City (LCY)

Located in the London Borough of Newham, London City Airport^map5 is situated in London's Docklands, four miles from Canary Wharf, and is the closest to central London, which limits its size—the airport has a single runway, which is very short. Furthermore, the airport has a steep approach at a 5.5° angle (as opposed to the usual 3 degrees).^[8] As a result, only the smallest aircraft are permitted to use the airport, which initially prevented all long-haul flights. However, from 2009 to 2020, British Airways had operated a flight to New York–JFK, via Shannon, using an Airbus A318 – the largest aircraft that can be handled at the airport. The largest aircraft currently operating from the airport is the Airbus A220-100, slightly smaller than the Airbus A318,^[9] with increased range and capable of taking off from London City fully loaded. Its first commercial flight completed in August 2017 from Zürich.^[10]

The airport is often used by business travellers, with many flights serving destinations across the UK and northern Europe. The airport cannot easily be expanded due to the docks on either side. It is also the only airport serving London which does not operate at night.

A light rail service from London City Airport DLR station, which adjoins the terminal building of London City Airport, links it (among many other stations) to the financial district of the City of London at Bank and Monument stations, which offer interchanges with London Underground.

Heathrow (LHR)

London Heathrow is the busiest airport in the UK and in Europe and one of the busiest in the world.

Located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, Heathrow^map1 is by far the largest of London's airports and considered the main gateway into the United Kingdom for non-European visitors. Heathrow has four terminals and two parallel runways. Due to the location in London's western suburbs, Heathrow has had trouble trying to expand, with various expansion projects being cancelled.^[11] As a result, the airport consistently runs at over 99% capacity and is often included on lists of the worst-rated airports in the world.^[12] However, on 1 July 2015 Heathrow's expansion plan was suggested as the best option by the Airport Commission and on 25 October 2016 a new northwest runway and terminal was approved by the Government.

The airport is connected to Great Britain's motorway network via the M4 and M25 motorways, to London Paddington station by Heathrow Express^[13] and Elizabeth line trains and to other Central London destinations by London Underground trains on the Piccadilly line.

In April 2012 (before the 2012 Summer Olympics), Heathrow announced that for the first time in history it handled 70 million passengers in a calendar year,^[14] making it the third busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger numbers, after Atlanta and Beijing–Capital. It also comes second behind Dubai–International in the busiest airport in the world in terms of international passenger numbers, as well as being the busiest airport in Europe by total passenger numbers.

Heathrow serves six continents around the world, and is the base for the flag carrier British Airways in Terminal 5. While it also serves short-haul flights, Heathrow is London's long-distance hub and is the most popular arrival point for flights from the United States of America (including New York–JFK), with 13 million passengers. However, because it is operating at capacity, Heathrow has failed to increase service to cities in the newly industrialised countries such as China, falling behind European bases like Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and Paris–Charles de Gaulle.

Gatwick (LGW)

Side view of the North Terminal of Gatwick Airport

Located in West Sussex, Gatwick^map2 is the second-busiest airport in the United Kingdom, the eighth-busiest in Europe, and the second-busiest single-runway airport in the world. It handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport^[15] and is the main base of easyJet,^[16] the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.^[17] Also using it as a base are British Airways, Norse Atlantic Airways, TUI Airways and Wizz Air.

The airport has two terminals, North and South. It is connected to the motorway network via the M23 and has its own railway station, with Southern and Thameslink trains serving London Victoria and London Bridge stations respectively, as well as the dedicated Gatwick Express shuttle to and from London Victoria.

Luton (LTN)

Located in Bedfordshire, Luton Airport^map4 is London's fourth-largest airport, the fifth-busiest in the United Kingdom and the fourth-closest to central London, after Gatwick, Heathrow and City airports. The two airlines supplying most passenger capacity are the low-cost carriers, easyJet and Wizz Air.

Luton Airport Parkway railway station can be reached from London St Pancras in as little as 22 minutes via East Midlands Railway, while Thameslink is the primary operator, with slower but more frequent services. An automated people mover transit system, Luton DART, connects Luton Airport Parkway to the airport, a distance of just over a mile.^[18]

Stansted (STN)

Aerial view of the main terminal and the satellite buildings of London Stansted Airport

Located in Essex, Stansted^map3 is London's third-busiest airport, being the fourth-busiest in the United Kingdom, behind Manchester Airport, 22nd-busiest in Europe and the largest operational base for Ryanair, which is Europe's largest low-cost carrier and the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.^[19] Stansted serves more scheduled European destinations than any other airport in the UK,^[20] as well as some destinations further afield. It is the home of Air Harrods, operated by Harrods Aviation,^[21] allowing VIP aircraft to land there, such as Air Force One carrying the President of the United States, Barack Obama, in 2009 and also 2016, also President Donald Trump in 2017 and 2019.^[22]

Stansted Airport railway station is situated in the terminal building directly below the main concourse.^[23] Services to Central London are on the Stansted Express train to and from London Liverpool Street.

Southend (SEN)

Located in Essex, Southend Airport^map6 expanded commercial air transport operations to destinations in Ireland in 2011, and to mainland Europe in 2012 when easyJet commenced operations using the brand new terminal and railway station. Southend claims it only takes 15 minutes to go through arrivals from plane to train with hand luggage. It was the third-busiest airport in London from the 1960s until the end of the 1970s, when it was overtaken in passenger numbers by London Stansted Airport.^[24][25]

Southend Airport railway station is served by Abellio Greater Anglia trains, which connect the airport to London Liverpool Street station up to 8 times per hour. The journey to London takes about one hour.^[26]

Other airports

Though not generally considered London airports, Birmingham Airport and Southampton Airport have been suggested as alternative airports for London due to the existence of direct rail links serving Central London.^[27] Birmingham Airport has argued that High Speed 2, once complete, would make it an attractive option for London passengers.^[28]

Open airports

The following are mainly used by general aviation flights.

Closed airports

Airports are listed at their current borough, although the area may have been outside London at the time of construction.

Operational

• RAF Northolt^map32, in the London Borough of Hillingdon, also handles civil flights

Non-operational

Station are listed at their current borough, although the area may have been outside London at the time of construction.

Thames Estuary

Due to London's airports, particularly Heathrow, operating at full capacity, Boris Johnson, London's former mayor and former UK Prime Minister, and Sir Norman Foster historically proposed a new airport, either on a man-made island in the Thames Estuary, or on the Isle of Grain in north Kent. Foster's proposed Thames Hub Airport would have been very similar to the design of Hong Kong International Airport and Qatar's Hamad International Airport. The plans to have an airport able to handle 110 million passengers a year would have required the closure of Heathrow, and probably have made the new airport the busiest in the world.

The plans met with opposition from some people living nearby, warning the airport would cause a significant increase in bird strikes.^[29] Some other people and local businesses, recognising the depressed levels of economic activity in north Kent, were supportive and argued that London needed a new airport in order to be able to compete in the world.

Given its position east of London, this airport would have been less accessible than Heathrow from most parts of central and southern England.

Passengers numbers

Airports of London passenger totals, 2004–2014 (millions)

Updated: 28 April 2015.[30]

Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, City, Southend

Cargo numbers

Statistics from 1990 to 2011

Change

Year	Aircraft movements	Percentage change	Passenger numbers	Percentage change	Cargo tonnes	Percentage change
2001	1,074,773[31]	1	113,790,381	2	1,649,437
2002	954,570[32]	11.2	117,138,188	2.9	1,682,693	2.0
2003	967,270[33]	1.3	120,493,239	2.9	1,667,803	0.9
2004	1,005,256[34]	3.8	128,933,753	7.0	1,795,326	7.6
2005	1,038,241[35]	3.2	133,836,827	3.8	1,788,671	0.4
2006	1,060,831[36]	5.4	137,192,958	2.5	1,717,360	4.0
2007	1,087,703[37]	2.5	139,950,593	2.0	1,724,040	0.4
2008	1,077,448[38]	0.9	137,106,041	2.0	1,743,028	1.1
2009	1,003,616[39]	6.9	130,307,938	5.0	1,563,783	10.3
2010	954,371[40]	4.9	127,353,419	2.3	1,808,005	15.6
2011	1,072,126[7]	12.4	133,709,327	5.0	1,802,939[41]	0.3
2012	1,060,967[7]	1.0	134,914,412	0.9	1,805,761[42]	0.2
2013	1,067,992[7]	0.7	139,652,261	3.5	1,760,690[42]	2.5
2014	1,098,605[7]	2.9	146,631,158	5.0	1,819,587[42]	3.3

Busiest routes

In total, there were 30 international destinations from London, and another 3 domestic routes, that handled more than 1 million passengers in 2011:

Heathrow Airport is a major hub for flights across the North Atlantic. In 2011, 11% of all north Atlantic flights originated or terminated at Heathrow, more than Paris and Frankfurt combined, and Heathrow is the European terminus for 11 of the 25 busiest north Atlantic routes.

The busiest long-haul route in the world is between London (Heathrow and Gatwick) and New York (JFK and Newark), with a total of 3,898,460 passengers travelling between the two cities in 2011.