125. ↑ El Tradicionalista 31/12/09, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  126. ↑ El Correo Español 11.07.11, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  127. ↑ El pueblo manchego 15.11.12, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  128. ↑ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 443
  129. ↑ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 458
  130. ↑ the last time Ampuero was noted as taking part in sitting of the nationwide Carlist executive was in early 1913; he was not listed as member of the Acción Social section, La Hormiga de Oro 08.02.13, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  131. ↑ El Correo Español 29.04.13, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  132. ↑ Tierra hidalga 29.09.17, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. It is not clear what was Ampuero’s position on the already visible conflict between de Mella and the claimant. Ampuero repeatedly declared himself a great friend of de Mella and in 1916 again greeted the pundit in Durango, see El Correo Español 22.09.16, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, while no similar homage to Don Jaime are known. Ampuero passed away 2 years before the Mellista breakup in the party; his son joined the rebels
  133. ↑ Belausteguibeitia 1917, p. 270
  134. ↑ originally published in castellano in 1886 as Cartilla de Agricultor Bascongado para uso de nuestros labradores, it was translated into Basque as Nezcazariyen cartilachua Bizcaico Eusqueran in 1909; the booklet is available online on Euskal Memoria Digitala service here Archived 2020-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
  135. ↑ as representative of Federación Vasco-Navarra, in 1909 Ampuero delivered a lecture El desarrollo de Asociaciones agrícolas acomodadas para cada región, y ensañanza agraria graduada fácil y económica, La Epoca 30.10.09, available here Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  136. ↑ in 1911 Ampuero took part in Congreso Internacional de Agricultura in Madrid and was elected member of its Comité Ejecutivo, El financiaro hispano-americano 07.04.11, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  137. ↑ Belausteguibeitia 1917, p. 271
  138. ↑ El Correo Español 17.09.17, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  139. ↑ Ampuero gathered less votes than his counter-candidate, who was eventually disallowed on procedural grounds, La Mañana 01.06.16, available here Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  140. ↑ El Correo Español 09.08.17, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  141. ↑ Archivo Familiar Ampuero [in:] Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio, available online here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  142. ↑ Belausteguibeitia 1917, p. 271
  143. ↑ Ampuero co-founded Sociedad in 1880; out of 70-co-founders he was the 7th one in terms of financial contribution; he then entered Consejo de Administración of the company, Juan Peris Torner, Ferrocarril Central de Vizcaya, Bilbao – Durango, [in:] Ferrocarriles de España service 15.03.12, available here Archived 2022-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
  144. ↑ Revista Ilustrada de Banca, Ferrocarriles, Industria y Seguros, available here Archived 2020-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  145. ↑ e.g. in 1915 Ampuero engaged in buildup of funicular to Monte Archanda in Bilbao, La Construcción Moderna 30.10.15, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  146. ↑ Tierra hidalga 29.09.17, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  147. ↑ according to the property register document from the 1910s, Ampuero was owner of houses at Calle de la Lotería, Calle del Correo, Calle de los Fueros, and Plaza Nueva, apart from casa Larracoechea in Begoña, another one Begoña and one in Uribarri, plus other states, see the official senate entry, available here Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  148. ↑ Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francisco Feo Parrondo, Propiedad rústica en Vizcaya según el Registro de la Propiedad Expropiable (1933), [in:] Lurralde 19 (1996), available here Archived 2020-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
  149. ↑ El Correo Español 15.09.17, available here Archived 2023-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
  150. ↑ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 158
  151. ↑ 100 años de la muerte de Jose Maria Ampuero ¿Quién fue?, [in:] Gerediaga service 13.03.17, available here Archived 2020-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, 100 años de la muerte de José María Ampuero, euskaltzale y bisabuelo de la mujer de Paco de Lucía, [in:] Durangón service 13.03.17, available here Archived 2017-06-19 at the Wayback Machine, Astola Urtekaria 11 (2017), available here Archived 2023-02-24 at the Wayback Machine, Ampuero, impulsor de las Euskal Jaiak de Durango en el siglo XIX, ya tiene su placa, [in:] Durangaldeko telebista service 27.05.17, available here Archived 2017-09-02 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

Ampuero during a banquet to honor Carlist deputies and senators, 1907
  • J. R. Belausteguibeitia, Notas necrológicas. D. José María Ampuero, [in:] Revista Vascongada 77 (1917), pp. 269–271
  • Pablo Díaz Morlán, La evolución de la oligarquía vizcaína, 1872-1936. Un intento de interpretación y síntesis, [in:] Ekonomiaz: Revista vasca de economía 54 (2003), pp. 12–27
  • Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876-1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN 9788432305108
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