Manuel Lezama Leguizamón Sagarminaga[1]
Born1862
Bilbao, Spain
Died1924
Bilbao, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationbusinessman
Known forbusiness, politics
Political partyCarlism

Marcos Sergio Bautista Manuel de Lezama Leguizamón Sagarminaga (1862–1924) was a Spanish entrepreneur and politician who developed the family-owned mining conglomerate that controlled iron ore, carbon, fluorite, anhydrite and plaster mines in Vascongadas and Asturias, and politically supported the Traditionalist cause. In the 1910s he led the Carlist provincial organisation in Biscay but in 1919 he joined the breakaway Mellistas. His political career climaxed in 1921–1923, when he served two terms in the Senate. In 1907–1911 he held a seat in the Biscay self-government Diputación Provincial, and in 1893–1897 he was a member of Bilbao town hall.

Family and youth

Etxebarri, the Leguizamon ancestral home (present view)

The Lezama family is among the oldest in Vascongadas, traced back to the 12th century; one branch settled in Biscay.[2] Some of its representatives rose to high posts in Madrid;[3] The Biscay branch, apart from having been among the largest landholders in the region, specialized as merchants and were army suppliers.[4] The great-grandfather of Manuel, Juan Antonio de Lezama Jugo, was the first one to call himself Lezama Leguizamón; the surname incorporated the name of a related distinguished branch,[5] which was about to extinguish.[6] The grandfather of Manuel, Gregorio Lezama Leguizamón Eguia (1781–1857), was the one who transformed the family into business tycoons. Though one of the largest terratenientes in Biscay,[7] he turned major protagonist of the industrial revolution in the province. Initially owner of an ironworks mill,[8] he engaged in industrial-scale iron mining, made possible thanks to the introduction of Bessemer converters and the richest vein of iron ore in Europe, located in Biscay. In the mid-19th century he obtained a number of mining concessions and in the 1850s formed an emergent new social class of industrial moguls.[9]

brother Luis Lezama Leguizamón Sagarminaga

The youngest son of Gregorio, Manuel Lezama Leguizamón Aldama (1817[10]–1884[11]), inherited part of the family business and developed it further on. He kept obtaining new mining concessions,[lower-alpha 1] counted among “destacados miembros de las élites bilbaína” and owned one of the most successful industrial conglomerates in Biscay. He married María Concepción Sagarminaga Zabala, descendant to a less affluent, but prestigious Basque family.[lower-alpha 2] The couple had two sons,[lower-alpha 3] Manual born as the older one.[16] Nothing is known about his early education; later he was prepared to take over the family business and at an unspecified time, though most likely in the early 1880s, he studied law and was later referred to as "abogado".[17] Following the death of their father, Manuel and Luis set up Hijos de Lezama Leguizamón company, which owned the family business;[lower-alpha 4] The brothers inherited 101 hectares (250 acres), most of which went to Manuel.[19]

In 1892[20] Manuel married María de la Soledad Ampuero y del Río (1871).[21]-1938[22]). She was daughter to a landholder and Carlist politician, longtime member of the provincial diputacion and a Biscay personality, José María Ampuero Jáuregui, also heiress to 530 hectares (1,300 acres) in Biscay.[23] The couple initially settled at the Lezama estate in Etxebarri, which was eventually inherited by Manuel. Later they moved to Calle de Estufa in Bilbao,[lower-alpha 5] though they used to spend summers at the Ampuero estate in Durango.[25] They had no children.[lower-alpha 6] The best-known of Manuel's relatives was his younger brother Luis Lezama Leguizamón Sagarminaga, who was also an entrepreneur who in the early 1930s served as the provincial Carlist leader in Biscay.[lower-alpha 7] Manuel's nephews served as requeté during the Civil War and Fernando Lezama Leguizamón Zuazola was active in Carlism until the late 1960s.[28][lower-alpha 8]</ref> Manuel's brother-in-law, José Joaquín Ampuero y del Río, was a Basque business tycoon and Traditionalist politician.

Entrepreneur

opencast iron ore mine, Biscay

With his brother Luis, Manuel was co-owner of Hijos de Lezama Leguizamón-Negocios de Minería, the company that owned the inherited business; it consisted of opencast iron ore mines in Etxebarri[29] and Ollargan.[30] Until the late 1890s, the Lezamas were granted five more mining licenses; three were in the Bilbao area, one in Gueñes and one in Triano.[31] and ranked as sixth-most successful concessionaires in Biscay.[32] At the end of the 19th century, they attempted to restructure their mining portfolio; in 1895 the brothers sold Sociedad Coto Minero de Ollargan.[33] and in the early 1900s, they received the first anthracite mining concessions in Asturias. In 1903 the Lezamas requested (and obtained) concession for a mine named Demasía a Colunga in Asturias, in the Carrandi area.[34] Apart from new licenses in Biscay,[35] in the 1910s the Lezamas obtained further concessions in Asturias. In 1915 the Lezamas were noted expoiting another mine, Encarnación, near Carrandi.[36] along with coal, they also mined fluorites,[37] plaster and anhydrite deposits.[38]

At one time, the Lezamas operated 15 mines in Biscay[39] for "Carmen" see.[40] Mines named "Bienvenidas", "Segundo Esteban", "Lanillos" and "Regato" were located an unclear areas of Biscay,[41] and Asturias.[42] The last note of the mine having been exploited by Lezama comes from 1924,[43]"Encarnación" was operated since 1915,[44] "Ribadesella" also from 1915,[45] "Felisa" from 1916,[46] the jewel in the crown was "Abandonada",[47] an iron ore opencast pit in Miribilla.[48] Some mines were equipped with transportation systems or washeries that provided services to competitive companies;[49] part of their infrastructure was so advanced it gained scientific articles.[50] It is estimated the Lezama conglomerate accounted for 5–6% of the Biscay iron ore production, and even during the World War I crisis it produced 110–122 thousand tons.[51] In the 1920s, when the Biscay mining was undergoing transformation,[52] and family-held companies were being replaced with bank ownership,[53] the Lezamas held firm. For decades engaged in lawsuits against municipal authorities,[54] The Lezamas had many differences with the city councils of Bilbao and Getxo,[55] and were subject to legal investigation as far as in Britain.[56]

Lezama engaged in numerous other initiatives. He was among stakeholders of La Robla, a new railway line that linked Bilbao with León and Palencia;[57] Since the mid-1890s, during at least 20 years he was sitting in the executive board of the company.[58] In the 1910s, he was involved in engineering projects related to regulation of the Nervion River, vital for iron ore transportation and exploitation.[59][60] He held a seat in Consejo de Administracion of Banco de Comercio de Bilbao and in line with the rotating presidency scheme, periodically presided over this body, e.g. in 1899.[61] At least since the 1910s he was executive of Banco de Bilbao[62] an held its rotating presidency during numerous periods between 1915[63] and 1924.[64] He also engaged in Sociedad Hispano-Portugesa de Transportes Eléctricos.[65] Lezama was one of the co-founders and one of 12 members of the executive council,[66] and in Martiartu S.A., a maritime shipping enterprise.[67] The Lezamas invested also in construction works in Canada.[68]

Casa Lezama-Leguizamón, Bilbao

The Lezama Leguizamóns are not counted among the very top elite of Biscay industrial tycoons[69] formed by the Ybarra, Martínez Rivas, Chávarri, Sota and Echevarrieta families;[70] however, they are listed as members of the emergent Basque oligarchy;[71] their name repeatedly appears in the history of Biscay industrialization[72] and their companies are listed among the most important in Bilbao in the first decades of the 20th century.[73] Their wealth and position was demonstrated by Casa Lezama-Leguizamón in downtown Bilbao, which was home to numerous corporate and other institutions.[74] It is considered an iconic example of Biscay architecture that was made possible by the fortunes of the new industrial and financial oligarchy.[75]

Consejal and diputado (1890s and 1900s)

Lezama (3fR) during construction of San Esteban church in Etxebarri

Lezama's paternal grandfather was a militant Liberal[lower-alpha 9] who vehemently opposed the Carlists,[lower-alpha 10] while his father did not engage in politics.[lower-alpha 11] Hence, it is unclear how Manuel and Luis got involved in the movement.[lower-alpha 12] There is no information on Lezama's political engagements during his youth; the first one known was the 1892 honeymoon trip, when the couple travelled to Venice to pay homage to Carlos VII.[80] When running for the Bilbao city council in 1893 he stood as a Traditionalist candidate from the Old Town district and was comfortably elected;[81] at least since 1894 he served as one of deputy-mayors.[82] In the ayuntamiento Lezama was looking after the Bilbao Vieja area;[83] he formed part of Comisión de Gobierno Interior and Comisión de Industrias,[84] and was a member of Junta Municipal de Estadística[85] and Junta de las Salas-Cunas y Asilo de Huérfanos.[86] His term as consejero and teniente de alcalde lasted 4 years[87] and in 1897 he was already absent in municipal government,[88] though it is not clear whether Lezama failed in elections or decided not to stand.

In 1901 the Lezama brothers co-launched La Gaceta del Norte; it was part of the Catholic counter-offensive against the rising secularization tide and adhered to the “unity of all Catholics” platform, at the time advocated by the hierarchy.[89] The newspaper mounted “oposición a ultranza” versus the liberal policy of Canalejas government, especially against the Ley de Asociaciones.[90] At least until the late 1910s the Lezama brothers were key owners of La Gaceta,[91] though it was rather Luis who remained in the executive of the company.[92] Other cultural activities include support for Basque cultural initiatives, e.g. during a rally at Frontón Euskalduna,[93] co-founding of Catholic schools in Etxebarri[94] and financial contribution to construction of the new church in the district.[95] His clearly Traditionalist political engagements were sporadic; in 1903 he hosted the party theorist Vázquez de Mella,[96] in 1906 he sent an open telegraph message to the Carlist infant Don Jaime,[97] the same year he funded prizes for the local Carlist literary competition,[98] and in 1907 he presided over a small party rally in Bilbao.[99]

Carlist standard

In 1907 Lezama decided to run for the local Biscay self-government, Diputación Provincial. The Carlists formed an alliance named Coalición Católica, joined also by the Basque nationalists and the Integrists;[100] the list emerged triumphant and Lezama was elected.[101] Apart from vague anecdotic information[102] there is no systematic data on his tenure and role in diputación. He remained active in the Carlist ranks, e.g. in 1909 the brothers attended the funeral of Carlos VII;[103] at least since this year Lezama was a member of Junta Señoral, the provincial party executive,[104] and took part in local rallies,[105] but it is not clear whether and how political preferences filtered to his official tasks. The term expired in 1911 and Lezama was reported to stand in forthcoming elections to get his ticket renewed;[106] it is not clear whether he failed or withdrew, but he was absent in the re-elected self-government.[107]

Mellista and senador (1910s and 1920s)

Don Jaime and the families of Manuel and Luis Lezama Leguizamón, 1913

From 1913, Lezama was president of Junta Legitimista de Vizcaya, the provincial Carlist executive.[lower-alpha 13] The same year, together with his brother Luis and both families, he travelled to Paris to pay homage to the new Carlist king, Don Jaime.[109] His understanding of the leadership role was rather traditional; Lezama presided over local feasts like Velada Jaimista in Durango,[110] attended banquets to honor party leaders, e.g. in 1914 to hail the Vascongadas jefe Tirso de Olazabal,[111] and entertained Carlist royals when visiting Biscay, e.g. in 1917 hosting princesses Fabiola and Nieves in Bilbao.[112][lower-alpha 14] He was not engaged beyond his native province and is not listed in historiographic works dealing with general Carlist policy in Spain in the early 20th century.[lower-alpha 15]

At least since the early 1900s Lezama remained on friendly terms with de Mella. Throughout the 1910s a few times he hosted the theorist in Bilbao; in some cases these visits produced security concerns on the part of the administration, and Civil Guard was deployed to prevent any unrest.[114] In 1916, Lezama drove de Mella from Biscay to Asturias; both were to attend the Battle of Covadonga anniversary.[115] When in the mid-1910s the movement was increasingly paralyzed by the conflict between de Mella and Don Jaime, the Lezamas sided with the former due to their personal relationship and because they have been always inclined towards broader political alliances promoted by de Mella.[lower-alpha 16] The conflict erupted in 1919, when following a showdown of January–February, the Mellistas decided to secede and form their own organization. The Lezamas joined the rebels,[lower-alpha 17] known as the Mellistas.[118] In Biscay, the dissenters were led by José Joaquín Ampuero and Ignacio Gardeazábal;[119] Lezama joined the provincial Mellista executive.[120]

Juan Vázquez de Mella

In 1920 Lezama co-founded an alliance named Liga Monárquica, which was supposed to field its candidates during the campaign to the Senate. Initially it was de Mella himself listed but for unknown reasons he withdrew and was replaced with Lezama.[121] In 1921 all monarchical candidates were comfortably elected.[lower-alpha 18] Little is known of Lezama's activity in the upper chamber of the parliament; the Senate record does not contain any trace of his labors.[123] Lezama's term was very brief because the legislature was soon dissolved. During the following campaign of 1923, the Liga Monárquica alliance was renewed and in Biscay, it again won; apart from Lezama, it included a Conservative and a Romanonista candidates,[124] though Lezama was the most-voted one.[lower-alpha 19] His second term was even shorter; the Primo de Rivera coup caused the dissolution of the Cortes. In 1924, the Lezama brothers co-signed a manifesto that pledged support to the dictator, though they declared no Traditionalist could accept the 1876 constitution as basis for further action, they nevertheless recommended entering Unión Patriótica.[lower-alpha 20]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The first note on Lezama Leguizamón Aldama obtaining new licenses comes from the 1860s, when he was concessioned to exploit the Nuestra Señora de Begoña mine.[12] The last note is from the early 1880s, when he got a concession to exploit the Acebal mine near Baracaldo,[13]
  2. ↑ She was daughter to the sister of Juan Mateo de Zabala Zabala, who in turn married Juan Manuel de Sagarminaga.[14]
  3. ↑ Manuel and Luis at times get confused in historiography.[15]
  4. ↑ The company Hijos de Lezama Leguizamón was active at least since 1895.[18]
  5. ↑ They also had a house at Calle Sombretería.[24]
  6. ↑ None of numerous necrological notes, which meticulously listed all relatives, mentioned any children.[26]
  7. ↑ Within the Carlist heterogeneous regional executive network Lezama Leguizamón acted as Delegado Regio para el Señorio de Vizcaya; he was also a member of Junta Suprema Vasco Navarra (representing Biscay; other members were Oriol, Rodezno and Olazabal)[27]
  8. ↑ In 1967 the Huguista leader Zavala turned to him when in need of money, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 305
  9. ↑ Gregorio Lezama Leguizamón Eguia moved from the early “exaltado” wing of the Liberals to a somewhat less radical “fuerista” faction later on.
  10. ↑ He was alcalde segundo and then alcalde primero of Bilbao in the 1810s, Jefe Político of Biscay 1837–1839 and corregidor de Vizcaya in the late 1830s.[76]
  11. ↑ The only public post identified, held by Manuel, was this of Consultor suplente del Señorío de Vizcaya in the early 1860s.[77]
  12. ↑ Monographic study on Basque Carlism in the 19th century does not list the names of Lezama or Leguizamón a single time.[78] However, some press sources claimed the cousin of Manuel and Luis served in the legitimist ranks as capitán de Guías del Rey and was killed during the Third Carlist War.[79]
  13. ↑ This is how he was referred to in a press note, dwelling on his trip to Paris.[108]
  14. ↑ The females referred to are probably the sisters Fabiola and Maria Massimo y Borbon, at the time respectively 17 and 15 years old, granddaughters to the late Carlist king Carlos VII.
  15. ↑ A lengthy monographical work on nationwide Carlist politics at the turn of the centuries does not mention Lezama a single time, compare Agustín Fernández Escudero.[113]
  16. ↑ The group of promellista dissenters in the Jaimist Biscay ranks was known as La Pińa, ridiculed by orthodox Jaimistas as "piñosos con boinas".[116]
  17. ↑ Lezama's later obituary claimed, however, that he had been always "fírme en sus convicciones políticas".[117]
  18. ↑ all three candidates received 104 votes each.[122]
  19. ↑ Lezama collected 201 votes, the Conservative candidate 102 and the Romanonista contender 96.[125]
  20. ↑ The Lezama brothers and José Ampuero recommended every Traiditionalist UP, "having watched with sympathy the movement of September 13", joins Union Patriotica.[126]

References

  1. ↑ full name referred after his birth certificate, available at the official Spanish senate website here
  2. ↑ the Lezamas originated from Alava; one branch moved to Biscay in the Middle Ages, Juan José González, Bandera de la Anteiglesia de Lezama, Bilbao 2008, p. 8, available here
  3. ↑ like alcalde de Madrid or members of Consejo de Castilla (noth 17th century), Cesar Estornes, Los Lezama. Primera parte, [in:] Blog de Historia y Deportes 28.10.19 [link memoriasclubdeportivodebilbao blocked by WP]
  4. ↑ Estornes 2019
  5. ↑ the Leguizamón lineage was related to Etxebarri, currently a suburb of Bilbao, where they owned an iconic mansion, see Palacio Legizamon entry, [in:] Etxebarri municipal service, available here. The Leguizamons have been known especially for their role in conquest of America, see Cesar Estornes, Los Leguizamón el linaje más antiguo. Segunda parte, [in:] Blog de Historia y Deportes 30.09.19 [link memoriasclubdeportivodebilbao blocked by WP]
  6. ↑ opinion of Guillermo Leguizamón Mayol at Esme, Mansiones de Getxo, [in:] Conoce Bilbao con Esme blog 17.07.15, available here
  7. ↑ Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Vizcaya en el siglo XIX: las finanzas publicas de un estado emergente, Lejona 1989, ISBN 9788475851020, p. 34
  8. ↑ so-called Molino Zubiondo, locatated at the left bank of the Nervion in Etxebarri, the mill was originally the property of the Leguizamón family. It passed to the Lezamas when the families merged, some time prior to the mid-18th century, Molino Zubiondo entry, [in:] Etxebarri municipal service, available here
  9. ↑ Agirreazkuenaga 1989, p. 308
  10. ↑ Antonio Castejón, Los Lezama, [in:] Euskalnet service, available here
  11. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 19.05.84, available here
  12. ↑ Sentencias del Tribunal supremo de justicia: año de 18, vol. 3, Madrid 1884, p. 346.
  13. ↑ La Ilustración Cantábrica 08.08.92, available here
  14. ↑ Luis de Lazama Leguizamón, El Vascófilo Franciscano R. P. Fr. Juan Mateo de Zabala, [in:] Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos 15 (1924), p. 340
  15. ↑ see e.g. José Luis de la Granja Sainz, Nacionalismo y II República en el País Vasco, Madrid 2009, ISBN 978-84-323-1513-8, p. 428
  16. ↑ Antonio Castejón, Los Lezama, [in:] Euskalnet service, available here
  17. ↑ Cesar Estornes, Los Leguizamón el linaje más antiguo. Segunda parte, [in:] Blog de Historia y Deportes 30.09.19
  18. ↑ Juan Peris Torner, Ferrocaril minero de Ollargan a Echevarri, [in:] Ferrocariles de España service, 07.05.12, available here
  19. ↑ Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francisco Feo Parrondo, Propiedad rústica en Vizcaya, [in:] Lurralde 19 (1996), available here
  20. ↑ El Correo Espanol 07.12.92, available here
  21. ↑ María de la Soledad Margarita Aurelia Josefa Pía Francisca Antonia Ampuero Río entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available here
  22. ↑ Pensamiento Alaves 23.01.38, available here
  23. ↑ Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francisco Feo Parrondo, Propiedad rústica en Vizcaya, [in:] Lurralde 19 (1996), available here
  24. ↑ Nomenclator del Excmo Ayuntamiento de la Villa de Bilbao 1894, p. 5, available here
  25. ↑ Cesar Estornes, Los Leguizamón el linaje más antiguo. Segunda parte, [in:] Blog de Historia y Deportes 30.09.19
  26. ↑ El Siglo Futuro 14.11.25, available here
  27. ↑ Moral Roncal 2009, p. 78
  28. ↑ Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias : el carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997, ISBN 978-84-313-1564-1, p. 100.
  29. ↑ Hijos de Lezama Leguizamón operated at least one mine, named Carmen, in Etxebarri, Puente del ferrocarril minero de Gandarias, [in:] municipal service of Basauri, available here
  30. ↑ Juan Peris Torner, Ferrocaril minero de Ollargan a Echevarri, [in:] Ferrocariles de España servoce, 07.05.12, available here
  31. ↑ Gabriel Ramallal, Las minas de hierro de Villaodrid: El fracaso de un proyecto extraordinario, Madrid 2020, ISBN 978-84-948178-7-8, p. 95
  32. ↑ in the period of 1886–1898 the companies granted most concessions were: Ybarra hermanos (22), Chávarri hermanos (12), Luchana Mining (8), C.M. Ustara (7), J.C. Levisson (6), Lezama Leguizamon (5), and J. B. Cortes (5), Ramallal 2020, p. 95
  33. ↑ the sale price was 1m ptas, Juan Peris Torner, Ferrocaril minero de Ollargan a Echevarri, [in:] Ferrocariles de España service, 07.05.12, available here
  34. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 10.10.03, available here
  35. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 15.04.05, available here
  36. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 09.07.15, available here
  37. ↑ in the Ribadasella mine near Oviedo, Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 24.11.15, available here
  38. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 24.01.16, available here
  39. ↑ "Santa Regina" (Gueñes y Alonsótegui, the mine of low productivity), "Abandonada" (in coto de Miribilla), "Diana" (equipped with complex transportation system), José Eugenio Villar, Beatriz Herreras Moratinos, Antonio Hernández Almaraz, La industria del agua en la CAV. Ingeniería y Patrimonio, Bilbao 2008, p. 170; "La Pobre", Villar, Herreras, Hernández 2008, p. 145; "Faja", Cesar Estornes, Los Lezama Leguizamon. Segunda parte [in:] Historia y Deportes blog 14.11.19
  40. ↑ Puente del ferrocarril minero de Gandarias,[in:] municipal service of Basauri, available here
  41. ↑ Cesar Estornes, Los Lezama Leguizamon. Segunda parte, [in:] Historia y Deportes blog 14.11.19
  42. ↑ since 1903 the Lezanas operated "Demasía a Colunga mine", Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 10.10.03, available here
  43. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 28.04.24, available here
  44. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 09.07.15, available here
  45. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 24.11.15, available here
  46. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 24.01.16, available here
  47. ↑ Abandonada was one of the 2 largest iron ore mines in Biscay, Arturo Izarzelaia Izagirre, Los barrios altos de Bilbao, Bilbao 2001, ISBN 978-84-607-3679-0, p. 88
  48. ↑ Villar, Herreras, Hernández 2008, p. 170
  49. ↑ e.g. the mine La Pobre was equipped with “instalaciones de lavado”, which were made available to neighboring mines of Conchas, San Benito, La Berga, Despreciada, San Martín, Alhóndiga, Altura, San Bernabé and others, initially owned by Ibarra Hermanos y Cia, and later by Sociedad Franco-Belga, Villar, Herreras, Hernández 2008, p. 145
  50. ↑ J. Saiz de Omeñaca, I. Ereño, K. Atxabal & I. Azurmendi, Mitigation of adverse effects at the Lezama-Leguizamon abandoned open-pit mine (Bilbao, northern Spain), [in:] Environmental Geology 22 (1993), pp. 10–12
  51. ↑ Antonio Escudero, La mineria vizcaina durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, [in:] Revista de Historia Economica 4/2 (1986), p. 372
  52. ↑ one scholar claims that the history of Basque industrial oligarchy falls into 3 periods: “etapa de formación” (1872–1900), “etapa de consolidación’ (1900–1021), and “etapa de depuración” (1921–1936), Pablo Díaz Morlán, La evolución de la oligarquía vizcaína, 1872–1936. Un intento de intepretación y síntesis, [in:] Ekonomiaz: Revista vasca de economía 54 (2003), pp. 12–27
  53. ↑ Pedro Fernandez Diaz-Sarabia, Los fundadores del ferrocarril hullero de La Robla a Valmaseda S. A., [in:] Javier Vidal Olivares, Miguel Muñoz Rubio, Jesús Sanz Fernández (eds.), Siglo y medio del ferrocarril en España, 1848–1998: Economía, industria y sociedad, Madrid 1999, ISBN 84-88675-62-3, pp. 477–494
  54. ↑ see e.g. a 1909 lawsuit against Real Decreto which declared expropiación forzosa of grounds marked to become part of the Abandonada mine, Madrid Cientifico 619 (1909), available here
  55. ↑ Cesar Estornes, Los Lezama Leguizamon. Segunda parte, [in:] Historia y Deportes blog 14.11.19
  56. ↑ in 1922 Luis Lezama was in Britain, interrogated by a parliamentary committee that investigated complaints related to British investment in the Biscay mining industry; the proceedings involved Stuart Bevan, Thomas Edward Scrutton and John Eldon Bankes, Lloyd’s List Law Reports vol. 13 (1922), pp. 101–102
  57. ↑ Proyecto Ferrocarril La Robla, [in:] Cofradia del Putxera service, available here, El País 18.05.03, available here
  58. ↑ see e.g. Annuario de Ferrocarriles Espanoles 1897, available here
  59. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 23.05.15, available here
  60. ↑ La Actualidad Financiera 26.05.15, available here
  61. ↑ Espana 1899, available here
  62. ↑ Vida Financiera 20.07.13, available here
  63. ↑ Heraldo Alaves 03.04.15, available here
  64. ↑ La Correspondencia de Valencia 07.08.24, available here
  65. ↑ the company was to export electricity from Duero-based hydro plants to Portugal, Madrid Cientifico 1918, available here
  66. ↑ Pablo Díaz Morlán, El proceso de creación de Saltos de Duero (1917–1935), [in:] Revista de historia industrial 13 (1998), p. 183
  67. ↑ Annuario Garciceballos 1921–1922, available here
  68. ↑ in 1913 the Lezamas were in Consejo de Administracion of Sociedad Estudios y Obras de Ingeniería, a company engaged in works also in Canada, Madrid Cientifico 830 (1913), available here
  69. ↑ Lezama was member of numerous corporative bodies, like Camara Minera de Vizcaya, Centro Industrial de Vizcaya and Liga Vizcaina de Productores, Boletín Minero e Industrial 2/XIII (1934), p. 7
  70. ↑ Díaz Morlán 2003, pp. 14–17
  71. ↑ El Correo 09.05.10, available here, Diego Muro, Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-134-16769-2, p. 52
  72. ↑ Diaz-Sarabia 1999
  73. ↑ Cesar Estornes, Los Lezama Leguizamon. Segunda parte, [in:] Historia y Deportes blog 14.11.19
  74. ↑ Estornes 2019
  75. ↑ part from estates in downtown Bilbao and in Getxo, Lezama owned houses in Achuri, Ollerías, Guinea, Torre de Aguirre, Arcocha Becoa and Uruzulueta, all at the ouskirts of Bilbao, Estornes 2019
  76. ↑ Luis Ma de Zavala y Fernández de Heredia (ed.), La sociedad vasca del siglo XIX en la correspondencia del archivo de la casa de Zavala, Lasarte 2008, ISBN 978-84-96288-70-6, p. 137
  77. ↑ Cesar Estornes, Los Lezama Leguizamón. Segunda parte, [in:] Blog de Historia y Deportes 30.09.19
  78. ↑ Javier Real Cuesta, El carlismo vasco 1876–1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN 84-323-0510-3
  79. ↑ El Correo Español 07.12.92, available here
  80. ↑ El Correo Español 07.12.92, available here
  81. ↑ Lezama was the third most-voted candidate and gathered 438 votes (compard to 485 votes fathered by the front-runner), Nomenclador del Excmo Ayuntamiento de la Villa de Bilbao, Bilbao 1894, p. 3, available here
  82. ↑ Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Mikel Urquijo (eds.), Bilbao desde sus alcaldes, vol. 3, Bilbao 2002, ISBN 9788488714145, p. 594
  83. ↑ Nomenclador del Excmo Ayuntamiento..., p. 7
  84. ↑ Nomenclador del Excmo Ayuntamiento..., pp. 8–10
  85. ↑ Nomenclador del Excmo Ayuntamiento..., p. 22
  86. ↑ Nomenclador del Excmo Ayuntamiento..., p. 63
  87. ↑ Composición del ayuntamiento de Bilbao 01.07.1895–31.10.1896 entry, [in:] Bilbaopedia service, available here
  88. ↑ Nomenclador del Excmo Ayuntamiento de la Villa de Bilbao, Bilbao 1894
  89. ↑ José Luis Orella, La Gaceta del Norte, la espada laica de la Compañía de Jesús, [in:] Aportes 51/1 (2003) p. 56
  90. ↑ the Lezamas co-founded the daily and provided own financial contribution, Orella 2003, p. 54
  91. ↑ Cesar Estornes, Los Lezama Leguizamon. Segunda parte, [in:] Historia y Deportes blog 14.11.19
  92. ↑ Las Provincias 16.08.33, available here
  93. ↑ El Siglo Futuro 22.05.06, available here
  94. ↑ El Magisterio Epañol 07.02.06, available here
  95. ↑ Cesar Estornes, Los Lezama Leguizamon. Segunda parte, [in:] Historia y Deportes blog 14.11.19
  96. ↑ El Correo Español 02.11.03, available here
  97. ↑ El Correo Español 24.11.06, available here
  98. ↑ El Correo Español 29.11.06, available here
  99. ↑ El Correo Español 25.06.07, available here
  100. ↑ Lezama Leguizamón, Manuel entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here, also El País 07.03.07, available here
  101. ↑ La Cruz 14.03.07, available here
  102. ↑ see e.g. a note from 1910 on his activity in support of local music initiatives, El Norte 21.06.10, available here
  103. ↑ El Debate 21.02.19, available here
  104. ↑ El Tradicionalista 31.12.09, available here
  105. ↑ El Correo Español 13.03.09, available here
  106. ↑ El Cantábrico 07.03.11, available here
  107. ↑ Certificación de haber sido elegido Diputado provincial por Guipúzcoa en 1907, [in:] the official service of the Spanish senate, available here
  108. ↑ El Correo Español 05.05.13, available here
  109. ↑ El Correo Español 05.05.13, available here
  110. ↑ El Correo Español 17.04.13, available here
  111. ↑ El Correo Español 21.07.14, available here
  112. ↑ El Correo Español 14.03.17, available here.
  113. ↑ El Marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía política [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 201
  114. ↑ El Eco de Navarra 23.07.11, available here
  115. ↑ El Correo Español 23.04.16, available here
  116. ↑ Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 978-84-87863-82-0, p. 142
  117. ↑ La Gaceta del Norte 16.11.24, available here
  118. ↑ Román Oyarzun, La historia del carlismo, Madrid 1965, p. 454
  119. ↑ Orella Martínez 2003, p. 58
  120. ↑ Lezama Leguizamón, Manuel entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  121. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 29.12.20, available here
  122. ↑ La Acción 03.01.20, available here
  123. ↑ Lezama Leguizamón, Manuel de entry, [in:] official Senate service, available here
  124. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 14.05.23, available here
  125. ↑ El Cantábrico 15.05.23, available here
  126. ↑ El Progreso 27.10.24, available here

Further reading

  • Pablo Díaz Morlán, La evolución de la oligarquía vizcaína, 1872–1936. Un intento de intepretación y síntesis, [in:] Ekonomiaz: Revista vasca de economía 54 (2003), pp. 12–27
  • Antonio Escudero, La mineria vizcaina durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, [in:] Revista de Historia Economica 4/2 (1986), pp. 365–387
  • J. Saiz de Omeñaca, I. Ereño, K. Atxabal, I. Azurmendi, Mitigation of adverse effects at the Lezama-Leguizamon abandoned open-pit mine (Bilbao, northern Spain), [in:] Environmental Geology 22 (1993), pp. 10–12
  • José Luis Orella, La Gaceta del Norte, la espada laica de la Compañía de Jesús, [in:] Aportes 51 (2003), pp. 49–62
  • José Eugenio Villar, Beatriz Herreras Moratinos, Antonio Hernández Almaraz, La industria del agua en la CAV. Ingeniería y Patrimonio, Bilbao 2008
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