Background

The founding of the New Zealand Labour Party, on 7 July 1916 in Wellington,^[12] brought together a number of earlier socialist groups advocating proportional representation, the abolition of the country quota, the recall of members of Parliament, as well as the nationalisation of production and exchange.^[20]

Despite the Labour Party's Wellington origins, the West Coast town of Blackball is regarded as the "spiritual home" of the party,^[21] because it was the site of a miners' strike in 1908 that led to the founding of the first nationwide federation of trade unions (the "Red Federation").^[22] The Labour Party was established by trade unions, among other groups, and the party identifies itself as part of the wider labour movement in New Zealand.^[23][24] The Labour Party has long been identified with red, a political colour traditionally affiliated with socialism and the labour movement.

Formation (1901–1916)

At the turn of the 20th century, the radical side of New Zealand working class politics was represented by the Socialist Party, founded in 1901. The more moderate leftists generally supported the Liberal Party.^[25] In 1905 a group of working-class politicians who were dissatisfied with the Liberal approach established the Independent Political Labour League (IPLL),^[26] which managed to win a seat in Parliament in the 1908 election.^[27][28] At the same time, moderates contested as "Lib-Lab" candidates, aligning with the Liberal Party while enjoying the endorsement of the labour movement.^[29] This established the basic dividing line in New Zealand's left-wing politics – the Socialists/IPLL tended to be revolutionary and militant, while the moderates focused instead on progressive reform.^[30] The process of unifying these sides into a single party was difficult, with tensions between different factions running strong.^[31]

In 1910 the Independent Political Labour League was relaunched as an organisation called the Labour Party (distinct from the modern party). Soon, however, the leaders of the new organisation decided that additional effort was needed to promote left-wing cooperation, and organised a "Unity Conference". The Socialists refused to attend, but several independent labour activists agreed. The United Labour Party (ULP) was born.^[30]

Soon afterward, the labour movement went through the 1912 Waihi miners' strike, a major industrial disturbance prompted by radicals in the union movement.^[32] The movement split over supporting or opposing the radicals, and in the end, the conservative Reform Party government of William Massey suppressed the strike by force. In the strike's aftermath, there was a major drive to end the divisions in the labour movement and to establish a united front. Accordingly, Walter Thomas Mills organised another Unity Conference, and this time the Socialists attended.^[32] The resulting group was named the Social Democratic Party.

Not all members of the United Labour Party accepted the new organisation, however, and some continued under their own banner. Gradually, however, the differences between the Social Democrats and the ULP Remnant broke down, and in 1915 they formed a unified caucus – both to oppose Reform better and to differentiate themselves from the Liberals.^[33] A year later yet another gathering took place. This time, all major factions of the labour movement agreed to unite, forming the Labour Party as it is today.^[34]

Early years (1916–1935)

Almost immediately, the new Labour Party became involved in the acrimonious debate about conscription which arose during World War I. The party strongly opposed conscription,^[35] and several leading members – Peter Fraser, Harry Holland, Bob Semple and Paddy Webb – were jailed and expelled from Parliament for their stand against the war.^[36] The loss of leadership threatened to seriously destabilise the party, but the party survived.^[36] (Fraser, Semple and Webb later supported conscription in World War II.^[36])

In its first real electoral test as a united party, the 1919 election, Labour won eight seats – the party's quick success shocked many conservatives.^[37] The eight seats compared with 47 for the governing Reform Party and 21 for the Liberal Party.^[38]

Although Labour had split with its more militant faction (which went on to form various socialist parties), it maintained what were at the time radical socialist policies. Labour's 'Usehold' policy on land was, in essence, the replacement of freehold tenure by a system of perpetual lease from the state, with all land-transfer conducted through the state (the full nationalisation of farmland). This policy proved unpopular with voters, and Labour dropped it, along with other more radical policies, in the course of the 1920s.^[30]

Members of the Labour parliamentary caucus, 1922. Prominent members are Harry Holland (seated, left of centre), Peter Fraser (seated, right of centre) and Michael Joseph Savage (back row, rightmost).

In the 1922 election, Labour more than doubled its number of seats, winning seventeen. In the 1925 election, it declined somewhat but had the consolation of soon overtaking the Liberals as the second-largest party. Labour leader Harry Holland became the official Leader of the Opposition on 16 June 1926, after the Eden by-election on 15 April elected Rex Mason (Labour) to replace James Parr (Reform), who had resigned. After the 1928 election, however, the party was left in an advantageous position – the Reform Party and the new United Party (a revival of the Liberals) tied with 27 seats each, and neither could govern without Labour support. Labour chose to back United, the party closest to its own views – this put an end to five terms (1912–1928) of Reform Party government.^[39]

In the early 1930s the rigours of the Great Depression brought Labour considerable popularity, but also caused tension between Labour and the United Party. In 1931 United passed a number of economic measures which Labour deemed hostile to workers, and the agreement between the two parties collapsed. United then formed a coalition government with Reform, making Labour the Opposition. The coalition retained power in the 1931 election, but gradually, the public became highly dissatisfied with its failure to resolve the country's economic problems. Harry Holland died in 1933 and his deputy, Michael Joseph Savage, became the Labour Party parliamentary leader. In the 1935 election, the Labour Party gained a significant majority, gaining 53 seats to the coalition's 19, and returned to government.

Several of the early Labour Party stalwarts were Australian-born: Alfred Hindmarsh, Harry Holland, Michael Joseph Savage, Bob Semple, Paddy Webb, Bill Parry and later Jerry Skinner, Mabel Howard, Hugh Watt, Jim Edwards and Dorothy Jelicich.

First Government (1935–1949)

Michael Joseph Savage, the first Prime Minister from the Labour Party

Party leader Michael Joseph Savage became prime minister on 6 December 1935, marking the beginning of Labour's first term in office. The new government quickly set about implementing a number of significant reforms, including a reorganisation of the social-welfare system and setting up the state housing scheme.^[40] Workers also benefited from the introduction of the forty-hour week, and legislation making it easier for unions to negotiate on their behalf.^[41] Savage himself was highly popular with the working classes, and his portrait could be found on walls in many houses around the country.^[42] At this time the Labour Party pursued an alliance with the Māori Rātana movement.^[43]

The parliamentary opposition, meanwhile, attacked the Labour Party's more left-wing policies and accused it of undermining free enterprise and hard work. In May 1936, months after Labour's first general election win, the Reform Party and the United Party took their coalition to the next step, agreeing to merge with each other. The combined organisation, named the National Party, would be Labour's main rival in future years.^[44]

Members of the First Labour Government on the steps of the Parliamentary Library in Wellington, 1935

Labour also faced opposition within its own ranks. While the Labour Party had been explicitly socialist at its inception, it had gradually drifted away from its earlier radicalism. The death of the party's former leader, the "doctrinaire" Harry Holland, had marked a significant turning-point in the party's history. Some within the party, however, were displeased about the changing focus of the party. Most notably, John A. Lee. Lee, whose views were a mixture of socialism and social credit theory, emerged as a vocal critic of the party's leadership, accusing it of behaving autocratically and of betraying the party's rank and file. After a long and bitter dispute, the Party expelled Lee from the party, who then established his own breakaway Democratic Labour Party.^[45]

Savage died in 1940 and Peter Fraser, who became Labour's longest-serving prime minister, replaced him. Fraser became best-known as New Zealand's head of government for most of World War II. In the post-war period, however, ongoing shortages and industrial problems cost Labour considerable popularity, and the National Party, under Sidney Holland, gained ground, although Labour was able to win the 1943 and 1946 elections. Eventually, in the 1949 election, Labour suffered electoral defeat.^[46]

Fraser died shortly afterward, and was replaced by Walter Nash, the long-serving minister of finance.^[47] It would be some time before Labour would return to power; Nash lacked the charisma of his predecessors, and National won considerable support for opposing the "industrial anarchy" of the 1951 waterfront dispute.^[48] In the 1957 election, however, Labour won a narrow majority of two seats, and returned to office.

Second Government (1957–1960)

Nash, Labour's third prime minister, took office in late 1957. Upon coming to power, Labour decided that drastic measures were needed to address balance-of-payments concerns.^[49] This resulted in the highly unpopular 1958 "Black Budget" of Arnold Nordmeyer, the new minister of finance, which raised taxes on alcohol, cigarettes, cars, and petrol.^[50] It is widely thought to have doomed the party to defeat despite the economy rejuvenating less than a year after the adoption of the Black Budget.^[50] In the 1960 election, the National Party returned to power.

Leader Norman Kirk opening Labour's election campaign in 1966

The elderly Nash retired in 1963, suffering from ill health.^[51] Nordmeyer replaced him, but the taint of the Black Budget ensured that Nordmeyer did not have any appreciable success in reversing the party's fortunes. In 1965 the leadership went to the younger Norman Kirk, who many believed would revitalise the party. Labour suffered defeat again in the next two elections, but in the 1972 election, the party gained a significant majority over its rival.

Third Government (1972–1975)

Kirk proved an energetic prime minister and introduced a number of new policies. His foreign-policy stances included strong criticism of nuclear-weapons testing and of South Africa's apartheid system. However, Kirk suffered from poor health, worsened by his refusal to slow the pace of his work. In 1974 Kirk was taken ill and died. Bill Rowling replaced him, but did not have the same electoral appeal – in the 1975 election, Labour lost to the National Party, then led by Robert Muldoon.^[52]

Party logo from the mid-1960s until the early 1990s

Rowling remained the leader of the Labour Party for some time after his defeat. In the 1978 election and the 1981 election Labour won a larger share of the vote than National but failed to win an equivalent number of seats. This led to a very heated debate on New Zealand's electoral system, and precipitated the introduction of mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) fifteen years later.^[53] Rowling himself was compared by media unfavourably to Muldoon, and did not cope well with Muldoon's aggressive style. In 1983 Rowling was replaced as parliamentary leader by David Lange, whom the parliamentary caucus perceived as more charismatic.^[54] In the snap election of 1984, Labour decisively defeated the National Party.

Fourth Government (1984–1990)

The free-market policies of David Lange's government deviated sharply from those of previous Labour governments

When the Fourth Labour Government came into power it uncovered a fiscal crisis that had been largely hidden by the outgoing Third National Government.^[55] Government debt was skyrocketing, due largely to the costs of borrowing to maintain a fixed exchange-rate. When the result of the election became clear, Lange asked Muldoon to devalue the New Zealand dollar, which Muldoon refused to do, resulting in a constitutional crisis and precipitating some of the changes in the Constitution Act 1986.^[56]

The economic-policy agenda of the Fourth Labour Government differed significantly from previous Labour governments. The minister of finance, Roger Douglas, supported neoliberal theories, and sought to implement sweeping free-market reforms (dubbed "Rogernomics") to the economy and to the tax system.^[57][58] This involved floating the New Zealand dollar, cutting government spending, reducing taxes and removing almost all industry subsidies.^[58] The government also revolutionised New Zealand's foreign policy, making the country a nuclear-free zone, which resulted in suspension from the ANZUS alliance.^[59] Labour liberalised immigration policy and promoted migration from Asia.^[60]

Other innovations during the term of the Fourth Labour Government included extending the jurisdiction of the Waitangi Tribunal back to 1840 (the date of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi); the Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986, which legalised homosexual relations; and the Bill of Rights Act, which enumerated civil and political rights. Throughout its first term (1984–1987), the Labour government remained largely unified behind the enacted radical financial, economic and social policy reforms, but early signs of dissension began to appear before the 1987 election.^[61]

In 1987 Labour won another considerable election victory against the National Party, while ruptures over the direction of policy remained concealed. Despite taking votes from affluent areas, Labour suffered negative swings in more traditional seats, while the blue-ribbon seat of Remuera nearly fell into the Labour column. The government's second term (1987–1990), with an increased Labour majority won on the back of Lange's anti-nuclear stance, saw emerging divisions over economic policy arising within Cabinet.^[62] Ministers debated the extent and pace of further reforms, and there was disillusion among party members and supporters loyal to Labour's left-wing tradition.^[63][64] The Council of Trade Unions criticised the Labour Party. One vocal member of Parliament critical of government policy, former Party President Jim Anderton, departed to establish the NewLabour Party, which later became a part of the left-wing Alliance Party.^[62][64] At the same time Roger Douglas and Lange fought intermittent battles inside Cabinet, with Douglas wanting to expand his economic programme dramatically. Lange strongly opposed a flat-tax proposal from Douglas and moved to sack him, resulting in political clashes throughout 1988 and the departure of Douglas from the Cabinet in December 1988. After the Labour Caucus re-elected Douglas to Cabinet on 3 August 1989, Lange resigned from office himself (8 August 1989), interpreting Douglas's reappointment as a vote of no confidence in his leadership.^[65]

Geoffrey Palmer became the new Labour prime minister.^[65] However, Palmer failed to rebuild the shattered remnants of Lange's government and in September 1990, Mike Moore replaced him. Despite Moore's ascension somewhat salvaging poll-ratings, Labour suffered its worst defeat since it first took office in 1935 (losing twenty-eight seats) – voters flung the Party into the political wilderness with an election landslide loss.^[64] National swept to power, seemingly repudiating the Lange/Douglas program, but then engaged in even more radical policies than Labour had contemplated. Political disillusionment caused by both governments was to be instrumental in the later adoption of mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) in 1993 (implemented in 1996).^[66][67]

Moore himself, despite recovering sixteen seats at the 1993 election, was replaced by Helen Clark in December 1993. Clark led the party in opposition to the National government for six years under the administrations of Bolger (1993–1997) and Shipley (1997–1999). During this period in opposition, the party made a measured repudiation of Rogernomics, although it has never returned to its original leftist roots (Labour's contemporary position is left-of-centre).^[5][6] When the 1996 election, the first conducted under the MMP electoral system, gave the balance of power to the centrist New Zealand First party, many believed that Labour would return to power, but in the end New Zealand First formed a coalition arrangement with the National Party. Despite initially appearing coherent, the coalition became increasingly unstable and eventually collapsed, leaving the National Party to govern as a minority government from 1998 to 1999.

Fifth Government (1999–2008)

Helen Clark, Labour Prime Minister from 1999 to 2008

After the 1999 election, a coalition government of Labour and the Alliance took power, with Helen Clark becoming New Zealand's second female prime minister.^[68] This government, while undertaking a number of reforms, was not particularly radical when compared to previous Labour governments, and maintained a high level of popularity.^[69][70] The Alliance, however, fell in popularity and split internally. Clark cited the Alliance split as one of the reasons for calling the 2002 election several months early; Labour won comfortably.^[71]

Policies of the Fifth Labour Government included the KiwiSaver scheme,^[72] the Working for Families package, increasing the minimum wage 5% a year, interest-free student loans, the establishment of District Health Boards, the introduction of a number of tax credits, overhauling the secondary-school qualifications system by introducing the NCEA, and the introduction of fourteen weeks' parental leave.^[73] Labour also supported the Civil Union Act 2004, which legalised civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples.^[74]

In early 2004 Labour came under attack in the foreshore and seabed controversy.^[75] Significant internal tensions within the party eventually culminated in the resignation of junior minister Tariana Turia and her establishment of the new Māori Party.^[76]

Party logo in 2008

Following the 2005 election, Labour formed a coalition with the Progressive Party (breakaway party of the old Alliance), and entered into complex confidence and supply agreements with the centrist United Future and New Zealand First parties, which gave each party's leader a ministerial portfolio, while the support parties remained outside the Cabinet. A limited support agreement also linked Labour with the Green Party, giving certain policy concessions to the Greens in return for abstention on confidence-and-supply votes. Labour lost power when the National Party soundly defeated it in the 2008 election.

In opposition (2008–2017)

Then-leader Phil Goff with future leader Jacinda Ardern and Carol Beaumont at a 2010 anti-mining march in Auckland

Following the loss to the National Party in the November 2008 election, Helen Clark stood down as leader of the party^[77] – Phil Goff succeeded her (serving from 2008–2011).^[78] Labour had a relatively high turnover of four leaders during its most recent term in opposition; journalist Nicky Hager has attributed this to Labour's reaction to changes within public media and the political environment.^[79] Goff led Labour into a second electoral defeat in 2011 and was succeeded by David Shearer, who led the Labour parliamentary from 2011 to 2013.^[80]

Shearer resigned after losing the confidence of caucus. David Cunliffe (2013–2014) assumed the leadership after the 2013 leadership election in which, under new rules, members and unions held 60% of the vote.^[81][82] Most of the Labour caucus disliked Cunliffe, but he had strong support from the party membership. In the leadership contest he won first-preference votes from only one-third of Labour MPs.^[82]

Cunliffe's tenure as leader quickly became mired in internal disputes and falling poll-ratings. Labour went on to suffer its worst electoral reversal since 1922 at the 2014 election, Cunliffe opted to resign after initially wishing to re-contest the leadership. His replacement, Andrew Little (2014–2017), then resigned in 2017 following new polling showing the party sinking to a record low result of 24%, with internal voices hoping that rising star Jacinda Ardern would take over in his stead.^[83]

The caucus confirmed Ardern as the new Labour leader (2017–2023).^[83][84] After Ardern's election to its parliamentary leadership Labour rose dramatically in opinion polls. By late August they had risen to 43% in one poll (having been 24% under Little's leadership), as well as managing to overtake National in opinion polls for the first time in over a decade.^[85]

Sixth Government (2017–2023)

During the 2017 election, Labour gained 36.6% of the party vote and increased its presence in the House of Representatives to 46 seats, making it the second-largest party in Parliament.^[17]

On 19 October 2017, New Zealand First leader Winston Peters announced that his party would form a coalition government with Labour,^[86] citing changing international and internal economic circumstances as the reasoning behind his decision,^[87] coupled with a belief that a Labour government was best-placed to handle the social and economic welfare of New Zealanders in a global environment that was undergoing rapid and "seismic" change.^[88] This coalition, combined with confidence and supply from the Green Party,^[89] saw Labour return to government for the first time since 2008. Ardern became prime minister, with Peters as her deputy.^[90] The Labour government pledged to eliminate child poverty, make tertiary education free, reduce immigration by 20,000 to 30,000, decriminalise abortion, and make all rivers swimmable within 10 years.^[88]

In mid-July 2020, the Serious Fraud Office announced that it was investigating donations made to the Labour Party by two Chinese businessmen during the 2017 general election. Labour Party President Claire Szabó announced that the party would co-operate with the investigation.^[91][92]

In the 2020 election, Labour gained 50% of the party vote and increased its presence in the House of Representatives to 65 seats, marking the first time that a party has won enough seats to govern alone since the introduction of the MMP system in 1996. Described as a "landslide" victory^[18] in which the party won the party vote in "virtually every single electorate", Labour is believed to have gained support from swing voters, many of whom had previously voted for National under John Key.^[93][94][95] Despite this landslide victory Labour faced criticism from economists due to the government's lack of action on New Zealand's housing affordability crisis, despite it being a key feature of Labour's 2017 election campaign.^[96]

On 19 January 2023, Ardern announced her resignation as party leader and therefore prime minister.^[97] In the resultant leadership election Chris Hipkins was the only candidate and was confirmed as the new Labour leader on 22 January.^[98] The 2023 New Zealand general election, held on 14 October 2023, saw the Labour government lose its majority to the opposition National Party.^[99][19] Based on final results, Labour's share of the popular vote declined to 26.91% while its share of Parliamentary seats dropped to 34.^[100][101]

Principles

According to its current constitution, the party accepts democratic socialist principles, including:^[107]

• The management of New Zealand's natural resources for the benefit of all, including future generations.
• Equal access to all social, economic, cultural, political, and legal spheres, regardless of wealth or social position.
• Co-operation as the main governing factor in economic relations, to ensure a just distribution of wealth.
• Universal rights to dignity, self-respect, and the opportunity to work.
• The right to wealth and property, subject to the provisos of regarding people as always more important than property and the obligations of the state to ensure a just distribution of wealth.
• Honouring Te Tiriti o Waitangi / the Treaty of Waitangi as the founding document of New Zealand.
• The promotion of peace and social justice throughout the world by international co-operation.
• Equality in human rights regardless of race, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, religious faith, political belief or disability.

Voter base

Historically, the party drew upon a stable sectional voter base comprising the urban working class, predominantly manual labourers and trade unionists. From the 1930s onwards, Labour has increasingly positioned itself as a broad-based party by responding and adapting to different social and economic problems and changing demographics (appealing to an expanding migrant population and a diversified ethnic, social make-up).^[11] Beginning in the 1980s, there was a shift away from class-issues and towards the promotion of individual freedoms, particularly for members of disadvantaged groups such as women and Māori. The modern party's core support base lies among young people, urban workers, civil servants, and minorities (particularly the Māori and Pasifika communities).^[108][109]

Party structure

Caucus and parliamentary leadership

Leader Chris Hipkins (in 2022)

The elected members representing the Labour Party in the House of Representatives meet as the Parliamentary Labour Party, also called the Caucus. The current parliamentary leader is Chris Hipkins (since 22 January 2023).^[116] A leadership election is triggered upon the vacancy of the position of leader or a motion of no confidence. Candidates are nominated from within the Caucus. Under Labour Party rules, party members have 40% of the votes, MPs have another 40% of the votes, and affiliated unions have 20% of the votes.^[110] Some observers have criticised the influence of the unions in leadership elections.^[117]

Affiliated trade unions

In the first decades of the 20th century, manufacturing industries grew strongly in New Zealand's main cities and union membership also increased. The Labour Party was formed in this period as the political wing of the labour movement and was financed by trade unions. Since then, the unions have retained close institutional links with the party. There are currently six unions that are directly affiliated to the party and pay affiliation fees, as well as receiving a percentage of the vote in party leadership elections.^[117] These unions are the following:

• E tū – created through the merger of the Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union and the Service & Food Workers Union in 2015.^[118]
• Maritime Union of New Zealand (MUNZ)
• New Zealand Dairy Workers Union (DWU)
• New Zealand Meat & Related Trades Workers Union (MWU)
• Rail and Maritime Transport Union (RMTU)
• Central Amalgamated Workers' Union (CAWU)

In addition, the president of the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions continues to speak at the Labour Party Annual Conference.^[119]

Young Labour

Young Labour is the party's youth wing. It exists to organise young party members (and young members of affiliated unions) aged under 30,^[120] and encourage wider involvement of young New Zealanders in centre-left politics. Young Labour is the most active sector in the Labour Party and plays a significant role in policy development and campaign efforts. It is endearingly called the "conscience of the party".^[121]

In March 2018, it was reported that four people under 16 were allegedly sexually assaulted at a Young Labour summer camp in February. The camp was said to have "mountains of alcohol", and people under the legal drinking age of 18 were said to have consumed alcohol. Although Young Labour and the Labour Party were aware of the allegations, party leadership failed to tell the Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern. The party offered counselling and support after the allegations were publicly reported.^[122][123] An independent review into the party's conduct and sexual assault complaint policy was announced by Party President Nigel Haworth, and was completed late August. The party has declined to release the report to the public.^[124]

Local government

Labour Party members including current and former Members of Parliament have contested various local government positions throughout New Zealand during local body elections. While several have stood as Labour Party candidates, others have contested the elections as independent politicians.

Parliamentary

1919–1993^[152]

MMP era, 1996–present^{[153][154][155][156][157][158]}

Election	Party votes	Total %	Seats won	Status
1919	131,402	24.2%	8 / 80	Opposition
1922	150,448	23.70%	17 / 80
1925	184,650	27.20%	12 / 80
1928	198,092	26.19%	19 / 80	Junior in coalition with United
1931	244,881	34.27%	24 / 80	Opposition
1935	434,368	46.17%	53 / 80	Government
Two-party system era
1938	528,290	55.82%	53 / 80	Government
1943	522,189	47.6%	45 / 80
1946	536,994	51.28%	42 / 80
1949	506,073	47.16%	34 / 80	Opposition
1951	473,146	45.8%	30 / 80
1954	481,631	44.1%	35 / 80
1957	531,740	48.3%	41 / 80	Government
1960	420,084	43.4%	34 / 80	Opposition
1963	383,205	43.7%	35 / 80
1966	382,756	41.4%	35 / 80
1969	464,346	44.2%	39 / 84
1972	677,669	48.37%	55 / 87	Government
1975	634,453	39.56%	32 / 87	Opposition
1978	691,076	40.41%	40 / 92
1981	702,630	39.01%	43 / 91
1984	829,154	42.98%	56 / 95	Government
1987	878,448	47.96%	57 / 97
1990	640,915	35.14%	29 / 97	Opposition
1993	666,759	34.68%	45 / 99
Mixed-member proportional representation era
1996	584,159	28.19%	37 / 120	Opposition
1999	800,199	38.74%	49 / 120	Government (coalition)
2002	838,219	41.26%	52 / 120
2005	935,319	41.10%	50 / 121
2008	796,880	33.99%	43 / 122	Opposition
2011	614,936	27.48%	34 / 121
2014	604,534	25.13%	32 / 121
2017	956,184	36.89%	46 / 120	Government (coalition)
2020	1,443,546	50.01%	65 / 120	Government
2023	767,236	26.91%	34 / 123	Opposition

Labour did not contest every electorate until 1946, when it stood candidates in all 80 electorates.^[159] According to the National Executive reports,^[160] the number of official candidates in 1919 is uncertain (53 or possibly 46). The party ran 41 candidates in 1922; 56 in 1925; 55 in 1928; 53 in 1931; 70 in 1935; 78 in 1938; and 77 in 1943. Labour did not run against independent candidates who voted with Labour, such as Harry Atmore in Nelson and David McDougall in Mataura, Southland. Labour did not run candidates against the two Country Party candidates in 1935, but did in 1938, when both candidates were defeated.

Māori electorates

Election	Seats	Change
1919	0 / 4	new
1922	0 / 4	0
1925	0 / 4	0
1928	0 / 4	0
1931	0 / 4	0
1935	0 / 4	0
1938	3 / 4	3
1943	4 / 4	1
1946	4 / 4	0
1949	4 / 4	0
1951	4 / 4	0
1954	4 / 4	0
1957	4 / 4	0
1960	4 / 4	0
1963	4 / 4	0
1966	4 / 4	0
1969	4 / 4	0
1972	4 / 4	0
1975	4 / 4	0
1978	4 / 4	0
1981	4 / 4	0
1984	4 / 4	0
1987	4 / 4	0
1990	4 / 4	0
1993	3 / 4	1
1996	0 / 5	3
1999	6 / 6	6
2002	7 / 7	1
2005	3 / 7	4
2008	2 / 7	1
2011	3 / 7	1
2014	6 / 7	3
2017	7 / 7	1
2020	6 / 7	1
2023	1 / 7	5

List of leaders

The following is a complete list of Labour Party leaders in the House of Representatives:
Key:
  Labour   Reform   United   National
PM: Prime Minister
LO: Leader of the Opposition
†: Died in office

No.		Leader	Portrait	Term Began	Term Ended	Position	Prime Minister
	1	Alfred Hindmarsh		7 July 1916	13 November 1918†	—		Massey
	2	Harry Holland		27 August 1919	8 October 1933†	—
								Bell
						LO 1926–1928		Coates
						Junior coalition partner 1928–1931		Ward
						LO 1931–1933		Forbes
	3	Michael Joseph Savage		12 October 1933	27 March 1940†	LO 1933–1935
						PM 1935–1940		Savage
	4	Peter Fraser		1 April 1940	12 December 1950†	PM 1940–1949		Fraser
						LO 1949–1950		Holland
	5	Walter Nash		17 January 1951	31 March 1963	LO 1951–1957
								Holyoake
						PM 1957–1960		Nash
						LO 1960–1963		Holyoake
	6	Arnold Nordmeyer		1 April 1963	16 December 1965	LO 1963–1965
	7	Norman Kirk		16 December 1965	31 August 1974†	LO 1965–1972
								Marshall
						PM 1972–1974		Kirk
	8	Bill Rowling		6 September 1974	3 February 1983	PM 1974–1975		Rowling
						LO 1975–1983		Muldoon
	9	David Lange		3 February 1983	8 August 1989	LO 1983–1984
						PM 1984–1989		Lange
	10	Geoffrey Palmer		8 August 1989	4 September 1990	PM 1989–1990		Palmer
	11	Mike Moore		4 September 1990	1 December 1993	PM 1990		Moore
						LO 1990–1993		Bolger
	12	Helen Clark		1 December 1993	11 November 2008	LO 1993–1999
								Shipley
						PM 1999–2008		Clark
	13	Phil Goff		11 November 2008	13 December 2011	LO 2008–2011		Key
	14	David Shearer		13 December 2011	15 September 2013	LO 2011–2013
	15	David Cunliffe		15 September 2013	30 September 2014	LO 2013–2014
	16	Andrew Little		18 November 2014	1 August 2017	LO 2014–2017
								English
	17	Jacinda Ardern		1 August 2017	22 January 2023	LO 2017
						PM 2017–2023		Ardern
	18	Chris Hipkins		22 January 2023	Incumbent	PM 2023		Hipkins
						LO 2023–present		Luxon

List of deputy leaders

The following is a complete list of Labour Party deputy leaders:

Citations

Sources