The Nile as seen from a cruise boat between Luxor and Aswan in Egypt

This is a list of the longest rivers on Earth. It includes river systems over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) in length.

Definition of length

There are many factors, such as the identification of the source,[1] the identification or the definition of the mouth, and the scale of measurement[2] of the river length between source and mouth, that determine the precise meaning of "river length". As a result, the length measurements of many rivers are only approximations (see also coastline paradox). In particular, there seems to exist disagreement as to whether the Nile[3] or the Amazon[4] is the world's longest river. The Nile has traditionally been considered longer, but in 2007 and 2008 some scientists claimed that the Amazon is longer[5][6][7] by measuring the river plus the adjacent Pará estuary and the longest connecting tidal canal.[8] A peer-reviewed article published 2009 in the International Journal of Digital Earth concludes that the Nile is longer.[9]

Even when detailed maps are available, the length measurement is not always clear. A river may have multiple channels, or anabranches. The length may depend on whether the center or the edge of the river is measured. It may not be clear how to measure the length through a lake or reservoir. Seasonal and annual changes may alter both rivers and lakes. Other factors that can change the length of a river include cycles of erosion and flooding, dams, levees, and channelization. In addition, the length of meanders can change significantly over time due to natural or artificial cutoffs, when a new channel cuts across a narrow strip of land, bypassing a large river bend. For example, due to 18 cutoffs created between 1766 and 1885, the length of the Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois, to New Orleans, Louisiana, was reduced by 351 kilometres (218 miles).[10]

These points make it difficult, if not impossible, to get an accurate measurement of the length of a river. The varying accuracy and precision also makes it difficult to make length comparisons between different rivers without a degree of uncertainty.

List of river systems longer than 1,000 km

For most rivers, different sources provide conflicting information on the length of a river system. The information in different sources is between parentheses.

Legend of colors used in main table, by continent
Continent color key
Africa Asia Australia Europe North America South America
Rank River Length (km) Length (miles) Drainage area
(km2)
 Average discharge
(m3/s)
 Outflow Countries in the drainage basin
1. Nile–White Nile–Kagera–Nyabarongo–Mwogo–Rukarara[n 1] 6,650[3]
(7,088)[9]		 4,130[3]
(4,404)[9]		 3,254,555 2,800 Mediterranean Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan
2. Amazon–Ucayali–Tambo–Ene–Mantaro[n 1] 6,400[4]
(6,992)[9]		 3,976[4]
(4,345)[9]		 7,000,000[4] 209,000 Atlantic Ocean Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana
3. Yangtze–Jinsha–Tongtian–Dangqu
(Chang Jiang)		 6,300
(6,418)		 3,917
(3,988)		 1,800,000 30,166 East China Sea China
4. Mississippi–Missouri–Jefferson–Beaverhead–Red Rock–Hell Roaring 6,275
 3,902
 2,980,000 16,792 Gulf of Mexico United States (98.5%), Canada (1.5%)
5. Yenisey–Angara–Selenga–Ider 5,539
 3,445
 2,580,000 18,050 Kara Sea Russia (97%), Mongolia (2.9%)
6. Yellow River
(Huang He)		 5,464
 3,395
 745,000 2,571 Bohai Sea China
7. Ob–Irtysh 5,410 3,364 2,990,000 12,475 Gulf of Ob Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia
8. Río de la Plata–Paraná–Rio Grande[12] 4,880
 3,030
 2,582,672 22,000 Río de la Plata Brazil (46.7%), Argentina (27.7%), Paraguay (13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%), Uruguay (3.8%)
9. Congo–Chambeshi
(Zaïre)		 4,700
 2,922
 3,680,000 41,800 Atlantic Ocean Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda
10. Amur–Argun–Kherlen
(Heilong Jiang)		 4,444 2,763 1,855,000 11,400 Sea of Okhotsk Russia, China, Mongolia
11. Lena 4,400
 2,736
 2,490,000 15,500 Laptev Sea Russia
12. Mekong
(Lancang Jiang)		 4,350 2,705 810,000 16,000 South China Sea China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
13. Mackenzie–Slave–Peace–Finlay 4,241
 2,637
 1,790,000 10,300 Beaufort Sea Canada
14. Niger 4,200
 2,611
 2,090,000 5,589 Gulf of Guinea Nigeria (26.6%), Mali (25.6%), Niger (23.6%), Algeria (7.6%), Guinea (4.5%), Cameroon (4.2%), Burkina Faso (3.9%), Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Chad
15. Brahmaputra–Yarlung Tsangpo 3,969 2,466 712,035 19,800[13][14] Ganges India (58.0%), China (19.7%), Nepal (9.0%), Bangladesh (6.6%), Disputed India/China (4.2%), Bhutan (2.4%)
16. Murray–Darling–Culgoa–Balonne–Condamine 3,672[15] 2,282
 1,061,000 767 Southern Ocean Australia
17. Tocantins–Araguaia 3,650 2,270 950,000 13,598 Atlantic Ocean (Marajó Bay), Amazon Delta Brazil
18. Volga 3,645 2,266 1,380,000 8,080 Caspian Sea Russia
19. Indus–Sênggê Zangbo 3,610 2,250 960,000 7,160 Arabian Sea Pakistan (93%), India and China
20. Shatt al-Arab–Euphrates–Murat 3,596
 2,236
 884,000 856 Persian Gulf Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Iran
21. Madeira–Mamoré–Grande–Caine–Rocha 3,380 2,100 1,485,200 31,200 Amazon Brazil, Bolivia, Peru
22. Purús 3,211 1,995 63,166 8,400 Amazon Brazil, Peru
23. Yukon 3,185 1,980[10] 850,000 6,210 Bering Sea United States (59.8%), Canada (40.2%)
24. São Francisco 3,180*
(2,900)		 1,976*
(1,802)		 610,000 3,300 Atlantic Ocean Brazil
25. Syr Darya–Naryn 3,078 1,913 219,000 703 Aral Sea Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan
26. Salween
(Nu Jiang)		 3,060 1,901 324,000 3,153[16] Andaman Sea China (52.4%), Myanmar (43.9%), Thailand (3.7%)
27. Saint Lawrence–Niagara–Detroit–Saint Clair–Saint Marys–Saint Louis–North (Great Lakes) 3,058 1,900[10] 1,030,000 10,100 Gulf of Saint Lawrence Canada (52.1%), United States (47.9%)
28. Rio Grande 3,057 1,900[10] 570,000 82 Gulf of Mexico United States (52.1%), Mexico (47.9%)
29. Lower Tunguska 2,989 1,857 473,000 3,600 Yenisei Russia
30. Danube–Breg (Donau, Dunăre, Duna, Dunav, Dunaj) 2,888* 1,795* 817,000 7,130 Black Sea Romania (28.9%), Hungary (11.7%), Austria (10.3%), Serbia (10.3%), Germany (7.5%), Slovakia (5.8%), Bulgaria (5.2%), Croatia (4.5%), Ukraine (3.8%)
31. Irrawaddy River–N'Mai River–Dulong River–Kelaoluo–Gada Qu 2,809* 1,745.8* 404,200* 13,000* Andaman Sea China, Myanmar
32. Zambezi
(Zambesi)		 2,740* 1,703* 1,330,000 4,880 Mozambique Channel Zambia (41.6%), Angola (18.4%), Zimbabwe (15.6%), Mozambique (11.8%), Malawi (8.0%), Tanzania (2.0%), Namibia, Botswana
33. Vilyuy 2,720 1,700 454,000 1,480 Lena Russia
34. Ganges–Hooghly–Padma (Ganga) 2,704[17] 1,690 1,024,000 12,037[18] Bay of Bengal India, Bangladesh, Nepal
35. Amu Darya–Panj 2,620 1,628 534,739 1,400 Aral Sea Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan
36. Japurá (Caquetá) 2,615* 1,625* 242,259 6,000 Amazon Brazil, Colombia
37. Nelson–Saskatchewan 2,570 1,597 1,093,000 2,575 Hudson Bay Canada, United States
38. Paraguay (Rio Paraguay) 2,549 1,584 900,000 4,300 Paraná Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina
39. Kolyma 2,513 1,562 644,000 3,800 East Siberian Sea Russia
40. Pilcomayo 2,500 1,553 270,000 Paraguay Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia
41. Upper Ob–Katun 2,490 1,547 Ob Russia
42. Ishim 2,450 1,522 177,000 56 Irtysh Kazakhstan, Russia
43. Ural 2,428 1,509 237,000 475 Caspian Sea Russia, Kazakhstan
44. Juruá 2,410 1,498 200,000 6,000 Amazon Peru, Brazil
45. Arkansas 2,348 1,459 505,000
(435,122)		 1,066 Mississippi United States
46. Colorado (western U.S.) 2,333 1,450 390,000 1,200 Gulf of California United States, Mexico
47. Olenyok 2,292 1,424 219,000 1,210 Laptev Sea Russia
48. Dnieper 2,287 1,421 516,300 1,670 Black Sea Ukraine, Belarus, Russia
49. Aldan 2,273 1,412 729,000 5,060 Lena Russia
50. Ubangi–Uele[19] 2,270 1,410 772,800 4,000 Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo
51. Negro 2,250 1,398 720,114 26,700 Amazon Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia
52. Columbia 2,250 (1,953) 1,398 (1,214) 415,211 7,500 Pacific Ocean United States, Canada
53. Pearl–Xi-Xun-Qian-Hongshui-Nanpan 2,200 1,376 437,000 13,600 South China Sea China (98.5%), Vietnam (1.5%)
54. Red (USA) 2,188 1,360 78,592 875 Mississippi United States
55. Kasai 2,153 1,338 880,200 10,000 Congo Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo
56. Ohio–Allegheny 2,102 1,306 490,603 7,957 Mississippi United States
57. Orinoco 2,101 1,306 1,380,000 33,000 Atlantic Ocean Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana
58. Tarim 2,100 1,305 557,000 Lop Nur China
59. Xingu 2,100 1,305 Amazon Brazil
60. Orange 2,092 1,300     Atlantic Ocean South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho
61. Brazos-Double Mountain Fork-North Fork-Blackwater Draw 2,060 1,280[20] Gulf of Mexico United States
62. Northern Salado 2,010 1,249 Paraná Argentina
63. Vitim 1,978 1,229 Lena Russia
64. Tigris 1,950 1,212 Shatt al-Arab Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran
65. Songhua 1,927 1,197 Amur China
66. Tapajós 1,900 1,181 Amazon Brazil
67. Don 1,870 1,162 425,600 935 Sea of Azov Russia, Ukraine
68. Stony Tunguska 1,865 1,159 240,000 Yenisey Russia
69. Pechora 1,809 1,124 322,000 4,100 Barents Sea Russia
70. Kama 1,805 1,122 507,000 4,100 Volga Russia
71. Limpopo 1,800 1,118 413,000 Indian Ocean Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana
72. Chulym 1,799 1,118 134,000 Ob Russia
73. Guaporé (Itenez) 1,749 1,087 Mamoré Brazil, Bolivia
74. Indigirka 1,726 1,072 360,400 1,810 East Siberian Sea Russia
75. Snake 1,670 1,038 279,719 1,611 Columbia United States
76. Senegal 1,641 1,020 419,659 Atlantic Ocean Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania
77. Uruguay 1,610 1,000 370,000 4,622[21] Atlantic Ocean Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil
78. Blue Nile 1,600 994 326,400 Nile Ethiopia, Sudan
78. Churchill 1,600 994 Hudson Bay Canada
78. Khatanga–Kotuy 1,600 994 Laptev Sea Russia
78. Okavango (Cubango) 1,600 994 Okavango Delta Namibia, Angola, Botswana
78. Volta 1,600 994 Gulf of Guinea Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin
83. Beni 1,599 994 283,350 8,900 Madeira Bolivia
84. Platte 1,594 990 Missouri United States
85. Tobol 1,591 989 Irtysh Kazakhstan, Russia
86. Alazeya 1,590 988 64,700 East Siberian Sea Russia
87. Jubba–Shebelle 1,580* 982* Indian Ocean Ethiopia, Somalia
88. Içá (Putumayo) 1,575 979 Amazon Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador
89. Magdalena 1,550 963 263,858 9,000 Caribbean Colombia
90. Han 1,532 952 Yangtze China
91. Kura/Mt'k'vari 1,515 941 188,400 575 Caspian Sea Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan
92. Oka 1,500 932 245,000 1,258 Volga Russia
93. Upper Murray 1,500[22] 932
 Lower Murray Australia
94. Guaviare 1,497 930 Orinoco Colombia
95. Pecos 1,490 926 Rio Grande United States
96. Murrumbidgee River 1,485 [15] 923 84,917 120 Murray River Australia
97. Upper Yenisey–Little Yenisey (Kaa-Hem) 1,480 920 Yenisey Russia, Mongolia
98. Godavari 1,465 910 312,812 3,061 Bay of Bengal India
99. Colorado (Texas) 1,438 894 Gulf of Mexico United States
100. Upper Tocantins 1,427 887 Tocantins Brazil
101. Belaya 1,420 882 142,000 858 Kama Russia
101. Cooper–Barcoo 1,420 880 Lake Eyre Australia
103. Marañón 1,415 879 Amazon Peru
104. Dniester 1,411 (1,352) 877 (840) 72,100 310 Black Sea Ukraine, Moldova
105. Benue 1,400 870 Niger Cameroon, Nigeria
105. Chari 1,400[23] 870 Lake Chad Chad, Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria
105. Ili (Yili) 1,400 870 Lake Balkhash China, Kazakhstan
105. Warburton–Georgina 1,400 870 365,000 Lake Eyre Australia
108. Sutlej 1,372 852 Chenab China, India, Pakistan
109. Yamuna 1,370 851 366,223 2,950 Ganges India
109. Vyatka 1,370 851 129,000 890 Kama Russia
111. Fraser 1,368 850 220,000 3,475 Pacific Ocean Canada, United States[24]
112. Grande 1,360 845 Paraná Brazil
113. Liao-Xiliao-Laoha 1,345 836 Bohai Sea China
114. Lachlan River 1,339 [15] 832 84,700 49 Murrumbidgee River Australia
115. Narmada 1,333 [25] 815 98,796 1,447 Arabian Sea India
116. Yalong 1,323 822 Yangtze China
117. Iguaçu 1,320 820 Paraná Brazil, Argentina
117. Olyokma 1,320 820 Lena Russia
119. Northern Dvina–Sukhona 1,302 809 357,052 3,332 White Sea Russia
120. Krishna 1,300 808 Bay of Bengal India
120. Iriri 1,300 808 Xingu Brazil
122. Lomami[26] 1,280 795 Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo
123. Ottawa 1,271 790 146,300 1,950 Saint Lawrence Canada
124. Rio Grande de Santiago-Lerma 1,270 789 119,543 Pacific Ocean Mexico
125. Elbe–Vltava 1,252 778 148,268 711 North Sea Germany, Czech Republic
126. Zeya 1,242 772 Amur Russia
127. Juruena 1,240 771 Tapajós Brazil
128. Upper Mississippi 1,236 768 Mississippi United States
129. Rhine 1,233 768 185,000 [27] 2,330 North Sea Germany (57.3%), Switzerland (15.1%), Netherlands (12.3%), France (12.2%), Luxembourg (1.4%), Austria (1.3%), Belgium (0.4%), Liechtenstein (0.1%), Italy (0.03%)
130. Athabasca 1,231 765 95,300 Mackenzie Canada
131. Canadian 1,223 760 Arkansas United States
132. North Saskatchewan 1,220 758 Saskatchewan Canada
133. Vistula–Narew-Bug 1,213 754 194,424 1,080 Baltic Sea Poland, Belarus, Ukraine
134. Vaal 1,210 752 Orange South Africa
135. Shire 1,200 746 Zambezi Mozambique, Malawi
135. Ogooué (or Ogowe) 1,200 746 223,856 4,706 Atlantic Ocean Gabon, Republic of the Congo
137. Nen
(Nonni)		 1,190 739 Songhua China
138. Kızıl River 1,182 734 115,000 400 Black Sea Turkey
139. Markha 1,181 734 99,000 405 Vilyuy Russia
140. Green 1,175 730 Colorado (western U.S.) United States
141. Milk 1,173 729

Missouri

 United States, Canada
142. Mun - Chi 1,162 722 Mekong River Thailand
142. White 1,162 722[28] Mississippi United States
144. Chindwin 1,158 720 Ayeyarwady Myanmar
145. Sankuru 1,150 715 Kasai Democratic Republic of the Congo
145. Wu 1,150 715 80,300 1,108 Yangtze China
147. Red (Asia) 1,149 714 143,700 2,640 Gulf of Tonkin China, Vietnam
148. James (Dakotas) 1,143 710 Missouri United States
148. Kapuas 1,143 710 98,749 6,507 Natuna Sea Indonesia
150. Desna 1,130 702 88,900 360 Dnieper Russia, Belarus, Ukraine
150. Helmand 1,130 702 Hamun-i-Helmand Afghanistan, Iran
150. Madre de Dios 1,130 702 125,000 4,915 Beni Peru, Bolivia
150. Tietê 1,130 702 Paraná Brazil
150. Vychegda 1,130 702 121,000 1160 Northern Dvina Russia
155. Sepik 1,126 700 77,700 Pacific Ocean Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
156. Cimarron 1,123 698 Arkansas United States
157. Anadyr 1,120 696 Gulf of Anadyr Russia
157. Paraíba do Sul 1,120 696 Atlantic Ocean Brazil
159. Jialing River 1,119 695 Yangtze China
160. Liard 1,115 693 Mackenzie Canada
161. Mamberamo River 1,112 691 78,992 5,923 Pacific Ocean Indonesia
162. Cumberland 1,105 687 46,830 862 Mississippi United States
163. Huallaga 1,100 684 Marañón Peru
163. Kwango 1,100 684 263,500 2,700 Kasai Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo
163. Draa 1,100 684 Atlantic Ocean Morocco
166. Gambia 1,094 680 Atlantic Ocean The Gambia, Senegal, Guinea
167. Tyung 1,092 679 49,800 Vilyuy Russia
168. Barito River 1,090 680 81,675 5,497 Java Sea Indonesia
169. Chenab 1,086 675 Indus India, Pakistan
170. Yellowstone 1,080 671 114,260 Missouri United States
170. Ghaghara 1,080 671 127,950 2,990 Ganges India, Nepal, China
172. Huai River 1,078 670 270,000 1,110 Yangtze China
173. Aras 1,072 665 102,000 285 Kura Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran
174. Chu 1,067 663 62,500 none Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan
175. Seversky Donets 1,053 (1,078) 654 (670) 98,900 159 Don Russia, Ukraine
176. Bermejo 1,050 652 Paraguay Argentina, Bolivia
176. Fly 1,050 652 Gulf of Papua Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
176. Kuskokwim 1,050 652 Bering Sea United States
179. Tennessee 1,049 652 Ohio United States
180. Oder–Warta 1,045 649 118,861 550 Baltic Sea Poland, Germany, Czech Republic
181. Aruwimi[26] 1,030 640 Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo
182. Chambal 1,024 636 Yamuna India
183. Daugava 1,020 634 87,900 678 Gulf of Riga Latvia, Belarus, Russia
184. Gila 1,015 631 Colorado (western U.S.) United States
185. Loire 1,012 629 115,271 840 Atlantic Ocean France
186. Essequibo 1,010 628 Atlantic Ocean Guyana
186. Khopyor 1,010 628 61,100 150 Don Russia
188. Tagus
(Tajo/Tejo)		 1,006 625 80,100 444 Atlantic Ocean Spain, Portugal
189. Flinders River 1,004 [15] 624 109,000 122 Gulf of Carpentaria Australia

Notes

  • When the length of a river is followed by an asterisk, it is an average of multiple information sources. If the difference in lengths between given information sources is significant, all lengths are listed. But if the lengths from secondary information sources are similar, they are averaged and that figure has an asterisk.
  • Scientists debate whether the Amazon or the Nile is the longest river in the world. Traditionally, the Nile is considered longer, but recent information suggests that the Amazon may be longer. Differences in the recorded length of the Amazon mainly depend on whether the course south of the Ilha de Marajó at the Amazon's mouth is to be treated as part of the Amazon, or as part of the separate Tocantins River. New evidence, (dated 16 June 2007) obtained from a high-altitude scientific venture in the Andes, claims that "the Amazon is longer than the Nile by 100 km, with its longest headwater being the Carhuasanta stream originating in the south of Peru on the Nevado Mismi mountain's northern slopes and flowing into the Río Apurímac".[29] However, the origin of the river at Nevado Mismi had already been known more than one decade earlier (see Jacek Palkiewicz), and satellite based measuring from this origin to the Amazon mouth has resulted in not more than 6,400 km.
  • Generally, the most commonly used/anglicised name of the river is used. The name in a native language or alternate spelling may be shown.
The Mississippi River just north of St. Louis
Saint Lawrence River along the New York-Quebec border

River systems that may have existed in the past

Amazon–Congo

The Amazon basin formerly drained westwards into the Pacific Ocean, until the Andes rose and reversed the drainage.[30]

The Congo basin is completely surrounded by high land, except for its long narrow exit valley past Kinshasa, including waterfalls around Manyanga. That gives the impression that most of the Congo basin was formerly on a much higher land level and that the Congo River was rejuvenated by much of its lower course being removed, likeliest when Africa split from South America when Gondwanaland broke up due to continental drift, and before that, the Congo would likely have flowed into the Amazon,[30] producing a river around 6000 miles or 10,000 km long.

West Siberian Glacial Lake drainage

This river would have been about 10,000 km (6,200 mi) long, in the last ice age. Its longest headwater was the Selenga river of Mongolia: it drained through ice-dammed lakes and the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea.

Lobourg

During the last glacial maximum, much of what is now the southern part of the North Sea was land, known to archaeologists as Doggerland. At this time, the Thames, the Meuse, the Scheldt, and the Rhine probably joined before flowing into the sea, in a system known by palaeogeographers as the Loubourg or Lobourg River System.[31] There is some debate as to whether this river would have flowed southwest into what is now the English Channel, or flowed north, emerging into the North Sea close to modern Yorkshire. If the latter hypothesis is true, the Rhine would have attained a length of close to 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi). The former hypothesis would have produced a shorter river, some 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) in length. Current scientific research favours the former opinion, with the Thames and Rhine meeting in a large lake, the outflow of which was close to the present-day Straits of Dover.[32]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. 1 2 The Nile is usually said to be the longest river in the world, with a length of about 6,650 km,[3] and the Amazon the second longest, with a length of at least 6,400 km.[4] In 2007 and 2008, some scientists claimed that the Amazon has a length of 6,992 km and was longer than the Nile, whose length was calculated as 6,853 km.[6][11][7] They achieved this result by adding the waterway from the Amazon's southern outlet through tidal canals and the Pará estuary of the Tocantins. The dispute is: "Is the channel south of Isla de Marajó to be treated as part of the Amazon, or as part of the Rio Tocantins?" A peer-reviewed article, published in 2009, states a length of 7,088 km for the Nile and 6,575 km for the Amazon, measured by using a combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions.[9] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of 2020, the length of the Amazon remains open to interpretation and continued debate.[4][8] Note that disputed values have been put in parentheses.
References
  1. ↑ "Where Does the Amazon River Begin?". National Geographic News. 2014-02-15. Archived from the original on February 15, 2014. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
  2. ↑ for more on this, see coastline paradox
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Nile River". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Amazon River". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2020. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  5. ↑ Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say Archived 15 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  6. 1 2 "Amazon river 'longer than Nile'". BBC News. 16 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  7. 1 2 "Studies from INPE indicate that the Amazon River is 140km longer than the Nile". Brazilian National Institute for Space Research. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  8. 1 2 "How Long Is the Amazon River?". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Liu, Shaochuang; Lu, P; Liu, D; Jin, P; Wang, W (2009-03-01). "Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world". Int. J. Digital Earth. 2 (1): 80–87. Bibcode:2009IJDE....2...80L. doi:10.1080/17538940902746082. S2CID 27548511. Archived from the original on 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
  10. 1 2 3 4 J.C. Kammerer (1 September 2005). "Largest Rivers in the United States". US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  11. ↑ Roach, John (18 June 2007). "Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say". National Geographic. Archived from the original on August 22, 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  12. ↑ "Río de la Plata". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  13. ↑ "Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers". Xinhua News Agency. 22 August 2011. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  14. ↑ "Brahmaputra River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Longest Rivers". Geoscience Australia. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  16. ↑ Syvitski, James P. M., Vörösmarty, Charles J., Kettner, Albert J., Green, Pamela (2005). "Impact of Humans on the Flux of Terrestrial Sediment to the Global Coastal Ocean". Science. 308 (5720): 376–80. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..376S. doi:10.1126/science.1109454. PMID 15831750. S2CID 11382265. Archived from the original on 2006-09-19. Retrieved 2006-02-27.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Parua, Pranab Kumar (3 January 2010). The Ganga: water use in the Indian subcontinent. Springer. p. 272. ISBN 978-90-481-3102-0. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  18. ↑ "Ganges–Farakka". Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  19. ↑ Bossche, J.P. vanden; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 338. ISBN 978-92-5-102983-1. Archived from the original on 2023-11-10. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  20. ↑ Kammerer, J.C. (1987). "Largest Rivers in the United States". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2006-07-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ↑ "Uruguay River". Comisión Técnica Mixta de Salto Grande. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  22. ↑ "Longest Rivers". Murray Darling Basin Authority. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  23. ↑ "Chari River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  24. ↑ "The Chilliwack River Valley: An Outdoor Enthusiast's Paradise". Camping & RVing BC. Camping and RVing British Columbia Coalition. 10 October 2017. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  25. ↑ "Narmada Basin" (PDF). India WRIS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  26. 1 2 Bossche, J.P. vanden; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 333. ISBN 978-92-5-102983-1.
  27. ↑ If the Meuse is considered a tributary, the Rhine basin is 218,300 km2.
  28. ↑ Rogers, Aaron W. "White River - Encyclopedia of Arkansas". www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  29. ↑ Daily Telegraph, Monday 18 June 2007, page 18
  30. 1 2 "Amazon river flowed into the Pacific millions of years ago". mongabay.com. 24 October 2006. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
  31. ↑ Vaikmäe, R., Edmunds, W. M., and Manzano, M., (2001) "Weichselian palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment in Europe: Background for palaeogroundwater formation Archived 2023-12-21 at the Wayback Machine", in "Palaeowaters in Coastal Europe: Evolution of Groundwater Since the Late Pleistocene" (W. M. Edmunds and C. J. Milne (eds)). London:The Geological Society. p. 177
  32. ↑ Bridgland, D. R., and D'Olier, B. (1995) "The Pleistocene evolution of the Thames and Rhine drainage systems in the southern North Sea Basin (abstract) Archived 2022-06-27 at the Wayback Machine", Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 96, p. 27–45, in Lyell Collection. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.