Motion interpolation of seven images of the HR 8799 system taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory over seven years, featuring four exoplanets

This is a list of extrasolar planets that have been directly observed, sorted by observed separations. This method works best for young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star. Currently, this list includes both directly imaged planets and imaged planetary-mass companions (objects that orbit a star but formed through a binary-star-formation process, not a planet-formation process). This list does not include free-floating planetary-mass objects in star-forming regions or young associations, which are also referred to as rogue planets.

The data given for each planet is taken from the latest published paper on the planet to have that data. In many cases it is not possible to have an exact value, and an estimated range is instead provided. The lightest, coldest, and oldest planet directly imaged is Proxima Centauri c, which has seven times Earth's mass, an effective temperature of 39 K, and an age of about 4.8 Ga. This list includes the four members of the multi-planet system that orbit HR 8799.

Key

Exoplanets have been discovered using several different methods for collecting or combining direct images to isolate planets from the background light of their star. Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry is a method of combining the views of multiple telescopes into a single image, while the other methods are algorithms for combining multiple direct images taken from the same telescope.

  • ADI = Angular Differential Imaging
  • KLIP = Karhunen–Loève Image Processing
  • LOCI = Locally Optimized Combination of Images
  • NRM = Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry
  • RSDI = Reference Star Differential Imaging
  • SDI = Spectral Differential Imaging
  • TLOCI = Template Locally Optimized Combination of Images

Exoplanets

Although listed in the table below, the identities of Fomalhaut b and Candidate 1 are disputed. They may not actually be true exoplanets.   †   There is no consensus whether these companions of stars should be considered sub-brown dwarfs or planets Check https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html to see more directly imaged planets. It contains an updated table of all of them.

Star Exoplanet Image Mass (MJ) Radius (RJ) Period (yr) Observed separation (AU) Eccentricity Distance to Earth (ly) Year of discovery Imaging technique Ref(s).
Alpha Centauri Candidate 1 (?) 0.11±0.05 0.459±0.17 ~1 1.1 4.37 2021
AF Leporis AF Lep b 2-5.5 20.6 8 0.47 87 2023 Direct imaging [1][2][3]
Beta Pictoris Beta Pictoris b 12.7±0.3 1.5±0.2 22.47+3.77
−2.26		 9 0.08+0.09
−0.05		 63.4±0.1 2008 RSDI [4][5][6][7]
51 Eridani 51 Eridani b 2.6 1.0  ? 13  ? 96 2014 ADI, KLIP [8]
HR 8799 HR 8799 e 7.0 1.3 49 14.5 0.14 128 2010 ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 d 7.0 1.3 100 24.5 0.09 128 2008 ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 c 7.0 1.3 189 37.4 0.24 128 2008 ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 b 5.0 1.2 474 69.2 0.17 128 2008 ADI, LOCI
2M J044144 2M J044144 b† 5–10 15 456 2010 Direct imaging
29 Cygni HIP 99770 b 13.9-16.1 1.05 51.0 16.9 0.25 130.9 2022 ALOCI [9]
PDS 70 PDS 70 b  ?  ? 21 370 2018 ADI, TLOCI
PDS 70 c  ?  ? 35 370 2019 SDI
HD 169142 HD 169142 b 1-4 37.2 115 2019/2023 pseudo-ADI, PDI, ASDI, ADI [10][11]
2M1207 2M1207b † 4.2 1.5 1620 40.6 0.37 170 2004 Direct imaging
59 Virginis Gliese 504 b† 4+4.5
−1		  ?  ? 43.5  ? 57.27 2013 ADI, LOCI
Kappa Andromedae Kappa Andromedae b 13+12
−2		  ? 242–900 55 0.69–0.85 168.0 2013 ADI, LOCI
HD 95086 HD 95086 b 5.0  ?  ? 56  ? 295 2013 ADI, LOCI
2MASS J01033563-5515561(AB) 2MASS J0103 AB b† 12-14 84 154 2013 AO [12]
HIP 65426 HIP 65426 b 6-12 1.5 600 92 363 2017 ADI, TLOCI [13][14]
AB Aurigae AB Aurigae b 9-12 2.75  ? 93 0.19-0.60 508 2022 ADI/RSDI, ALOCI [15]
VHS 1256-1257 VHS 1256 b † 11.2 3900 102 40 2015 Direct imaging
Fomalhaut Fomalhaut b (?) < 2.0 872–2000 116.0 25 2008/2012 RSDI
2MASS J04372171+2651014 2M0437 b 3-5 118 418 2021 AO [16]
ROXs 42B ROXs 42Bb 9±3 2.5 1968.3 157 Un­known 440±16 2013 Direct imaging [17]
2MASS J22362452+4751425 2M2236+4751 b† 11-14 230 205 2017 AO [18]
AB Pictoris AB Pictoris b† 10-14 260 164 2005 imaging+ coronagraph [19][20]
FW Tauri FW Tauri b† 10±4  ? ~12,000[21] 330  ? 472.93[22] 2013 Direct imaging [23][24]
DH Tauri DH Tauri b† 11±3 2.7±0.8 330 441 2005/2014 Coronagraph, AO [25][26]
1RXS J1609 1RXS 1609 b† 8–14 1.7 6518 331.1 0.08 470 2008/2010 Direct imaging
HD 203030 HD 203030 B 11+4
−3		 487 128 2006 SDI [27]
HD 106906 HD 106906 b† 11±2  ?  ? 650  ? 300 2013 ADI
DT Virginis Ross 458(AB) c† 8.5 1.8 33,081 1167.7 0.17 38[28] 2011 Direct imaging
BD+60 1417 BD+60 1417b† 15±5 1.31±0.06 1662 144±13 2021 Direct imaging [29]
GU Piscium GU Piscium b† 11±2 163,000 2000 155 2014 Direct imaging
WD 0806-661 WD 0806-661 B† 7–9  ?  ? 2500  ? 62 2011 Direct imaging
L 34-26 COCONUTS-2b† 6.3+1.5
−1.9		 1.1±0.03 ~1,100,000 6471 35.51±0.01 2021/2011 Direct imaging [30]
TYC 9486-927-1 2MASS J2126–8140 13.3±1.7  ? ~900,000 6684  ? 80.72±13.86 2016/2006 Direct imaging [31]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Mesa, D.; Gratton, R.; Kervella, P.; Bonavita, M.; Desidera, S.; D'Orazi, V.; Marino, S.; Zurlo, A.; Rigliaco, E. (2023-02-13). "AF Lep b: The lowest-mass planet detected by coupling astrometric and direct imaging data". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 672: A93. arXiv:2302.06213. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345865.
  3. ↑ De Rosa, Robert J.; Nielsen, Eric L.; Wahhaj, Zahed; Ruffio, Jean-Baptise; Kalas, Paul G.; Peck, Anne E.; Hirsch, Lea A.; Roberson, William (2023-02-13). "Direct imaging discovery of a super-Jovian around the young Sun-like star AF Leporis". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 672: A94. arXiv:2302.06332. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345877.
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  11. ↑ Hammond, Iain; Christiaens, Valentin; Price, Daniel J.; Toci, Claudia; Pinte, Christophe; Juillard, Sandrine; Garg, Himanshi (2023-03-01). "Confirmation and keplerian motion of the gap-carving protoplanet HD 169142 b". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 522: L51–L55. arXiv:2302.11302. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.tmpL..30H. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad027. ISSN 0035-8711.
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