Liverpool Street London Overground Elizabeth line National Rail
London Liverpool Street
Main station entrance seen in January 2023
Liverpool Street is located in Central London
Liverpool Street
Liverpool Street
Location of Liverpool Street in Central London
LocationBishopsgate
Local authorityCity of London
Managed byNetwork Rail
Station codeLST
DfT categoryA
Number of platforms19[1]
AccessibleYes[2]
Fare zone1
OSIBank London Underground Docklands Light Railway
Fenchurch Street National Rail
Moorgate London Underground National Rail
Liverpool Street London Underground[3]
National Rail annual entry and exit
2018–19Increase 69.483 million[4]
– interchange Increase 3.946 million[4]
2019–20Decrease 65.985 million[4]
– interchange Increase 4.351 million[4]
2020–21Decrease 11.212 million[4]
– interchange Decrease 1.131 million[4]
2021–22Increase 32.165 million[4]
– interchange Increase 3.016 million[4]
2022–23Increase 80.448 million[4]
– interchange Increase 5.663 million[4]
Railway companies
Original companyGreat Eastern Railway
Post-groupingLondon & North Eastern Railway
Key dates
1874 (1874)Opened
1875Underground station opened
2022Elizabeth line opened
Listed status
Listed featureGothic style offices and two western bays of train sheds
Listing gradeII
Entry number1286133[5]
Added to list5 August 1975
Other information
External links
WGS8451°31′07″N 0°04′53″W / 51.5186°N 0.0813°W / 51.5186; -0.0813
 London transport portal

Liverpool Street station, also known as London Liverpool Street,[6][7] is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in the north-eastern corner of the City of London, in the ward of Bishopsgate Without. It is the terminus of the West Anglia Main Line to Cambridge, the Great Eastern Main Line to Norwich, commuter trains serving east London and destinations in the East of England, and the Stansted Express service to Stansted Airport.

The station opened in 1874, as a replacement for Bishopsgate station as the Great Eastern Railway's main London terminus. By 1895, it had the most platforms of any London terminal station. During the First World War, an air raid on the station killed 16 on site, and 146 others in nearby areas. In the build-up to the Second World War, the station served as the entry point for thousands of child refugees arriving in London as part of the Kindertransport rescue mission. The station was damaged by the 1993 Bishopsgate bombing and, during the 7 July 2005 bombing, seven passengers were killed when a bomb exploded aboard an Underground train, just after it had departed from Liverpool Street. New platforms for the Elizabeth line opened in 2022 as part of the Crossrail project.[8]

Liverpool Street was built as a dual-level station, with provision for the Underground. A tube station opened in 1875 for the Metropolitan Railway; the tube station is now served by the Central, Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. It is in fare zone 1 and is managed directly by Network Rail.[9] With 80.4 million passengers between March 2022 and April 2023, it was the busiest station in the United Kingdom, according to the Office of Rail and Road.

Main line station

History

New terminus (1875)

Plan of Liverpool Street and Broad Street (c.1888)

Liverpool Street station was built as the new London terminus of the Great Eastern Railway (GER) which served Norwich and King's Lynn.[10] The GER had been formed from the merger of several railway companies, inheriting Bishopsgate as its London terminus. Bishopsgate was inadequate for the company's passenger traffic; its Shoreditch location was in the heart of one of the poorest slums in London and hence badly situated for the City of London commuters the company wanted to attract.[11] Consequently, the GER planned a more central station.[12][13] The original intention was to build a terminus which reached as far south as the road London Wall, and which would be as tall as the Broad Street station which was being planned at the same time, however the city authorities did not permit the more southerly location.[14]

By 1865, plans changed to include a circa 1-mile (1.6 km) long line branching from the main line east of the company's existing terminus in Shoreditch, and a new station at Liverpool Street as the main terminus, with Bishopsgate station to be used for freight traffic. The station at Liverpool Street (the street had been named after the Tory Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool in 1829) was to be built for the use of the GER and of the East London Railway on two levels, with the underground East London line around 37 ft (11 m) below this, and the GER tracks supported on brick arches. The station was planned to be around 630 by 200 ft (192 by 61 m) in area, with its main façade onto Liverpool Street and an additional entrance on Bishopsgate-Street (now called Bishopsgate and forming part of the A10). The main train shed was to be a two-span wood construction with a central void providing light and ventilation to the lower station, and the station buildings were to be in an Italianate style to the designs of the GER's architect.[12]

The line and station construction were authorised by the Great Eastern Railway (Metropolitan Station and Railways) Act 1864.[15][16] The station was built on a 10 acres (4.0 ha) site previously occupied by the Bethlem Royal Hospital, adjacent to Broad Street station, west of Bishopsgate and facing onto Liverpool Street to the south. The development land was compulsorily purchased, displacing around 3,000 residents of the parish of St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate.[17] Around 7,000 people living in tenements around Shoreditch were evicted to complete the line towards Liverpool Street, while the City of London Theatre and City of London Gasworks were both demolished.[18] To manage the disruption caused by rehousing, the company was required by the 1864 Act to run daily low-cost workmen's trains from the station.[15]

Original trainshed cross-section (1875)

The station was designed by GER engineer Edward Wilson and built by Lucas Brothers; the roof was designed and constructed by the Fairburn Engineering Company.[17] The overall design was approximately Gothic, built using stock bricks and bath stone dressings. The building incorporated booking offices as well as the company offices of the GER, including chairman's, board, committee, secretary and engineers' rooms. The roof was spanned by four wrought iron spans, two central spans of 109 ft (33 m) and outer spans of 46 and 44 ft (14 and 13 m), 730 ft (220 m) in length over the eastern main lines, and 450 ft (140 m) long over the local platforms;[19] the station had 10 platforms, two of which were used for main-line trains and the remainder for suburban trains.[20]

Liverpool Street station, west elevation (1896)

The station was built with a connection to the sub-surface Metropolitan Railway, with the platform sunk below ground level; consequently there are considerable gradients leaving the station.[21] The Metropolitan Railway used the station as a terminus from 1 February 1875 until 11 July 1875; their own underground station opened on 12 July 1875,[22][23] and the Metropolitan Railway connection was closed in 1904.[10]

Local trains began serving the partially completed station from 2 October 1874,[13] and it was fully opened on 1 November 1875,[24] at a final cost of over £2 million.[25] The original City terminus at Bishopsgate closed to passengers and was converted for use as a goods station from 1881. This continued until it was destroyed by fire in 1964.[26]

The Great Eastern Hotel adjoining the new Liverpool Street station opened in May 1884. It was designed by Charles Barry Jr. (son of the celebrated architect Charles Barry who designed the Houses of Parliament). Upon opening, it was the only hotel in the City of London. An extension called the Abercon Rooms was built in 1901, designed by Colonel Robert William Edis. The hotel includes the Hamilton Rooms, named after former GER chairman Lord Claud Hamilton.[27]

Expansion (1895)

Ground plan of expanded station (1895). At the time, Liverpool Street had the most platforms of any London terminus station.

Although initially viewed as an expensive white elephant,[28] within 10 years the station was working at capacity (about 600 trains per day) and the GER was acquiring land to the east of the station for expansion.[25] An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1888 and work started in 1890 on the eastward expansion of Liverpool Street by adding eight new tracks and platforms.[24][29] This gave the station the most platforms of any London terminus until Victoria station was expanded in 1908.[30]

The main station was extended about 230 ft (70 m) eastwards; additional shops and offices were constructed east of the new train shed up to the parish boundary with Bishopsgate-Street Without.[31] A new roof was built over the new construction.[32][33] The outer wall was constructed with Staffordshire blue brick and Ruabon bricks.[34] The four train shed roofs were carried out by Messrs. Handyside and Co., supervised by a Mr Sherlock, the resident engineer; all the foundations, earthwork and brickwork were carried out by Mowlem & Co. Electric power (for lighting) was supplied from an engine house north of the station.[35] Additional civil works included three iron bridges carrying road traffic over the railway on Skinner, Primrose and Worship Streets.[36] The bridge ironwork was supplied and erected by the Horseley Company.[37][38][39] John Wilson was chief engineer, with W. N. Ashbee as architect.[24] As part of the works, the GER was obliged by Parliament to rehouse all tenants displaced by the works, with 137 put into existing property and the remaining 600 into tenements constructed at the company's expense.[40]

By the turn of the 20th century, Liverpool Street had one of the most extensive suburban rail services in London, including branches to Southend Victoria and Woodford, and was one of the busiest in the world. In 1912, around 200,000 passengers used the station daily on around 1,000 separate trains.[41]

First World War and memorials (1917–1922)

The 1922 Great Eastern Railway War Memorial

Operation Turkenkreuz, the initial First World War air raid on London, took place on 13 June 1917, when 20 Gotha G.IV bombers attacked the capital. The raid struck a number of sites including Liverpool Street. Seven tons of explosives were dropped on the capital, killing 162 people and injuring 432.[42][43] Three bombs hit the station, of which two exploded, having fallen through the train shed roof, near to two trains.[44] One of these hit a carriage on a train about to depart, another hit carriages used by army doctors; the death toll at the station itself was 16 dead and 15 injured.[45] It was the deadliest single raid on Britain during the war.[46]

Over 1,000 GER employees who died during the war were honoured on a large marble memorial installed in the booking hall, unveiled on 22 June 1922 by Sir Henry Wilson. On his return home from the unveiling ceremony, Wilson was assassinated by two Irish Republican Army members. He was commemorated by a memorial plaque adjoining the GER monument, unveiled one month after his death.[47][48] The GER memorial was relocated during the modification of the station and now incorporates both the Wilson and Fryatt memorials, as well as a number of railway related architectural elements salvaged from demolished buildings.[27]

The station also has a plaque commemorating mariner Charles Fryatt who was executed in 1916 for ramming a German U-boat with the GER steamer SS Brussels.[27][49]

"Big Four" (1923–1945)

By the early 1900s, the success of deep-bore electric trains on the Underground suggested that local services out of London could also be electrified. Following the war, the GER needed more capacity out of Liverpool Street as it was at capacity (serving almost 230,000 passengers daily in 1921), but they could not afford electrification.[41] They considered high-powered and high-tractive steam locomotives including the GER Class A55 as a possible alternative, but these were rejected because of high track loadings.[50]

An alternative scheme was introduced, using a combination of automatic signalling and modifications to the layout at Liverpool Street. The station introduced coaling, watering, and other maintenance facilities directly at the station, as well as separate engine bays and a modified track and station layout that reduced turnaround times and increased productivity.[50][51] Services began on 2 July 1920 with trains to Chingford and Enfield running every 10 minutes. The cost of the modifications was £80,000 compared to an estimated £3 million for electrification.[52] The service was officially called the Intensive Service (as it allowed a 50% increase in capacity on peak services), but became popularly known as the Jazz Service.[41] It lasted until the General Strike of 1926, following which services generally declined.[53]

The GER amalgamated with several other railways to form the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) as part of the reorganisation of railway companies in 1923. Liverpool Street came under ownership of the LNER, and suffered from a general lack of attention and neglect throughout the 1930s.[54]

Station staff 1935

The station master in 1935 was H C R Calver and he had 395 staff under him with his direct reports, including ticket office, parcels staff, signalmen, platform inspectors and porters. Of this number, 75 were passed for fogging duties for when additional staff were required for safe operation of trains in foggy conditions.

In addition to this there were many other staff employed at the station on a variety of duties including policemen (uniformed and plain clothes), locomotive staff, permanent way staff, carriage and wagon examiners, steam heat examiners, electric and gas examiners, telegraph staff, linemen, signal fitters, Goods Manager's Despatch Office staff, outside porters, hotel porters, staff from the continental office and GPO staff.

The former headquarters building of the GER (still a railway office in 1935) was adjacent to Liverpool Street and some departments in that building also had roles in the operation of the station.

Further to that the newspaper companies provided their own staff to load newspaper trains.[55][lower-alpha 1]

Signal box operation 1935

In 1935 the approaches to Liverpool Street and the station itself, were controlled by seven signal boxes, which fell under the responsibility of the Liverpool Street station master. The boxes were:

  • East London Junction - this was primarily for traffic to and from the East London Line and in 1935 a route onto the Southern Railway via Whitechapel
  • Bishopsgate North - this box controlled the suburban line only; it was situated on the former (closed 1916) Bishopsgate Low Level down suburban platform.
  • Bishopsgate South - stood on the former Down Local platform of Bishopsgate Low Level and controlled traffic on the Local and Through lines.
  • Liverpool Street West - was the controlling box for the station working. All trains were block signalled, irrespective of whether they were running into the west or east side of the station. The box had 203 active levers and 37 spare and during the busiest period of the day there were six signalmen on duty along with a telephone and booking lad. A train to Liverpool Street East Box would be block signalled from the West box.
  • Liverpool Street East - situated at the country end of Platform 11; it had 127 active and 9 spare levers, and controlled traffic passing on or off the Local or Through lines, into or out of platforms 11 to 18. Departing trains would be despatched to the west box.
  • The remaining two signal boxes were platform boxes whose purpose was to electrically lock a platform out when a train had arrived in it. The platform would not be freed (so other trains could not be routed into it) until all the vehicles brought into it were cleared and the platform was again ready for another train to be accepted. These boxes were located at the country ends of Platform 4/5 and 14/15.[56]
Second World War

Thousands of Jewish refugee children arrived at Liverpool Street in the late 1930s as part of the Kindertransport rescue mission to save them in the run up to the Second World War. The Für Das Kind Kindertransport Memorial sculpture by artist Flor Kent was installed at the station in September 2003 commemorating this event. It consisted of a specialised glass case with original objects and a bronze sculpture of a girl, a direct descendant of a child rescued by Nicholas Winton, who unveiled the work.[57] The objects included in the sculpture began to deteriorate in bad weather,[58] and a replacement bronze memorial, Kindertransport – The Arrival by Frank Meisler was installed as a replacement at the main entrance in November 2006.[59] The child statue from the Kent memorial was re-erected separately in 2011.[60]

During the war, the station's structure sustained damage from a nearby bomb, particularly the Gothic tower at the main entrance on Liverpool Street and its glass roof.[61]

As a precautionary measure the large and weighty West Side hanging clock was brought down to platform level and served as an enquiry office for the duration of the war.[62]

Nationalisation (1946–91)

Interior view of the station

After the formation of the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933, work to electrify the line from Liverpool Street to Shenfield began in association with the LNER.[63] Progress had been halted by the war but work resumed after the end of hostilities. The line between Liverpool Street and Stratford was electrified from 3 December 1946, and the full electrification of the Shenfield line at 1500 V DC was completed in September 1949.[63][64] At the same time, electrification of London Underground services in Essex and in northeast and east London led to the withdrawal of some services from Liverpool Street, being replaced with LU operations. Electrification continued with the line to Chingford electrified by November 1960.[65] In 1960-61 conversion of the 1,500 V DC route to Shenfield which had been extended to Southend and Chelmsford was converted to 6.25kV AC.[64]

The split-flap display board, which was replaced in 2007

In 1973 the British Railways Board, London Transport Executive, Greater London Council and the Department of the Environment produced a report examining the modernisation of London transport. It recommended high priority given to reconstructing Liverpool Street and Broad Street stations and recommended financing this through property development on the site.[66] Liverpool Street had a number of design and access issues, many of which derived from the 1890 extension which had effectively created two stations on one site, with two concourses linked by walkways, booking halls, and inefficient traffic flows within the station. Additionally the rail infrastructure presented limitations; only seven of the platforms could accommodate 12-carriage trains, and the track exit layout was a bottleneck.[67] In 1975 British Railways announced plans to demolish and redevelop both stations.[68] The proposed demolition met considerable public opposition and prompted a campaign led by the Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman, leading to a public inquiry from November 1976 to February 1977.[69]

In autumn 1980 conversion of the overhead electrification from 6.25kV AC to the standard supply of 25kV AC.[70] The inquiry recommended that the western (1875) train shed roof should be retained in new development; consequently it was repaired and reinforced between 1982 and 1984, followed by repairs to the main roof completed in 1987.[71] Initial plans included adding two additional tracks, with 22 platforms in a layout similar to that of Waterloo station; the combined Broad Street and Liverpool Street station was to be at the level of the latter, with relatively low-rise office developments.[72] The development was reassessed in 1983/4, when it was decided to retain the existing six-road exit throat and 18-platform layout, in combination with resignalling; this resulted in a station confined to the Liverpool Street site, with ground space released for development.[73] British Railways signed an agreement with developers Rosehaugh Stanhope in 1985, and work on the office development, known as Broadgate, began.[74]

Railway work included the construction of a short link from the North London Line to the Cambridge main line, allowing trains that had previously used Broad Street to terminate at Liverpool Street.[75] The station was reconstructed with a single concourse at the head of the station platforms, and entrances from Bishopsgate and Liverpool Street, as well as a bus interchange in the south west corner.[76] The Broadgate development was constructed between 1985 and 1991, with 330,000 m2 (3,600,000 sq ft) of office space on the site of the former Broad Street station and above the Liverpool Street tracks.[77] Proceeds from the Broadgate development were used to help fund the station modernisation.[78]

In 1988, The Arcade above the underground station on the corner of Liverpool Street and Old Broad Street was due to be completely demolished by London Regional Transport and MEPC, who wanted to develop the site into a five-storey block of offices and shops. More than 6,000 people signed a petition to "Save the Arcade", and the historic Victorian building still stands today.[79] The campaign against the development was led by Graham Horwood, who owned an employment agency within the Arcade at the time.[80]

In 1989, the first visual display unit-controlled signalling operation on British Rail (known as an Integrated Electronic Control Centre) became operational at Liverpool Street.[81]

Plaque commemorating the opening of the rebuilt station in 1991

The redeveloped Liverpool Street was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 5 December 1991.[82] At that time a giant departures board was installed above the concourse; it was one of the last remaining mechanical 'flapper' display boards at a British railway station until its replacement in November 2007.[83]

Recent history and privatisation (1991–present)

A plaque commemorating the twinning of Liverpool Street and Amsterdam Centraal stations

In 1991, an additional entrance was constructed on the east side of Bishopsgate with a subway under the road.[84] The station was "twinned" with Amsterdam Centraal railway station on 2 December 1993, with a plaque marking this close to the entrance to the Underground station.[85]

The station was badly damaged on 24 April 1993 by the Bishopsgate bombing and was temporarily closed as a result.[86][87] About £250,000 of damage was caused to the station, primarily to the glass roof. The station re-opened on 26 April 1993.[88][89]

In 2013, during excavation work for the Crossrail project, a 2 acres (0.81 ha) mass burial ground dating from the 17th century was uncovered a few feet beneath the surface at Liverpool Street, the so-called Bedlam burial ground or New Churchyard. It contained the remains of several hundred people and it is thought that the interments were of a wide variety of people, including plague victims, prisoners and unclaimed corpses.[90] A 16th-century gold coin, thought to have been used as a sequin or pendant, was also found.[91] In early 2015 full scale excavation of the burials began, then estimated at around 3,000 interments.[92]

The Elizabeth line entrance at Liverpool Street

In advance of the full opening of the Elizabeth line, precursor operator TfL Rail took over from Greater Anglia the Liverpool Street-Shenfield stopping "metro" service from 2015.[93] At the same time, services on the Lea Valley Lines out of Liverpool Street to Enfield Town, Cheshunt (via Seven Sisters) and Chingford transferred to London Overground.[94] The central section of the Elizabeth line opened on 24 May 2022 between Paddington and Abbey Wood.[95] The Elizabeth line platforms are to the south-west of the existing tube station building.[8] A new ticket hall with step-free access opened next to the Broadgate development, with links to the existing Underground station, and a pedestrian link via the new platforms to the ticket hall of Moorgate, providing direct access to London Underground's Northern line and the National Rail Northern City Line at Moorgate. Thus, Liverpool Street appears on the Tube map as an interchange with Moorgate, similarly to Bank and Monument.[96]

Services

In the 12 months to 31 March 2020, immediately before travel restrictions were introduced as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Liverpool Street was the third-busiest railway station in the United Kingdom, after London Waterloo and London Victoria, with an estimated 66 million passenger entries and exits.[97] Patronage fell by 83% in the 12 months to 31 March 2021, to 11.2 million entries and exits, as a result of the pandemic.[98]

In 2022 / 2023, it was ranked as the busiest station in the UK, with 80.4 million entries and exits, the increase being attributed to the opening of the Elizabeth line in May 2022.[99]

Trains depart from the main line station for destinations across the east of England, including Norwich, Southminster, Ipswich, Clacton-on-Sea, Colchester, Chelmsford, Southend Victoria, Cambridge, Harlow Town, Hertford East, Broxbourne and many suburban stations in north and east London, Essex and Hertfordshire. A few daily express trains to Harwich International provide a connection with the Dutchflyer ferry to Hook of Holland. Stansted Express trains provide a link to Stansted Airport and Southend Victoria-bound services stop at Southend Airport.[100]

Most passenger services on the Great Eastern Main Line are operated by Greater Anglia. Since 2015, the Shenfield stopping service has been operated by Transport for London (first under the TfL Rail brand, now the Elizabeth line), and the Lea Valley Lines to Enfield Town, Cheshunt (via Seven Sisters) and Chingford are operated by London Overground. A small number of late-evening and weekend services operated by c2c run via Barking.[101] The station is split into two “halves”: the "west" side for the Lea Valley Lines services and the "east" side for services via Shenfield.[102]

Trains on the central section of the Elizabeth line run west towards Paddington and east to Abbey Wood in south-east London.[103]

The typical off-peak weekday service pattern from Liverpool Street is:

Operator Line Destination Intermediate stations Rolling stock Frequency Note
Elizabeth line Elizabeth line Heathrow Terminal 5 Farringdon – Tottenham Court Road – Bond Street – Paddington – Acton Main Line – Ealing Broadway – West Ealing – Hanwell – Southall – Hayes & Harlington – Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Class 345 2 per hour
Heathrow Terminal 4 4 per hour
Reading Farringdon – Tottenham Court Road – Bond Street – Paddington – Ealing Broadway – Southall – Hayes & Harlington – West Drayton – Langley – Slough – Burnham – Taplow – Maidenhead – Twyford 2 per hour
Maidenhead Farringdon – Tottenham Court Road – Bond Street – Paddington – Ealing Broadway – Southall – Hayes & Harlington – West Drayton – Iver – Langley – Slough – Burnham
Paddington Farringdon – Tottenham Court Road – Bond Street 6 per hour
Abbey Wood Whitechapel – Canary Wharf – Custom House – Woolwich 8 per hour
Shenfield Whitechapel – Stratford – Maryland – Forest Gate – Manor Park – Ilford – Seven Kings – Goodmayes – Chadwell Heath – Romford – Gidea Park – Harold Wood – Brentwood
Greater Anglia GEML Southend Victoria Stratford – Shenfield – Billericay – Wickford – Rayleigh – Hockley – Rochford – Southend Airport – Prittlewell Class 720 3 per hour 1 calls additionally at Romford
Norwich Colchester – Manningtree – Ipswich – Diss Class 745[104] 1 per hour
Stratford – Chelmsford – Colchester – Manningtree – Ipswich – Stowmarket – Diss
Ipswich Stratford – Shenfield – Chelmsford – Hatfield Peverel – Witham – Kelvedon – Marks Tey – Colchester – Manningtree Class 720
Clacton-on-Sea Stratford – Shenfield – Ingatestone – Chelmsford – Witham – Colchester – Wivenhoe – Thorpe-le-Soken
Colchester Town Stratford – Romford – Shenfield – Ingatestone – Chelmsford – Witham – Kelvedon – Marks Tey – Colchester
Braintree Stratford – Shenfield – Ingatestone – Chelmsford – Witham – White Notley – Cressing – Braintree Freeport
London Overground WAML Chingford Bethnal Green – Hackney Downs – Clapton – St James Street – Walthamstow Central – Wood Street – Highams Park Class 710[105] 4 per hour
Cheshunt Bethnal Green – Cambridge Heath – London Fields – Hackney Downs – Rectory Road – Stoke Newington – Stamford Hill – Seven Sisters – Bruce Grove – White Hart Lane – Silver Street – Edmonton Green – Southbury – Turkey Street – Theobald Grove 2 per hour
Enfield Town Bethnal Green – Cambridge Heath – London Fields – Hackney Downs – Rectory Road – Stoke Newington – Stamford Hill – Seven Sisters – Bruce Grove – White Hart Lane – Silver Street – Edmonton Green – Bush Hill Park
Greater Anglia/Stansted Express Stansted Airport Tottenham Hale – Bishops Stortford Class 745[104]
Tottenham Hale – Harlow Town 1 calls additionally at Stansted Mountfitchet
Greater Anglia Hertford East Hackney Downs – Tottenham Hale – Ponders End – Brimsdown – Enfield Lock – Waltham Cross – Cheshunt – Broxbourne – Rye House – St Margarets – Ware Class 720[106]
Cambridge North Tottenham Hale – Cheshunt – Broxbourne – Harlow Town – Sawbridgeworth – Bishops Stortford – Audley End – Whittlesford Parkway – Cambridge Class 720[107] 1 per hour
Tottenham Hale – Cheshunt – Broxbourne – Roydon – Harlow Town – Harlow Mill – Sawbridgeworth – Bishops Stortford – Stansted Mountfitchet – Elsenham – Newport – Audley End – Great Chesterford – Whittlesford Parkway – Shelford – Cambridge Class 720[108]

Service table

Preceding station National Rail National Rail Following station
TerminusGreater Anglia
Greater Anglia
Greater Anglia
  Stansted Express
  Tottenham Hale
c2c
Weekends only
Preceding station   Elizabeth line   Following station
Farringdon
  Elizabeth line   Whitechapel
Terminus     Stratford
towards Shenfield
Preceding station   London Overground   Following station
Terminus   Enfield & Cheshunt line   Bethnal Green
  Chingford line   Bethnal Green
towards Chingford
Disused railways
Terminus   Network SouthEast
  Dalston Kingsland
Line disused, station open
Great Eastern Railway
Line open, station closed

Underground station

Liverpool Street London Underground
Entrance from the main concourse at Liverpool Street
LocationBishopsgate
Local authorityCity of London
Managed byLondon Underground
OwnerTransport for London
Number of platforms4
AccessibleYes(Sub-surface eastbound platform only)[109]
Fare zone1
Cycle parkingYes (platform 10 & external)[110]
London Underground annual entry and exit
2018Decrease 65.03 million[111]
2019Increase 67.20 million[112]
2020Decrease 16.27 million[113]
2021Increase 26.60 million[114]
2022Increase 55.84 million[115]
Key dates
1 February 1875[116]Opened (using main line)
12 July 1875[116]Opened as Bishopsgate
1 November 1909[24]Renamed Liverpool Street
28 July 1912[117]Central line (London Underground) opened (terminus)
4 December 1946Central line extended (through)
Other information
External links
 London transport portal

Services

Liverpool Street Underground station is served by the Central, Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines, and is the sixth-busiest on the London Underground network.[118] On the Central line it is between Bank and Bethnal Green stations, on Circle and Metropolitan lines between Aldgate and Moorgate and, on Hammersmith and City, between Aldgate East and Moorgate. In common with other tube stations serving Central London termini, it is in fare zone 1. There is no wheelchair access to the tube lines,[119] except from the eastbound Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines, which have a ramp leading to the platform.[120]

Preceding station London Underground Following station
Bank
towards Ealing Broadway or West Ruislip
 Central line Bethnal Green
towards Epping, Hainault or Woodford via Newbury Park
Moorgate
towards Hammersmith via King's Cross St Pancras
 Circle line
 Aldgate
towards Edgware Road via Victoria
Moorgate
towards Hammersmith via King's Cross St. Pancras
 Hammersmith & City line Aldgate East
towards Barking
Moorgate
towards Uxbridge, Amersham, Chesham or Watford
 Metropolitan line Aldgate
Terminus
Former services
Preceding station London Underground Following station
Moorgate
towards Hammersmith
 Metropolitan line
Hammersmith branch (1864–1990)
 Aldgate East
towards Barking

History

Street entrance to the Underground station

Liverpool Street had been designed to integrate with the expanding London Underground network, and served as a new terminus for the Metropolitan Railway (MR) which extended east from Moorgate.[121] From 1874 to 1875, the MR used the Liverpool Street main line station as a terminus; the company opened its own station on 12 July 1875, initially named Bishopsgate.[24] Subsurface platforms 1 and 2 were opened in 1875.[122] A west-facing bay platform, platform 3, was formerly located to the south of platform 2;[123] this was used by terminating Metropolitan line trains from the west.[124] It was in use by 1896,[125] and was still in use in 1974,[126] but was redundant by 1994.[127][124]

The underground station was renamed Liverpool Street on 1 November 1909.[24][lower-alpha 2] In 1912, after the completion of an extension project from Bank, the underground station became a new terminus of the Central London Railway (CLR).[129] The platforms that are now the deep-level Central line platforms 4 and 5 opened as the eastern terminus of the CLR on 28 July 1912.[130][131] The tube station was one of the first to use the Moore Vacuum Tube, a new system of lighting that produced three times as much as a normal bulb.[132]

The tube station became one of the principal shelters during the Blitz. The station was not initially open to the public as a shelter, but during heavy raids on the East End on 7 September 1940, many sought refuge at the station, which was the safest and most practical shelter for many. Some sources suggest that the local people forced entry, others that staff decided to open the gates to everyone without asking for tickets, something which would have been technically illegal.[133][134]

On 4 December 1946, the passenger line was extended eastwards as part of the war-delayed London Passenger Transport Board's New Works Programme.[22][135][136] An Underground ticket hall was added in 1951.[129]

During the 7 July 2005 terrorist attacks on London, a bomb was exploded aboard an Underground train that had departed Liverpool Street toward Aldgate. Seven passengers were killed.[137]

London Post Office Railway station

The Liverpool Street Post Office Railway station is a disused station that was operated by Royal Mail on the London Post Office Railway system.

The station is between Mount Pleasant Mail Centre and Whitechapel Eastern District Post Office, and is situated at the south end of Liverpool Street under the Great Eastern Hotel. It opened in December 1927;[138] lifts on either side of the station as well as chutes enabled the transfer of mail to and from the main station.[29] Two 315-foot (96 m) parcel and letter bag conveyors were connected to platforms 10 and 11 (currently used by Greater Anglia); postal traffic reached 10,000 bags daily in the 1930s, with 690 Post Office services calling.[138] The system was discontinued in 2003.[139]

In 2014, a team from the University of Cambridge began conducting a study in a short, double track section of unused tunnel near the platforms where a newly built tunnel for Crossrail is situated almost two metres beneath. The study is to establish how the original cast-iron lining sections, which are similar to those used for many miles of railway under London, resist possible deformation and soil movement caused by the developments.[140]

Future developments

London Underground

The Central line runs directly below Shoreditch High Street on the London Overground's East London Line and an interchange has been desired locally in neighbouring Shoreditch since it opened in 2010. The new platforms would lie between Bethnal Green and Liverpool Street on one of the longest gaps between stations in inner London. Although there would be benefits to this interchange, it was ruled out on grounds of cost, the disruption it would cause to the Central line while being built, and because the platforms would be too close to sidings at Liverpool Street; the proposal will not be reconsidered until after the Elizabeth line is fully operational.[141]

Freight trial

A freight trial between Liverpool Street and London Gateway was planned to start in April or May 2020, using a Class 769 bi-mode train.[142]

Cultural references

Liverpool Street is one of the four railway stations present on the British version of Monopoly, along with King's Cross, Fenchurch Street and Marylebone. All four stations were termini of LNER services when Victor Watson redesigned the game for the British market in 1936.[143]

The station has been used several times as the site of fictionalised terrorist attacks: in Andy McNab's novel Dark Winter the station is the target of an attack; in London Under Attack, a 2004 Panorama docu-drama portrayal of a terrorist attack on London using chlorine gas;[144] and the drama Dirty War (2004) portrayed a suicide terrorist attack using a "dirty bomb" near the Underground station.[145] The station has also been used as a backdrop for a number of other film and television productions, including espionage films Stormbreaker (2006)[146] and Mission: Impossible (1996),[147] and crime drama The Shadow Line (2011),[148] as well as the site for staged flash mobs in the film St. Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold (2009),[149] and for a T-Mobile advert.[150]

H. G. Wells's 1898 novel The War of The Worlds included a chaotic rush to board trains at Liverpool Street as the Martian machines overran military defences in the West End.[151]

The station is the subject of the poem "Liverpool Street Station" by John Davidson.[152]

Through crystal roofs the sunlight fell,
And pencilled beams the gloss renewed
On iron rafters balanced well
On iron struts; though dimly hued.
With smoke o'erlaid, with dust endued.
The walls and beams like beryl shone;
And dappled light the platforms strewed
With yellow foliage of the dawn
That withered by the porch of day's divan.

— John Davidson, Fleet Street and Other Poems (Extract).[153]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ H C R Calver gave a talk to a meeting of the L.N.E.R. (London) Lecture & Debating Society on 6 December 1935. The material in this section and below was part of that talk.
  2. ↑ An additional, smaller station called Bishopsgate (Low Level) existed on the main line just outside of Liverpool Street from 1872 until 1916.[128]

Citations

  1. ↑ "Liverpool Street Station Platform Extension". www.bcmconstruction.co.uk. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  2. ↑ "London and South East" (PDF). National Rail. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009.
  3. ↑ "Out of Station Interchanges" (XLSX). Transport for London. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Estimates of station usage". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Please note: Some methodology may vary year on year.
  5. ↑ Historic England. "Gothic style offices and two western bays of train sheds (1286133)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  6. ↑ "Stations Run by Network Rail". Network Rail. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  7. ↑ "Station facilities for London Liverpool Street". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  8. 1 2 Lydall, Ross (4 May 2022). "Crossrail opening date finally announced". Evening Standard.
  9. ↑ "London Liverpool Street". Network Rail. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  10. 1 2 "History of Liverpool Street station". Network Rail. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013.
  11. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 108.
  12. 1 2 The Engineer 1865, p. 266, col. 1.
  13. 1 2 "Liverpool Street Station, London". Network Rail Virtual Archive. Network Rail. July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015.
  14. ↑ Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 490–491.
  15. 1 2 Kellett 2007, p. 52.
  16. ↑ Rickards 1864, pp. 954–956.
  17. 1 2 Network Rail 2014, p. 2.
  18. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 109.
  19. ↑ The Engineer 1875, p. 403, cols 1 & 2.
  20. ↑ Campion 1987, pp. 97–98.
  21. ↑ Burman & Stratton 2014, p. 175.
  22. 1 2 Rose 2007.
  23. ↑ ICE 1987, p. 39.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Smith 2001, p. 177.
  25. 1 2 Ackworth 1900, pp. 410–411.
  26. ↑ Smith 2001, p. 176.
  27. 1 2 3 Network Rail 2014, p. 1.
  28. ↑ Kellett 2007, p. 64.
  29. 1 2 Campion 1987, p. 98.
  30. ↑ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 491.
  31. ↑ The Engineer 1894a, p. 495, col. 2; Plan and cross section.
  32. ↑ The Engineer 1894a, p. 494.
  33. ↑ The Engineer 1894b, p. 515, col. 2.
  34. ↑ The Engineer 1894d, p. 314, col. 2.
  35. ↑ The Engineer 1894c, p. 560, col. 2.
  36. ↑ The Engineer 1894b, p. 515, col. 1.
  37. ↑ The Engineer 1896a, p. 414, col. 3.
  38. ↑ The Engineer 1896b, p. 188, col. 2.
  39. ↑ The Engineer 1897, p. 215, col. 3.
  40. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 114.
  41. 1 2 3 Jackson 1984, p. 119.
  42. ↑ Murphy 2005, p. 66.
  43. ↑ Sokolski 2004, pp. 19–20.
  44. ↑ Hanson 2008, pp. 126–127.
  45. ↑ First Blitz http://www.iancastlezeppelin.co.uk/13-jun-1917/4593903795 Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ "First World War – Spotlights on history". National Archives. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  47. ↑ "Sir H. Wilson murdered. Shot on his doorstep. Two Irishmen captured. Running fight in London". The Times. London. 23 June 1922. p. 10.
  48. ↑ "Lest We Forget ( The Great Eastern Railway Magazine June 1922)". What the papers said – excerpts from the railway press from the 1840s to the 1990s. Institute of Railway Studies and Transport History. p. 131. Archived from the original on 29 September 2002.
  49. ↑ "The case of Captain Fryatt". Institute of Railway Studies and Transport History – Railway readings. June 2003. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013.
  50. 1 2 Duffy 2003, 6.1. The Great Eastern Railway and the Liverpool Street Station experiment, pp. 73–5.
  51. ↑ "GER The Last Word in Steam Operated Suburban Train Services". Railway Gazette. 1 October 1920.
  52. ↑ Stratton & Trinder 2000, p. 163.
  53. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 122.
  54. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 123.
  55. ↑ Calver, H C R (December 1979). "Liverpool Street 1935 Part 1". Ipswich Transport Society Journal. 183.
  56. ↑ Calver, H C R (February 1980). "Liverpool Street 1935 Part 2". Ipswich Transport Society Journal. 185.
  57. ↑ Rothenberg, Ruth (19 September 2003). "Kindertransport statue unveiled". The Jewish Chronicle. London. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016.
  58. ↑ "Kindertransport monument derailed at Liverpool Street". Jewish Chronicle. 8 December 2005. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016.
  59. ↑ "New Kindertransport statue installed". The Association of Jewish Refugees. November 2006. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017.
  60. ↑ "Kindertransport Sculpture". Imperial War Museum collections. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  61. ↑ "Liverpool Street Station". 20th Century London. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  62. ↑ Hawkins, Chris (1991). Great Eastern in town and country Volume 2. Pinner,UK: Irwell Press. p. 25. ISBN 1-871608-25-2.
  63. 1 2 Duffy 2003, p. 271.
  64. 1 2 Cowley, Ian (1987). Anglia East. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 11. ISBN 9780715389782.
  65. ↑ Powell 1966, pp. 47–63.
  66. ↑ Campion 1987, p. 99.
  67. ↑ Campion 1987, pp. 98–99, sections 6, 9–12.
  68. ↑ "Window on the World". The Illustrated London News. 263 (2): 22.
  69. ↑ Thorne 1978, p. 7.
  70. ↑ Cowley, Ian (1987). Anglia East. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 59. ISBN 9780715389782.
  71. ↑ Campion 1987, p. 105-106.
  72. ↑ Campion 1987, p. 102, sections 20–23.
  73. ↑ Campion 1987, pp. 106–107, section 37-40.
  74. ↑ Campion 1987, pp. 106–107, section 40.
  75. ↑ Campion 1987, p. 107, section 43.
  76. ↑ Campion 1987, p. 109, Fig. 4.
  77. ↑ Sutcliffe 2006, pp. 204–5.
  78. ↑ Campion 1987, p. 97.
  79. ↑ "Petition addressed to the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and Commons of the City of London, requesting them to do all in their power to preserve the arcade & surrounding buildings at Liverpool Street and to oppose any redevelopment and to endeavour to have these buildings listed as of historic interest for the City and its heritage". Corporation of London Record Office. 1988.
  80. ↑ "Liverpool Street Arcade Still Standing... – Tai Chi Chuan". 30 April 2015.
  81. ↑ Beady, F.F.; Bartlett, P.J.N. (28 September 1989). New generation signalling control centre. International Conference on Main Line Railway Electrification. Institution of Electrical Engineers. pp. 317–321.
  82. ↑ "Main line Masterpiece". The Times. No. 64196. London. 6 December 1991. pp. 4, 19.
  83. ↑ "Last of the Flapper Boards depart Liverpool Street". Network Media News. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  84. ↑ Biddle 2016, p. 180.
  85. ↑ "The Railway Magazine". 140. IPC. 1994: 13. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  86. ↑ "The Bishopsgate Bomb: One bomb: pounds 1bn devastation: Man dead after City blast – Two more explosions late last night". The Independent. 25 April 1993.
  87. ↑ Webster, Philip; Prynn, Jonathan; Dettmner, Jamie; Ford, Richard (26 April 1993). "Taxpayers foot IRA bomb bill". The Times. No. 64628. p. 1, col. 1.
  88. ↑ "Liverpool St. reopens". The Times. No. 64368. 16 April 1993. p. 2.
  89. ↑ Bennett, Neil (26 April 1993). "Shattered City defies the bombers". The Times. No. 64628. p. 40.
  90. ↑ Blunden, Mark (8 August 2013). "Crossrail dig unearths ancient burial site under Liverpool Street station". London Evening Standard.
  91. ↑ Smith, Hayden (8 August 2013). "Crossrail project unearths prehistoric workshop and 16th-century burial ground". Metro.
  92. ↑ "Plague pit with 3,000 skeletons uncovered at new Liverpool Street station ticket hall". The Daily Telegraph. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015.
  93. ↑ "Clean, reliable and integrated: all change for neglected rail services in London". The Guardian. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  94. ↑ "TfL Confirms Takeover of West Anglia Rail Services". The Londonist. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  95. ↑ "Elizabeth line: Delayed £18bn Crossrail finally opens". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  96. ↑ "Crossrail, As It May Appear on the Tube Map". The Londonist. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  97. ↑ "Station usage 2019 - 20" (PDF). Office Of Rail and Road. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  98. ↑ "Station usage 2020 - 21" (PDF). Office of Rail and Road. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  99. ↑ "Liverpool Street becomes Britain's busiest station". BBC News. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  100. ↑ "London Liverpool Street Information & Timetables". Greater Anglia. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  101. ↑ "Changes to late evening and Liverpool Street services". c2c. 2007. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
  102. ↑ Simmons & Biddle 1997, p. 290.
  103. ↑ "Liverpool Street station". Crossrail. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  104. 1 2 "Albelio Greater Anglia / Stansted Express". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  105. ↑ TfL 2016, p. 4.
  106. ↑ "Greater Anglia invites enthusiasts to ride on Class 317s out of London Liverpool Street for one last time".
  107. ↑ "Greater Anglia invites enthusiasts to ride on Class 317s out of London Liverpool Street for one last time".
  108. ↑ "Greater Anglia invites enthusiasts to ride on Class 317s out of London Liverpool Street for one last time".
  109. ↑ "Step free Tube Guide" (PDF). Transport for London. April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2021.
  110. ↑ "Liverpool Street Underground Station". Transport for London. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  111. ↑ "Station Usage Data" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  112. ↑ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  113. ↑ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  114. ↑ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  115. ↑ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  116. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 112.
  117. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 117.
  118. ↑ "The London Underground really is getting more crowded – here are the 10 busiest Tube stations". City AM. London. 23 July 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  119. ↑ "Standard Tube Map" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  120. ↑ "Step Free Tube Guide Map" (PDF). Transport for London. May 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  121. ↑ Bownes, Green & Mullins 2012, p. 37.
  122. ↑ Menear 1983, p. 14.
  123. ↑ Brown, Joe (2015). London Railway Atlas. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing Limited. pp. 26, 90. ISBN 978-0-7110-3819-6.
  124. 1 2 "Images of former Platform 3 at Liverpool Street underground station".
  125. ↑ Ordnance Survey Town Plan London scale 1:1056 dated 1896
  126. ↑ London Transport, Timetable Metropolitan Line, 1974
  127. ↑ Jacobs, Gerald, ed. (1994). Railway Track Diagrams – England South and London Underground. Exeter: Quail Map Company. pp. 44B. ISBN 1-898319-07-3.
  128. ↑ Patmore 1987, p. 195.
  129. 1 2 Historic England. "Liverpool Street underground station, Bishopgate underground station (502060)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  130. ↑ Menear 1983, p. 41.
  131. ↑ ICE 1987, p. 40.
  132. ↑ Long 2010, p. 50.
  133. ↑ Bownes, Green & Mullins 2012, pp. 155–6.
  134. ↑ "Untold story of People's War in London Blitz". East London Advertiser. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  135. ↑ ICE 1987, p. 42.
  136. ↑ Day & Reed 2008, pp. 146–7.
  137. ↑ "London Attacks: Liverpool Street". BBC News Channel. BBC News.
  138. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 118.
  139. ↑ Dangerfield, Andy (28 January 2014). "Mail Rail: What is it like on the 'secret' tube". BBC News. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  140. ↑ "Bridging the Knowledge Gap in London's 'Secret Tube'". Cambridge Centre for Smart Infrastructure & Construction. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  141. ↑ Hawkins, John. "Meeting Reports: The East London Line Extension" (PDF). London Underground Railway Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2012.
  142. ↑ Clinnick, Richard (9 October 2019). "London Gateway-Liverpool Street freight trial planned". RAIL magazine. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  143. ↑ Moore 2003, pp. 158–159.
  144. ↑ "London under attack". BBC News Online. London. 6 May 2004.
  145. ↑ "BBC drama to depict 'dirty bomb' in London". The Guardian. 28 July 2004. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  146. ↑ "Stormbreaker". The Guardian. 21 July 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  147. ↑ "Filming on Network Rail stations and property". Network Rail. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  148. ↑ "The Shadow Line, Episode 4". BBC Two. 20 May 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  149. ↑ "St Trinian's Liverpool Street station dance". London Evening Standard. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  150. ↑ "T-Mobile Commercial Liverpool Street". Network Rail. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  151. ↑ Wells 2015, p. 167.
  152. ↑ Dow, 354.2, p. 108.
  153. ↑ Davidson 1909, pp. 43–58.

Periodicals

Books

  • Ackworth, W.M. (1900). The Railways of England (5th. ed.). London: John Murray.
  • Biddle, Gordon (2016). Railways in the Landscape. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-473-86237-1.
  • Bownes, David; Green, Oliver; Mullins, Sam (2012). Underground : How the Tube Shaped London. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1-846-14462-2.
  • Burman, Peter; Stratton, Michael (2014). Conserving the Railway Heritage. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-74493-8.
  • Campion, R.J. (1987). The Redevelopment of Liverpool Street Station. Thomas Telford. ISBN 9780727713377. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Davidson, John (1909). Fleet Street and Other Poems. G. Richards.
  • Day, John R.; Reed, John (2008) [1963]. The Story of London's Underground (10th ed.). Harrow: Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-316-7.
  • Dow, Andrew (ed.). Dow's Dictionary of Railway Quotations.
  • Duffy, Michael C. (2003). Electric Railways 1880–1990. The Institute of Engineering and Technology. ISBN 0852968051. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Halliday, Stephen. Underground to Everywhere: London's Underground Railway in the Life of the Capital.
  • Hanson, Neil (2008). First Blitz.
  • Jackson, Alan A. (1984) [1969]. London's Termini. London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-330-02747-6.
  • Kellett, John R. (2007) [1969]. The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (digital reprint).
  • Long, David (2010). The Little Book of the London Underground. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-752-46236-3.
  • Menear, Laurence (1983). London's underground stations: a social and architectural study. Midas. ISBN 978-0-859-36124-8.
  • Moore, Tim (2003). Do Not Pass Go. Random House. ISBN 978-1-409-02216-9.
  • Murphy, Justin D. (2005). Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of Their Impact.
  • Patmore, John Allan (1987). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Greater London. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-946-53739-6.
  • Powell, W.R., ed. (1966). "14. Metropolitan Essex since 1919 – Suburban growth". A History of the County of Essex. Vol. 5. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Rickards, George Kettilby (1864). The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 27 & 28 Victoria 1864.
  • Rose, Douglas (December 2007) [1980]. The London Underground: A Diagrammatic History (8th ed.). Harrow Weald: Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-315-0.
  • Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997). The Oxford Companion to British Railway History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019-211697-0.
  • Smith, Denis (2001). London and the Thames Valley. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0727728768. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Sokolski, Henry D. (2004). Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice (PDF). ISBN 1584871725. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2017.
  • Stevenson, David (2004). 1914–1918 The History of the First World War. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9208-5.
  • Stratton, Michael; Trinder, Barrie (2000). Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology. E & FN Spon. ISBN 0419246800.
  • Sutcliffe, Anthony (2006). London: An Architectural History.
  • Thorne, Robert (1978). Liverpool Street Station. Academy Editions.
  • Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2008). The London Encyclopedia. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5.
  • Wells, H. G. (2015) [1898]. War of the Worlds.
  • Moving People in Tomorrow's World: Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and Held in London on 2 October 1986. Thomas Telford. Institution of Civil Engineers. 1987. ISBN 978-0-727-70391-0.

Further reading

  • Derbyshire, Nick (1991). Liverpool Street : A station for the 21st Century. Granta. ISBN 0906782864.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liverpool Street station.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.