Lloyd Binford
Chief of Memphis Board of Censors
In office
January 7, 1928 – January 1, 1956
Personal details
Born
Lloyd Tilghman Binford

(1866-12-16)December 16, 1866
Duck Hill, Mississippi, U.S.
DiedAugust 27, 1956(1956-08-27) (aged 89)
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.

Lloyd Tilghman Binford (December 16, 1866 – August 27, 1956[1][2]) was an American insurance executive and film censor who was the head of the Memphis Censor Board in the early 20th Century for 28 years.[3][4][5]

Early Life

Binford was born in Duck Hill, Mississippi on December 16, 1866.[6] Even though his formal education ended in the fifth grade, Binford started and ran different businesses. He sold fireworks for fourth of July one summer and he also ran an outdoor roller-skating rink at 14.

At 16, he started working as a railway clerk for the Illinois Central Railroad.[6] His time at the Illinois Central Railroad was filled with many dangerous situations, which led him to seek out a safer job at the Woodmen of the World, a fraternal organization that offered insurance to its members.

Binford was so successful at this job that he was organizing Woodmen units throughout Mississippi, which caught the attention of Columbia Mutual Life Insurance Company.[6][7] He moved up in the company and became president in 1916. He chose to build the headquarters in Memphis, Tennessee, leading him to move there.[6]

Freemason noted for his views on "Southern womanhood" and white supremacy.[5] He once told Collier's that at his funeral "two rows of seats in the rear" would be "set aside for my Negro friends".[4]

Career

The mayor of Memphis and Binford's political boss, E.H. Crump, appointed Binford as the leader of the newly developed Board of Censors in Memphis in 1928. In this role, he chose to censor films that included topics or actors he did not support, like any films with leading black actors.[8]

Binford's changes included the removal of whipping and crucifixion sequences from Cecil B. de Mille's The King of Kings and cuts to or bans of numerous films with African-American stars or topics, including Imitation of Life, Sensations of 1945, and Brewster's Millions (1945).[5]

In 1945, he attracted national attention when he banned the Jean Renoir film The Southerner, citing his opinion that the Southern characters were portrayed as "common, lowdown, ignorant white trash". The film's producer David Loew retorted that "Binford must have been sniffing too many magnolias."[5] Boxoffice magazine noted in an editorial that Binford's opinion of The Southerner contrasted with that of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which endorsed the film as portraying "'the courage, stout-heartedness and love of our land which is an outstanding characteristic of the south.'"[7][9]

Binford also objected to any film that featured a train robbery, and blocked release in Memphis of Jesse James, The Return of Frank James, The Outlaw, and others.[2] In 1954, Binford told Variety why he had banned the film Woman They Almost Lynched, saying: "I am against pictures featuring Jesse James and his brothers and always ban such pictures."[10]

Among the other films Binford had banned from Memphis was the comedy Curley (1947), which was executive-produced by Hal Roach in the style of his earlier Our Gang shorts. Binford stated in a letter to the distributor, "'[The board] was unable to approve your 'Curley' picture with the little Negroes as the south does not permit Negroes in white schools nor recognize social equality between the races, even in children.'"[11]

Binford also occasionally banned films because of the personal conduct of the stars rather than the content of the movies. In 1950, referring to Ingrid Bergman's affair with director Roberto Rossellini, he announced that Bergman's films were banned from Memphis "'because of her conduct, not because of the pictures'.... 'We haven't even seen "Stromboli" and we don't expect to see it,'" Binford said.[12] The following year, a re-release of Charlie Chaplin's 1931 film City Lights was banned from Memphis. Binford's explanation of the ban stated that although "'[t]here's nothing wrong with the picture itself'", the film could not be shown in the city "'because of Chaplin's character and reputation'" and he also called him a "London guttersnipe";[13] Binford was referring to Chaplin's 4th marriage to the 18-year old Oona O'Neil in 1943.[14]

Later Life

Binford became increasingly ill during the 1950s and retired from his post as chairman of the Censor Board on January 1, 1956. He died of conditions stemming from an attack of influenza on August 27, 1956.[15][1]

Impact

While Binford’s bans may have kept certain films from being shown in Memphis, some publicists used his negative reviews as promotional material for their film.[16] For example, his review of “Son of Sinbad” drove people to travel to different cities to see the film because he stated it included “one of the vilest dances I ever saw” and noted “The dancer was almost naked, wearing only a G-string and a filmy sort of apron".

The Censor Board itself continued operations until July 1965, when U.S. Circuit Judge Bailey Brown declared it to be unconstitutional.[17]


Nowadays, Memphis will play some of the banned films on the big screen to recognize the impact Binford’s censorship had on the local art and community .[16]

References

  1. 1 2 "Memphis' Film Censor of 28 Years Is Dead". Chicago Daily Tribune. 1956-08-28. p. A8.
  2. 1 2 Finger, Michael (May 8, 2008). "Banned in Memphis: The dark days of Lloyd T. Binford, known from coast to coast as the toughest censor in America". Memphis Flyer.
  3. ↑ Obituary Variety, August 29, 1956.
  4. 1 2 Strub, Whitney (2007). "Black and White and Banned All Over: Race, Censorship and Obscenity in Postwar Memphis". Journal of Social History. 40 (3): 685–715. doi:10.1353/jsh.2007.0072. S2CID 143070794. Retrieved 2021-06-20 – via The Free Library. I cry, because I love old niggers," Lloyd Binford told a Collier's reporter in 1950, his eyes welling with tears as he recalled his youthful friendships with the black servants on his family's plantation. Before the aghast reporter could respond, Binford expounded on the extent of his love: at his funeral, "two rows of seats in the rear" would be "set aside for my Negro friends.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Higher Criticism in Memphis". Time. 1945-08-13. Retrieved 2008-01-02. Lloyd Tilgham Binford, dour, dogmatic chairman of the Memphis Board of Censors, has long prided himself on being able to whiff a movie innuendo or spot a suggestive line even before it is suggested. Since 1928, 76-year-old Mr. Binford has kept the Lower Chickasaw Bluff pure by dooming or doctoring many a movie.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Finger, Michael (May 8, 2008). "Banned in Memphis". Memphis Flyer. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  7. 1 2 "U D C Indorsed 'Southerner' But Memphis Censors Ban It". The Commercial Appeal. 1945-07-25. p. 11.
  8. ↑ Baird, Woody. "Memphis has history of censorship". Associated Press.
  9. ↑ Shlyen, Ben (1945-08-11). "Blindsight". Boxoffice. p. 6. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  10. ↑ "Jesse James Automatically Banned". Variety. No. 3 February 1954. p. 3.
  11. ↑ "Memphis Bars Negro Children at Play in Film". Chicago Daily Tribune. 1947-09-20. p. 12.
  12. ↑ "Bergman Films Under Ban in Memphis Area". Chicago Daily Tribune. 1950-02-05. p. 12.
  13. ↑ "Lloyd T. Binford". Our Memphis History. 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  14. ↑ "Calls Chaplin 'Guttersnipe'; Bans Old Film". Chicago Daily Tribune. 1951-01-11. p. 16.
  15. ↑ "Lloyd T. Binford Dies At 89; Famed Censor's Rites Today". The Commercial Appeal. 1956-08-28. p. 1.
  16. 1 2 Beifuss, John. "'Banned in Memphis' returns once-censored films to screen". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  17. ↑ "Memphis Film Censor Panel Is Ruled Unconstitutional". The New York Times. 1965-07-11. p. 51.
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