Kalki
Member of Dashavatara
Raja Ravi Varma's portrayal of Kalki
AffiliationVaishnavism
WeaponNandaka or Ratnamaru (Sword)
MountDevadatta, either a manifestation of Garuda or divine horses[1][2][3]
FestivalsKalki Jayanti[4]
Personal information
ParentsVishnuyashas (father),[5] Sumati (mother)[6]
SpousePadmavati[7] and Ramā[8]
ChildrenJaya and Vijaya (From Padmavati) (Upapuranas)[9] Meghamala and Balahaka (From Rama) (Kalki Purana)[10]

Dashavatara Sequence
PredecessorBuddha

Kalki (Sanskrit: कल्कि), also called Kalkin,[1] is the prophesied tenth and final incarnation of the god Vishnu. He is described to appear in order to end the Kali Yuga, one of the four periods in the endless cycle of existence (Krita) in Vaishnava cosmology. The end of the Kali Yuga states this will usher in the new epoch of Satya Yuga in the cycle of existence, until the Mahapralaya (dissolution of the universe).[1][2]

Kalki is described in the Puranas as the avatar who rejuvenates existence by ending the darkest and destructive period to remove adharma (unrighteousness) and ushering in the Satya Yuga, while riding a white horse with a fiery sword.[2] The description and details of Kalki are different among various Puranas. Kalki is also found in Buddhist texts, for example the Kalachakra-Tantra of Tibetan Buddhism.[11][12][13]

The prophecy of the Kalki avatara is also told in Sikh texts.[14]

Etymology

The name Kalki is derived from Kal, which means "time" (Kali Yuga).[15] The original term may have been Karki (white, from the horse) which morphed into Kalki. This proposal is supported by two versions of Mahabharata manuscripts (e.g. the G3.6 manuscript) that have been found, where the Sanskrit verses name the incarnation to be karki.[1]

Description

Hindu Texts

Kalki is an avatara of Vishnu. Avatara means "descent", and refers to a descent of the divine into the material realm of human existence. The Garuda Purana lists ten incarnations, with Kalki being the tenth.[16] He is described as the incarnation who appears at the end of the Kali Yuga. He ends the darkest, degenerating, and chaotic stage of the Kali Yuga (Period) to remove adharma and ushers in the Satya Yuga, while riding a white horse with a fiery sword.[2][17] He restarts a new cycle of time.[18] He is described as a Brahmin warrior in the Puranas.[2][17]

Statue of Kalki's incarnation on a wall of Rani Ki Vav (The Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat, India

Kalki appears for the first time in the Mahabharata.[19] A minor text named Kalki Purana is a relatively recent text, likely composed in Bengal. Its dating floruit is the 18th-century.[20] Wendy Doniger dates the Kalki Mythology containing Kalki Purana to between 1500 and 1700 CE.[21]

In the Kalki Purana, Kalki is born into the family of Kushma and Madan, in a village called Shambala on the thirteenth day during the fortnight of the waxing moon.[22] At a young age, he is taught the holy scriptures on topics such as Dharma, Karma, Artha, Jñāna and on military training under the care of the Parashurama (the sixth immortal incarnation of Vishnu).[23] Soon, Kalki worships Shiva, who gets pleased by the devotion and provides him in return a divine white horse named Devadatta (a manifestation of Garuda), a powerful sword, whereby its handle is bedecked with jewels and a parrot named Shuka, who is an all-knower; the past, the present and the future. Other accessories are also given by other Devas, Devis, saints, and righteous kings.[24] He fights an evil army and in many wars, ending evil, but does not end existence. Kalki returns to Shambala, inaugurates a new Yuga for the good, and then goes to Vaikuntha. Interestingly, in the Kalki purana, there is a mention of a Buddhist city, which doesn't follow the Dharma (Not worshiping the demi-gods, ancestors, and not upholding the caste system) which Kalki fights and conquers.[25][20]

The Agni Purana describes Kalki's role:[26]

Kalki, as the son of Madan, (and having) Vishnu as the priest would destroy the non-Aryans, holding the astra and having a weapon. He would establish moral law in four-fold varṇas in the suitable manner. The people (would be) in the path of righteousness in all the stages of life.

— Agni Purana, Chapter 16

The Devi Bhagavata Purana features the devas hailing Vishnu, invoking his Kalki avatara:

When almost all the persons in this world will turn out in future as Mleccas and when the wicked Kings will oppress them, right and left, Thou wilt then incarnate Thyself again as Kalki and redress all the grievances! We bow down to Thy Kalki Form! O Deva!

— Devi Bhagavata Purana, Chapter 5

Buddhist Texts

The 25 Kalki, who are Kings of Shambala, are surrounding a Yidam (meditation deity), located in the middle. The first top two middle rows has seated representations of Tsongkhapa, dressed in orange/yellow. This originates from the scriptures that are part of the Indo-Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhist tradition.
The central figure is a Yidam, a meditation deity. The 25 seated figures represent the 25 Kings Of Shambhala. The middle figure in the top row represents Tsongkhapa, who is in the top two middle rows. This comes from the scriptures that is part of the Indo-Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhist Tradition.

In the Buddhist Text Kalachakra Tantra, the righteous kings are called Kalki (Kalkin, lit. chieftain) living in Sammu. There are many Kalki in this text, each fighting barbarism, persecution and chaos. The last Kalki is called "Rudra Cakrin" and is predicted to end the chaos and degeneration by assembling a large army to eradicate a barbarian army.[11][12][27] A great war, which will include an army of both Hindus and Buddhists, will destroy the barbaric forces, states the text.[11][12][13] This is most likely borrowed from Hinduism to Buddhism due to the arrival of Islamic kingdoms from the west to the east, mainly settled in West Tibet, Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent.[28][29] According to Donald Lopez – a professor of Buddhist Studies, Kalki is predicted to start the new cycle of perfect era where "Buddhism will flourish, people will live long, happy lives and righteousness will reign supreme".[11] The text is significant in establishing the chronology of the Kalki idea to be from post-7th century, probably the 9th or 10th century.[30] Lopez states that the Buddhist text likely borrowed it from Hindu vedic texts.[11][12] Other scholars, such as Yijiu Jin, state that the text originated in Central Asia in the 10th-century, and Tibetan literature picked up a version of it in India around 1027 CE.[30]

Sikh Texts

The Kalki incarnation appears in the historic Sikh Texts, most notably in Dasam Granth, a text that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.[14][31] The Chaubis Avatar (24 incarnations) section mentions Sage Matsyanra describing the appearance of Vishnu incarnations to fight evil, greed, violence and ignorance. It includes Kalki as the twenty-fourth incarnation to lead the war between the forces of righteousness and unrighteousness.[32]

Development

While there is no mention of Kalki in the Vedic literature,[33][34] the epithet "Kalmallkinam", meaning "Brilliant Remover Of Darkness", is found in the Vedic Literature for Rudra (later Shiva), has been interpreted to be "Forerunner Of Kalki".[33]

Kalki appears for the first time in the great war epic Mahabharata.[19] The mention of Kalki in the Mahabharata occurs only once, over the verses 3.188.85–3.189.6.[1] The Kalki incarnation is found in the Maha Puranas such as Vishnu Purana,[35] Matsya Purana, and the Bhagavata Purana.[36][37] However, the details relating the Kalki mythologies are divergent between the epic and the Puranas, as well as within the Puranas.[38][19]

In the Mahabharata, according to Hiltebeitel, Kalki is an extension of the Parashurama incarnation legend, where a Brahmin warrior destroys Kshatriyas who were abusing their power to spread chaos, evil, and the persecution of the powerless. The epic character of Kalki restores dharma, restores justice in the world, but does not end the cycle of existence.[19][39] The Kalkin section in the Mahabharata is present in the Markandeya section. There, states Luis Reimann, can "hardly be any doubt that the Markandeya section is a late addition to the epic. Making Yudhishthira ask a question about conditions at the end of Kali and the beginning of Krta — something far removed from his own situation — is merely a device for justifying the inclusion of this subject matter in the epic."[40]

According to Cornelia Dimmitt, the "clear and tidy" systematization of Kalki and the remaining nine incarnations of Vishnu is not found in any of the Maha Puranas.[41] The coverage of Kalki in these Hindu texts is scant, in contrast to the legends of Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Narasimha, and Krishna, all of whom are repeatedly and extensively described. According to Dimmitt, this was likely because just like the concept of the Buddha as a Vishnu Incarnation, the concept of Kalki was "somewhat in flux" when the major Puranas were being compiled.[41]

This Kalki concept may have further developed in the Hindu texts both as a reaction to the invasions of the Indian subcontinent by various armies over the centuries from its northwest, and in reaction to the mythologies these invaders brought with them.[1][42] Similarly, the Buddhist Literature dated to the late 1st millennium, a future Buddha Maitreya is depicted as Kalki.[43][44][45] According to John Mitchiner, the Kalki concept owes "in some measure" to Jewish, Christian, Zoroastrian and other concepts.[46] Mitchiner states that some Puranas such as the Yuga Purana do not mention Kalki and offer a different cosmology than the other Puranas. The Yuga Purana mythologizes in greater details the post-Maurya era Indo-Greek and Saka era, while the Manvantara theme containing the Kalki idea is mythologized greater in other Puranas.[47][19] Luis Gonzales-Reimann concurs with Mitchiner, stating that the Yuga Purana does not mention Kalki.[48] In other texts such as the sections 2.36 and 2.37 of the Vayu Purana, states Reimann, it is not Kalkin who ends the Kali Yuga, but a different character named Pramiti.[49] Most historians, states Arvind Sharma, link the development of Kalki mythology in Hinduism to the suffering caused by foreign invasions.[50] Unlike other messianic concepts, Kalki's purpose is to destroy the invaders and heretics in order to reverse the current age Kali Yuga, the age of evil.[51]

Predictions about Birth and Arrival

Kalki and Devadatta

In the Cyclic Concept Of Time (Puranic Kalpa), Kali Yuga is estimated to last 432,000 years. In some Vaishnava texts, Kalki is forecasted to appear on a white horse on the day of pralaya to end Kali Yuga, to end the evil and wickedness, and to recreate the world anew along with A New Cycle Of Time (Yuga).[52][53]

Kalki's description varies with manuscripts. Some state Kalki will be born to Awejsirdenee and Bishenjun,[52] others in the family of Sumati and Vishnuyasha.[54][55] In Buddhist manuscripts, Vishnuyasha is stated to be a prominent headman of the village called Shambhala. He will become the king, a "Turner Of The Wheel", and one who triumphs. He will eliminate all barbarians and robbers, end adharma, restart dharma, and save the good people.[56] After that, humanity will be transformed and the golden age will begin state the Hindu manuscripts.[56]

In the Kanchipuram temple, two relief Puranic panels depict Kalki, one relating to lunar (moon-based) dynasty as mother of Kalki and another to solar (sun-based) dynasty as father of Kalki.[54] In these panels, states D.D. Hudson, the story depicted is in terms of Kalki fighting and defeating asura Kali. He rides a white horse called Devadatta, ends evil, purifies everyone's minds and consciousness, and heralds the start of Satya Yuga.[54]

19th-century Dashavatara painting (from left): Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki.

People who claimed to be Kalki

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Dalal 2014, p. 188
  3. ↑ "Kalki-Purana-english.PDF".
  4. ↑ "Kalki Jayanti; rituals and significance". mpchang. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  5. ↑ "Manifestation of Viṣṇu as Buddha and Kalki [Chapter 16]". November 2021.
  6. ↑ A Companion to Indian Mythology: Hindu, Buddhist & Jaina. Thinker's Library, Technical Publishing House. 1987.
  7. ↑ The Purāṇas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 1986. ISBN 9783447025225.
  8. ↑ A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Clarendon. 1872.
  9. ↑ Studies in the Upapurāṇas. Sanskrit College. 1958.
  10. ↑ Center Vedic om Aditya
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2015). Buddhism in Practice. Princeton University Press. pp. 202–204. ISBN 978-1-4008-8007-2.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Perry Schmidt-Leukel (2017). Religious Pluralism and Interreligious Theology: The Gifford Lectures. Orbis. pp. 220–222. ISBN 978-1-60833-695-1.
  13. 1 2 [a] Björn Dahla (2006). Exercising Power: The Role of Religions in Concord and Conflict. Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-952-12-1811-8., Quote: "(...) the Shambala-bodhisattva-king [Cakravartin Kalkin] and his army will defeat and destroy the enemy army, the barbarian Muslim army and their religion, in a kind of Buddhist Armadgeddon. Thereafter Buddhism will prevail.";
    [b] David Burton (2017). Buddhism: A Contemporary Philosophical Investigation. Taylor & Francis. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-351-83859-7.
    [c] Johan Elverskog (2011). Anna Akasoy; et al. (eds.). Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 293–310. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2.
  14. 1 2 Rinehart, Robin (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-19-975506-6.
  15. ↑ Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2006). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-88920-743-1 – via Google Books.
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  17. 1 2 Wendy Doniger; Merriam-Webster, Inc (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
  18. ↑ Ludo Rocher (22 March 2004). Ralph M. Rosen (ed.). Time and Temporality in the Ancient World. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-1-931707-67-1.
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  20. 1 2 Rocher 1986, p. 183 with footnotes.
  21. ↑ Doniger, Wendy (1988). Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism. Manchester University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7190-1867-1.
  22. ↑ "Kalki Avatar - Birth, family & Mission | Kali Yuga Predictions". The Gaudiya Treasures of Bengal. 29 May 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  23. ↑ "vishnu - Will Parashurama reappear in Kaliyuga?". Hinduism Stack Exchange. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  24. ↑ "The Kalki Purana scripture".
  25. ↑ "Kalki Purana". 23 September 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  26. ↑ www.wisdomlib.org (1 November 2021). "Manifestation of Viṣṇu as Buddha and Kalki [Chapter 16]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  27. ↑ "Urban Hammar. - Studies in The Kalacakra Tantra - A History of The Kalacakra in Tibet and A Study of The Concept of Adibuddha, The Fourth Body of The Buddha and The Supreme Un-Changing PDF | PDF | Tibetan Buddhism | Vajrayana". Scribd. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  28. ↑ Newman, John (2015). Buddhism in Practice. Princeton readings in religions (Abridged ed.). Princeton Univ. Press. p. 203.
  29. ↑ Sopa, Lhundub. "The Wheel of Time: Kalachakra in Context". pp. 83 to 84, with note 4.
  30. 1 2 Yijiu JIN (2017). Islam. BRILL Academic. pp. 49–52. ISBN 978-90-474-2800-8.
  31. ↑ McLeod, W.H. (2003). Sikhs of the Khalsa: A history of the Khalsa Rahit. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0-19-565916-0.
  32. ↑ Purnima Dhavan (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 1 55–157, 186 note 32. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
  33. 1 2 Tattvadīpaḥ: Journal of Academy of Sanskrit Research, Volume 5. The Academy. 2001. p. 81. Kalki, as an incarnation of Visnu, is not found in the Vedic literature. But some of the features of that concept, viz., the fearful elements, the epithet Kalmallkinam (brilliant, remover of darkness) of Rudra, prompt us to admit him as the forerunner of Kalki.
  34. ↑ Rabiprasad Mishra (2000). Theory of Incarnation: Its Origin and Development in the Light of Vedic and Purāṇic References. Pratibha. p. 146. ISBN 978-81-7702-021-2., Quote: "Kalki as an incarnation of Visnu is not mentioned in the Vedic literature."
  35. ↑ Wilson, Horace (2001). Vishnu Purana. Ganesha Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 1-86210-016-0.
  36. ↑ Roy, Janmajit. Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya. Atlantic Publishers. p. 39.
  37. ↑ Daniélou, Alain. The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 181.
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  41. 1 2 Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012, pp. 63–64
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  45. ↑ Lawrence, Troy (1990). New Age Messiah identified: Who is Lord Maitreya? Tara Center's "mystery man" alive and living in London. Huntington House Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-910311-17-5. Retrieved 17 May 2020.; Stutley, Margaret (1985). Hinduism: The Eternal Law: An introduction to the literature, cosmology, and cults of the Hindu religion. Aquarian Press. ISBN 978-0-85030-348-3. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
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  49. ↑ Luis González Reimann (2002). The Mahābhārata and the Yugas: India's Great Epic Poem and the Hindu System of World Ages. Peter Lang. pp. 112–113 note 39. ISBN 978-0-8204-5530-3.; Note: Reimann mentions some attempts to "identify both Pramiti and Kalkin with historical rulers".
  50. ↑ Arvind Sharma (2012). Religious Studies and Comparative Methodology: The Case for Reciprocal Illumination. State University of New York Press. pp. 244–245. ISBN 978-0-7914-8325-1.
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  56. 1 2 van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1987). The Mahabharata. University of Chicago Press. Volume 2, Book 2, pages 597–598. ISBN 9780226223681.
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