The following are lists of extremes among the known exoplanets. The properties listed here are those for which values are known reliably. It is important to note that the study of exoplanets is one of the most dynamic emerging fields of science, and these values may change wildly as new discoveries are made.
Extremes from Earth's viewpoint
Title | Planet | Star | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Most distant discovered | SWEEPS-11 / SWEEPS-04 | SWEEPS J175902.67β291153.5 / SWEEPS J175853.92β291120.6 | 27,710 light-years[1] | Several candidate extragalactic planets have been detected.
The most distant potentially habitable planet confirmed is Kepler-1606b, at 2,870 light-years distant,[2] although the unconfirmed planet KOI-5889.01 is over 5,000 light-years distant. On 31 March 2022, K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb was reported to be the most distant exoplanet discovered by Kepler telescope, at 17,000 light-years away.[3] |
Least distant | Proxima Centauri b, c and d | Proxima Centauri | 4.25 light-years | Proxima Centauri b and d are the closest rocky exoplanets, b is the closest potentially habitable exoplanet known, and c is the closest mini-Neptune and potentially ringed planet. As Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun (and will stay so for the next 25,000 years), this is an absolute record. |
Most distant directly visible | CT Chamaeleontis b | CT Chamaeleontis | 622 light-years[4] | The disputed planet candidate CVSO 30 c may be more distant, at 1,200 light-years. |
Closest directly visible | COCONUTS-2b | L 34-26 | 35.5 light-years[4] | WISE 1217+1626 B is closer, but is generally considered a brown dwarf. Proxima Centauri c (confirmed in 2020 using archival Hubble data from 1995+) may have been directly imaged.[5] |
Star with the brightest apparent magnitude with a planet | Pollux b | Pollux[6] | Apparent magnitude is 1.14 | Alpha Centauri A (apparent magnitude 0.01) has a unconfirmed planet candidate. The evidence of planets around Vega with an apparent magnitude of 0.03 is strongly suggested by circumstellar disks surrounding it.[7] As of 2021, a candidate planet around Vega has been detected.[8] |
Star with the faintest apparent magnitude with a planet | MOA-bin-29Lb | MOA-bin-29L | Apparent magnitude is 44.61[4] | |
Largest angular distance separation from its host star | COCONUTS-2b | COCONUTS-2 | 594 arcseconds[9] |
Planetary characteristics
Title | Planet | Star | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Least massive | PSR B1257+12 b | PSR B1257+12 | 0.020Β±0.002 Mπ¨[4] | The extrasolar planetesimal WD 1145+017 b is less massive, at 0.00067 MEarth.[9] |
Most massive | The candidate for the most massive planet is contentious, as it is difficult to distinguish between a highly massive planet and a brown dwarf (the border between them approximately from 13 to 80 MJ). So it is estimated the largest planets are approximately a dozen Jupiter masses. | |||
Largest radius | Proplyd 133-353 | 7.4Β±0.3 β 8Β±1.1 RJ[10][lower-alpha 1] | Proplyd 133-353 could be a sub-brown dwarf or an rogue planet, with a photoevaporating disk.
HAT-P-67b has the largest accurately measured radius, at 2.085+0.096 | |
Smallest radius | Kepler-37b | Kepler-37 | 0.296Β±0.037 Rπ¨[4] | The extrasolar planetesimals SDSS J1228+1040 b[12] and WD 1145+017 b are smaller. |
Most dense | TOI-4603b | HD 245134 | 14.1+1.7 β1.6 g/cm3 [13] |
TOI-4603b has a mass of 12.89+0.58 β0.57 MJ and a radius of 1.042+0.038 β0.035 RJ.[14] KELT-1b is denser, with 22.1+5.62 Kepler-131c might be more dense at 77.7+55 |
Least dense | Kepler-51c, b and/or possibly d[17] | Kepler-51[17] | ~ 0.03 g/cm3[17] | The densities of Kepler-51 b and c have been constrained to be below 0.05 g/cm3 (expected value 0.03 g/cm3 for each). The density of Kepler-51d is determined to be 0.046 Β± 0.009 g/cm3.[17] |
Hottest (irradiated hot Jupiter) | KELT-9b | KELT-9 | 4,050Β±180 K[4](3777 Β°C) | The unconfirmed planets Kepler-70b and Kepler-70c may be hotter, both at >6,800 K.[18] |
Hottest (self-luminous) | AB Aurigae b | AB Aurigae | 3,800 K (3,530 Β°C)[19] | |
Coldest | OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb | OGLE-2005-BLG-390L | 50 K (β223.2 Β°C)[20] | The disputed planet Proxima Centauri c may be cooler, at 39 K (β234.2 Β°C).[21] |
Highest albedo | LTT 9779 b | LTT 9779 | 0.8[22] | For comparison, Earth is 0.3 and Venus is 0.76. |
Lowest albedo | TrES-2b | GSC 03549-02811 | Geometric albedo < 1%[23] | Best-fit model for albedo gives 0.04% (0.0004).[18] |
Youngest | CI Tauri b | CI Tauri | 2 Myr[24] | The candidate rogue planet / sub-brown dwarf Proplyd 133-353 is younger at 0.5 Myr.[25][26] |
Oldest | WASP-183b | WASP-183 | 14.9Β±1.7 Gyr[4] | The estimated age of the universe is 13.8 billion years, within the margin of error. |
Orbital characteristics
Title | Planet | Star | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Longest orbital period (Longest year) |
COCONUTS-2b | COCONUTS-2 | 1.1 million years[27] | 2MASS J2126β8140 previously held this record at ~900,000 years. |
Shortest orbital period (Shortest year) |
SWIFT J1756.9-2508 b | SWIFT J1756.9-2508 | 48 minutes, 56.5 seconds[28] | K2-137b has the shortest orbit around a main-sequence star (an M dwarf) at 4.31 hours.[29] |
Most eccentric orbit | HD 20782 b[30] | HD 20782 | 0.956Β±0.004 | [31] Record among confirmed planets. The disproven planet candidate at VB 10 was thought to have a higher eccentricity of 0.98.[32] HD 80606 b previously held this record at 0.93226+0.00064 β0.00069. |
Highest orbital inclination | HD 204313 e | HD 204313 | 176.092Β°+0.963Β° β2.122Β° |
[33][34] |
Lowest orbital inclination | HD 331093 b | HD 331093 | >0.3704Β° | [35][34] HD 43197 c has the lowest orbital inclination that is not a lower limit, of 11.42Β°+5.388Β° β3.07Β°.[34] |
Largest orbit around a single star | COCONUTS-2b | COCONUTS-2 | 7,506+5,205 β2,060 AU[4] |
Projected separation of 6,471 AU.[27] Next largest are 2MASS J2126β8140 with 6,900 AU and HD 106906 b[36] with ~738 AU. |
Smallest orbit | PSR J1719-1438 b | PSR J1719β1438 | 0.0044 AU | [37] |
Smallest orbit around binary star | Kepler-47b | Kepler-47AB | 0.2877+0.0014 β0.0011 AU[4] |
[38] |
Smallest ratio of semi-major axis of a planet orbit to binary star orbit | Kepler-16b | Kepler-16AB | 3.14 Β± 0.01 | [39] |
Largest orbit around binary star | SR 12 (AB) c | SR 12 AB | β1100 AU[40] | SR 12 (AB) c has a mass of 0.013Β±0.007 Mβ.[40]
ROXs 42B (AB) b is lower in mass at 9.0+6 DT Virginis c, also known as Ross 458 (AB) c, at a projected separation of β1200 AU, with several mass estimates below the deuterium burning limit, has a latest mass determination of 27Β±4 MJ.[42] |
Largest orbit around a single star in a multiple star system | ROXs 12 b | ROXs 12 | 210Β±20 AU[4] | |
Largest separation between binary stars with a circumbinary planet | SR 12 (AB) c | SR 12 AB | β26 AU[40] | SR 12 (AB) c has a mass of 0.013Β±0.007 Mβ at a projected separation of β1100 AU.[40]
FW Tauri b orbits at a projected separation of 330Β±30 AU around a β11 AU separated binary.[43] It was shown to be more likely a 0.1 Mβ star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk than a planetary-mass companion.[44] |
Closest orbit between stars with a planet orbiting one of the stars | OGLE-2013-BLG-0341LBb | OGLE-2013-BLG-0341LB | ~12β17 AU (10 or 14 AU projected distance)[45] |
OGLE-2013-BLG-0341L b's semi-major axis is 0.7 AU.[45] |
Smallest semi-major-axis difference between consecutive planets | Kepler-70b and Kepler-70c[18] | Kepler-70 | 0.0016 AU (240,000 km) | During closest approach, Kepler-70c would appear 5 times the size of the Moon in Kepler-70b's sky. |
Smallest semi-major axis ratio between consecutive planets | Kepler-36b and Kepler-36c | Kepler-36 | 11% | Kepler-36b and c have semi-major axes of 0.1153 AU and 0.1283 AU, respectively, c is 11% further from star than b. |
Stellar characteristics
Title | Planet | Star | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Highest metallicity | HD 126614 Ab | HD 126614 A | +0.56 dex | Located in a triple star system. |
Lowest metallicity | K2-344b | K2-344 | β0.95Β±0.02 dex[4] | BD+20Β°2457 may be the lowest-metallicity planet host ([Fe/H]=β1.00); however, the proposed planetary system is dynamically unstable.[46] Kapteyn's Star may also be the lowest-metallicity planet host ([Fe/H]=β0.99Β±0.04), but its planets are most likely artifacts of stellar activity and rotation.[47]
Planets were announced around even the extremely low-metallicity stars HIP 13044 and HIP 11952; however, these claims have since been disproven.[48] |
Highest stellar mass | Mu2 Scorpii b | Mu2 Scorpii | 9.1Β±0.3 Mβ[49] | M51-ULS-1b, listed as a candidate planet with 4 sigma confidence, may be the planet with the highest-mass host star. The host is a massive O-class supergiant and a black hole orbiting each other at 0.8 AU, with a combined system mass of >60 solar masses. The planet is a Saturn-sized (0.72 Jupiter radii) object orbiting the black-hole/supergiant binary at 10 AU. The host stars giving off a combined 1 million solar luminosities, the planet receives the equivalent irradiation of 51 Pegasi b, which orbits its star at 0.045 AU. M51-ULS-1b would also be one of the youngest planets ever discovered, with a system age of <10 million years according to evolutionary models.[50]
Because M51-ULS-1b requires further confirmation, the object V921 Sco b, a 60-Jupiter-mass object orbiting a 20-solar-mass 30,000 K Herbig Haro B0IV-class subgiant at 835 AU, may actually be the record holder. Despite the large distance, V921 Sco b receives a comparable amount of irradiation as Mars, owing to the large mass and luminosity of the host star. At 20 solar masses, V921 Sco is the most massive object to host a substellar object. Normally, V921 Sco b would be considered a brown dwarf, but given the high mass of the host star, and the growing studies that confirm the correlation of more massive planets around more massive stars, this object could be considered a planet. Hatzes and Rauer quote an upper limit of 60 Jupiter masses for a core-accretion formation of high-mass gas giants, which is how heavy this object is. Furthermore, the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia lists objects up to 60 Jupiter masses as planets if they orbit stars.[51] b Centauri has a mass of 6 solar masses. The stars R126 (HD 37974) and R66 (HD 268835) in the Large Magellanic Cloud have masses of 70 and 30 solar masses and have dust discs but no planets have been detected yet. |
Lowest stellar mass (main sequence) | OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb | OGLE-2016-BLG-1195L | 0.078+0.016 β0.012 Mβ[4] |
Could also be OGLE-2015-BLG-1771L, at 0.077+0.119 β0.044 Mβ.[4] |
Lowest stellar mass (brown dwarf) | 2MASS J1119-1137 B | 2MASS J1119β1137 A | 0.0033 Mβ | The system 2MASS J1119-1137 AB is a pair of binary rogue planets approximately 3.7 Jupiter masses each.[52] |
Largest stellar radius | HD 240237 b | HD 240237 | 71.23Β±17.07 Rβ[4] | HD 81817 and Mirach (Ξ² Andromedae) are larger, at 83.8Β±7.8 Rβ[4] and 86.4 Rβ[53] respectively, but their planetary companions may actually be brown dwarfs, and in the case of HD 81817 it companion may be a red dwarf. R Leonis (299 or 320-350 Rβ)[54][55] has a candidate planet. It is a Mira variable. |
Smallest stellar radius (main sequence star) | Teegarden's Star b and c | Teegarden's Star | 0.107Β±0.004 Rβ[4] | VB 10 (0.102 Rβ)[56] has a disproven planet candidate. |
Smallest stellar radius (brown dwarf) | 2M 0746+20 b[57] | 2M 0746+20 | 0.089 (Β± 0.003) Rβ | Planet's mass is very uncertain at 30.0 (Β± 25.0) MJup. |
Smallest stellar radius (stellar remnant) | PSR B0943+10 b and c[58][59][60] | PSR B0943+10 | 0.000003737 Rβ[61] | |
Highest stellar luminosity | Beta Andromedae b | Mirach | 1675 Lβ | [62][34] With a mass of 28.26+2.05 β2.17 MJ, the planet is likely a brown dwarf. Beta Cancri, with a luminosity of 794 Lβ, is the most luminous star to host a planet (Beta Cancri b) that is not a potential brown dwarf.[63][34] |
Lowest stellar luminosity (main sequence star) | TRAPPIST-1 planets | TRAPPIST-1 | 0.0005495 Lβ | [64][34] |
Oldest star | WASP-183b | WASP-183 | 14.9Β±1.7 Gyr[4] | The estimated age of the universe is 13.8 billion years, within the margin of error. |
Hottest star with a planet | NSVS 14256825 b | NSVS 14256825 | 40,000 K[65] | NN Serpentis is hotter, with a temperature of 57,000 K[4], but the existence of its planets is disputed.[66] |
Hottest main-sequence star with a planet | b Centauri b | b Centauri | 18,310Β±320 K[67] | V921 Scorpii b orbits a hotter star, at 30,000 K. Its host star is a 20-solar-mass B0IV-class subgiant.[51] However, at 60 Jupiter masses, it is not considered a planet under most definitions.
The candidate planet M51-ULS-1b's supergiant primary is an O5-class supergiant with an estimated surface temperature of 40,000 K, but as the star is a supergiant, does not count as on the main sequence. |
Coolest star with a planet | TRAPPIST-1b, c, d, e, f, g and h | TRAPPIST-1 | 2,511 K | Technically Oph 162225-240515, CFBDSIR 1458+10 and WISE 1217+1626 are cooler, but are classified as brown dwarfs. |
System characteristics
Title | System(s) | Planet(s) | Star(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
System with most planets | Kepler-90 | 8 | 1 | Tau Ceti currently has no confirmed planetary companion, although it has been proposed that the number of orbiting planets may be 8, 9 or even 10.[68] The four planets Tau Ceti e, f, g and h are considered as strong candidates.[69]
HD 10180 has six confirmed planets and potentially three more planets.[70] |
System with most planets in habitable zone | TRAPPIST-1 | 7 | 1 | Four planets in this system (d, e, f and g) orbit within the habitable zone.[71] |
System with most stars | Kepler-64 | PH1b (Kepler-64b) | 4 | PH1b has a circumbinary orbit. |
Multiplanetary system with smallest mean semi-major axis (planets are nearest to their star) | Kepler-42 | b, c, d | 1 | Kepler-42 b, c and d have a semi-major axis of only 0.0116, 0.006 and 0.0154 AU, respectively.
Kepler-70 b, c and d (all unconfirmed and disputed) have a semi-major axis of only 0.006, 0.0076 and ~0.0065 AU, respectively. |
Multiplanetary system with largest mean semi-major axis (planets are farthest from their star) | TYC 8998-760-1 | b, c | 1 | TYC 8998-760-1 b and c have a semi-major axis of 162 and 320 AU, respectively.[4] |
Multiplanetary system with smallest range of semi-major axis (smallest difference between the star's nearest planet and its farthest planet) | Kepler-42 | b, c, d | 1 | Kepler-42 b, c and d have a semi-major axis of only 0.0116, 0.006 and 0.0154 AU, respectively. The separation between closest and furthest is only 0.0094 AU.
Kepler-70 b, c and d (all unconfirmed and disputed) have a semi-major axis of only 0.006, 0.0076 and ~0.0065 AU, respectively. The separation between closest and furthest is only 0.0016 AU. |
Multiplanetary system with largest range of semi-major axis (largest difference between the star's nearest planet and its farthest planet) | TYC 8998-760-1 | b, c | 1 | TYC 8998-760-1 b and c have a semi-major axis of 162 and 320 AU, respectively.[4] The separation between closest and furthest is 158 AU. |
System with smallest total planetary mass | Kepler-444 | b, c, d, e, f | 3 | The planets in the Kepler-444 system have radii of 0.4, 0.497, 0.53, 0.546 and 0.741 Earth radii, respectively. Due to their size and proximity to Kepler-444, these must be rocky planets, with masses close to that of Mars. For comparison, Mars has a mass of 0.105 Earth masses and a radius of 0.53 Earth radii. |
System with largest total planetary mass | Nu Ophiuchi | b, c | 1 | Nu Ophiuchi b and c have masses of 22.206 and 24.662 Jupiter masses, respectively.[4] They may be brown dwarfs. |
Multiplanetary system with smallest mean planetary mass | Kepler-444 | b, c, d, e, f | 3 | The planets in the Kepler-444 system have radii of 0.4, 0.497, 0.53, 0.546 and 0.741 Earth radii, respectively. Due to their size and proximity to Kepler-444, these must be rocky planets, with masses close to that of Mars. For comparison, Mars has a mass of 0.105 Earth masses and a radius of 0.53 Earth radii. |
Multiplanetary system with largest mean planetary mass | Nu Ophiuchi | b, c | 1 | Nu Ophiuchi b and c have masses of 22.206 and 24.662 Jupiter masses, respectively.[4] They may be brown dwarfs. |
Exo-multiplanetary system with smallest range in planetary mass, log scale (smallest proportional difference between the most and least massive planets) | Teegarden's Star | b, c | 1 | Teegarden b and c are estimated to have masses of 1.05 and 1.11 Earth masses, respectively. |
Exo-multiplanetary system with largest range in planetary mass, log scale (largest proportional difference between the most and least massive planets) | Kepler-37 | b, d | 1 | Mercury and Jupiter have a mass ratio of 5,750 to 1. Kepler-37 d and b may have a mass ratio between 500 and 1,000, and Gliese 676 c and d have a mass ratio of 491. |
See also
Notes and references
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these projected separations are good proxies for the semi-major axis (afterupward adjustment by to correct for projection effects)
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- β Based on the estimated temperature and luminosity.
External links
- WiredScience, Top 5 Most Extreme Exoplanets, Clara Moskowitz, 21 January 2009