Four Pilosans
Pilosa species of different families; from top-left, clockwise: silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), pale-throated sloth (Bradypus tridactylus), Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus)

Pilosa is an order of placental mammals. Members of this order are called pilosans, and include anteaters and sloths. They are found in South and Central America, generally in forests, though some species are found in shrublands, grasslands, and savannas. Pilosans primarily eat insects and leaves. They range in size from the silky anteater, at 36 cm (14 in) plus a 18 cm (7 in) tail, to the giant anteater, at 120 cm (47 in) plus a 90 cm (35 in) tail. No pilosans have population estimates, but the pygmy three-toed sloth is categorized as critically endangered.

The twelve extant species of Pilosa are divided into two suborders: Folivora, the sloths, and Vermilingua, the anteaters. Folivora contains two families: Bradypodidae, containing four species in one genus; and Choloepodidae, containing two species in one genus. Vermilingua also contains two families: Cyclopedidae, containing a single species, and Myrmecophagidae, containing three species in two genera. Dozens of extinct prehistoric pilosan species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (1 species)
 EN Endangered (0 species)
 VU Vulnerable (2 species)
 NT Near threatened (0 species)
 LC Least concern (7 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the pilosan's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "".

Classification

The order Pilosa consists of twelve extant species in two suborders: Folivora, the sloths, and Vermilingua, the anteaters. Folivora contains two families: Bradypodidae, containing four species in one genus; and Choloepodidae, containing two species in one genus. Vermilingua also contains two families: Cyclopedidae, containing a single species, and Myrmecophagidae, containing three species in two genera. Many of these species are further subdivided into subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.

Suborder Folivora

Suborder Vermilingua

Pilosa[2][3]  
Folivora  
Bradypodidae  

Bradypus

Choloepodidae  

Choloepus

Vermilingua  
Cyclopedidae  

Cyclopes

Myrmecophagidae  

Myrmecophaga

Tamandua

Pilosans

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[4]

Suborder Folivora

Bradypodidae

Genus BradypusLinnaeus, 1758 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Brown-throated sloth

Brown sloth

B. variegatus
Schinz, 1825

Seven subspecies
  • B. v. boliviensis
  • B. v. brasiliensis
  • B. v. ephippiger
  • B. v. gorgon
  • B. v. infuscatus
  • B. v. trivittatus
  • B. v. variegatus
Central America and northern South America
Map of range
Size: 42–80 cm (17–31 in) long, plus 2–9 cm (1–4 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[6]

Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit of Cecropia trees[7]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[6]

Maned sloth

Brown sloth

B. torquatus
Illiger, 1811
Eastern South America
Map of range
Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 4–5 cm (2 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Forest[9]

Diet: Leaves[8]
 VU 


Unknown Population declining[9]

Pale-throated sloth

Brown sloth

B. tridactylus
Linnaeus, 1758
Northern South America
Map of range
Size: 45–75 cm (18–30 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail[10]

Habitat: Forest[11]

Diet: Twigs, buds, and leaves of Cecropia trees[12]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[11]

Pygmy three-toed sloth

Drawing of brown sloth

B. pygmaeus
Anderson, Handley, 2001
Isla Escudo de Veraguas in Panama
Map of range
Size: 48–53 cm (19–21 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail[13]

Habitat: Forest[14]

Diet: Leaves[15]
 CR 


Unknown Population declining[14]

Choloepodidae

Genus CholoepusIlliger, 1811 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Hoffmann's two-toed sloth

Brown sloth

C. hoffmanni
Peters, 1858

Five subspecies
  • C. h. capitalis
  • C. h. florenciae
  • C. h. hoffmanni
  • C. h. juruanus
  • C. h. pallescens
Central America and northern and western South America
Map of range
Size: 54–72 cm (21–28 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (1 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[17]

Diet: Leaves, as well as buds, twigs, shoots, fruits, and flowers[18]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[17]

Linnaeus's two-toed sloth

Brown sloth

C. didactylus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Northern South America
Map of range
Size: 60–86 cm (24–34 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (1 in) tail[19]

Habitat: Forest[20]

Diet: Berries, leaves, small twigs, and fruit, as well as insects[21]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[20]

Suborder Vermilingua

Cyclopedidae

Genus CyclopesGray, 1821 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Silky anteater

Brown anteater

C. didactylus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Seven subspecies
  • C. d. catellus
  • C. d. didactylus
  • C. d. dorsalis
  • C. d. eva
  • C. d. ida
  • C. d. melini
  • C. d. mexicanus
Central America and northern and eastern South America
Map of range
Size: 36–45 cm (14–18 in) long, plus 18–27 cm (7–11 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest[23]

Diet: Ants and termites[24]
 LC 


Unknown Unknown[23]

Myrmecophagidae

Genus MyrmecophagaLinnaeus, 1758 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Giant anteater

Brown and white anteater

M. tridactyla
Linnaeus, 1758

Three subspecies
  • M. t. artata
  • M. t. centralis
  • M. t. tridactyla
Central America and South America (former range in red)
Map of range
Size: 100–120 cm (39–47 in) long, plus 65–90 cm (26–35 in) tail[25]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[26]

Diet: Ants, termites, and soft-bodied grubs[25]
 VU 


Unknown Population declining[26]

Genus TamanduaGray, 1825 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Northern tamandua

Brown and black anteater

T. mexicana
(Saussure, 1860)

Four subspecies
  • T. m. instabilis
  • T. m. mexicana
  • T. m. opistholeuca
  • T. m. punensis
Central America and northern South America
Map of range
Size: 47–77 cm (19–30 in) long, plus 40–68 cm (16–27 in) tail[27]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[28]

Diet: Ants and termites[27]
 LC 


Unknown Unknown[28]

Southern tamandua

Brown and black anteater

T. tetradactyla
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Four subspecies
  • T. t. nigra
  • T. t. quichua
  • T. t. straminea
  • T. t. tetradactyla
South America
Map of range
Size: 53–88 cm (21–35 in) long, plus 40–59 cm (16–23 in) tail[29]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[30]

Diet: Ants and termites, as well as bees and honey[30]
 LC 


Unknown Unknown[30]

References

  1. "Fossilworks: Pilosa". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  2. Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; Mackie, M.; Olsen, J. V.; Kramarz, A.; Taglioretti, M.; Scaglia, F.; Lezcano, M.; Lanata, J. L.; Southon, J.; Feranec, R.; Bloch, J.; Hajduk, A.; Martin, F. M.; Gismondi, R. S.; Reguero, M.; de Muizon, C.; Greenwood, A.; Chait, B. T.; Penkman, K.; Collins, M.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2019). "Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships" (PDF). Nature Ecology and Evolution. 3 (7): 1121–1130. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630.
  3. Gibb, G. C.; Condamine, F. L.; Kuch, M.; Enk, J.; Moraes-Barros, N.; Superina, M.; Poinar, H. N.; Delsuc, F. (2015). "Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference PhyloGenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (3): 621–642. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv250. PMC 4760074. PMID 26556496.
  4. Wilson, Reeder, pp. 100–103
  5. Hayssen, V. (2010). "Bradypus variegatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)". Mammalian Species. 42 (850): 19–32. doi:10.1644/850.1.
  6. 1 2 Moraes-Barros, N.; Chiarello, A.; Plese, T.; Santos, P.; Aliaga-Rossel, E.; Aguilar Borbón, A.; Turcios Casco, M. (2022). "Bradypus variegatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T3038A210442893.
  7. Jung, Hee-Jin (2011). "Bradypus variegatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  8. 1 2 Bullinger, Brady (2009). "Bradypus torquatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  9. 1 2 Chiarello, A.; Santos, P.; Moraes-Barros, N.; Miranda, F. (2022). "Bradypus torquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T3036A210442361.
  10. Hayssen, V. (2009). "Bradypus tridactylus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)" (PDF). Mammalian Species (839): 1–9. doi:10.1644/839.1. S2CID 85870343.
  11. 1 2 Pool, M.; De Thoisy, B.; Moraes-Barros, N.; Chiarello, A. (2022). "Bradypus tridactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T3037A210442660.
  12. Hughes, Kelly (2023). "Bradypus tridactylus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  13. Anderson, R. P.; Handley Jr., C. O. (2001). "A new species of three-toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 114 (1): 1–33. Open access icon
  14. 1 2 Smith, D.; Voirin, B.; Chiarello, A.; Moraes-Barros, N. (2022). "Bradypus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T61925A210445926.
  15. Guarino, Farryn (2009). "Bradypus pygmaeus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  16. Gilmore, D. P.; Da Costa, C. P.; Duarte, D. P. F. (January 2001). "Sloth biology: an update on their physiological ecology, behavior and role as vectors of arthropods and arboviruses". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 34 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2001000100002. PMID 11151024.
  17. 1 2 Plese, T.; Chiarello, A.; Turcios Casco, M.; Aguilar Borbón, A.; Santos, P.; Aliaga-Rossel, E.; Moraes-Barros, N. (2022). "Choloepus hoffmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T4778A210443596.
  18. Apostolopoulos, Vicky (2010). "Choloepus hoffmanni". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  19. Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 3), p. 97
  20. 1 2 Chiarello, A.; Plese, T.; De Thoisy, B.; Pool, M.; Aliaga-Rossel, E.; Santos, P.; Moraes-Barros, N. (2022). "Choloepus didactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T4777A210443323.
  21. Felton-Church, Ali (2000). "Choloepus didactylus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  22. Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 3), p. 91
  23. 1 2 Miranda, F.; Meritt, D. A.; Tirira, D. G.; Arteaga, M. (2014). "Cyclopes didactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T6019A47440020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6019A47440020.en.
  24. Schober, Megan (2023). "Cyclopes didactylus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  25. 1 2 Woltanski, Amy (2004). "Myrmecophaga tridactyla". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  26. 1 2 Miranda, F.; Bertassoni, A.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Myrmecophaga tridactyla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T14224A47441961. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T14224A47441961.en.
  27. 1 2 Harrold, Andria (2007). "Tamandua mexicana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  28. 1 2 Ortega Reyes, J.; Tirira, D. G.; Arteaga, M.; Miranda, F. (2014). "Tamandua mexicana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T21349A47442649. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T21349A47442649.en.
  29. Gorog, Antonia (2023). "Tamandua tetradactyla". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 Miranda, F.; Fallabrino, A.; Arteaga, M.; Tirira, D. G.; Meritt, D. A.; Superina, M. (2014). "Tamandua tetradactyla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T21350A47442916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T21350A47442916.en.

Sources

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