Voiced bilabial nasal
m
IPA Number114
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)m
Unicode (hex)U+006D
X-SAMPAm
Braille⠍ (braille pattern dots-134)

The voiced bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound which has been observed to occur in about 96% of spoken languages.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m. The bilabial nasal occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by "m" in map and rum. Very few languages (e.g. Wyandot) are known to lack this sound. A small number of languages have been observed to lack independent nasal phonemes altogether, such as Quileute, Makah, and Central Rotokas.[2]

Features

Features of the voiced bilabial nasal:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
  • Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

IPADescription
mplain m
mʲpalatalised
mˠvelarised
mˤpharyngealized

Occurrence

Occurrence of /m/ in several languages.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
!Kungm[m]'eat'
Adygheмазэ / māză[maːza]'moon'
ArabicStandard[3]مطابخ / maṭābiḫ[maˈtˤɑːbɪχ]'kitchens'See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[4]մայր / mayr[mɑjɾ]ⓘ'mother'
Assyrianܡܪܐ / mara[maːra]'owner'
Basquemaitatu[majt̪at̪u]'to love'
Bengaliমা / ma[ma]'mother'See Bengali phonology
Bulgarianмъгла / măgla[mɐɡla]'fog'
Catalan[5]meu[ˈmeʊ̯]'mine'See Catalan phonology
CherokeeᎠᎹ / ama[ama˦]'water'
Cantonese貓 / 猫 / māau[maːu̯˥]ⓘ'cat'See Cantonese phonology
Chukchi Mанэгран [maneɣɻan] 'tent'
Chuvashманăн / manăn'my'
Czechmuž[mʊʃ]ⓘ'man'See Czech phonology
Dutch[6]mond[mɔnt]ⓘ'mouth'See Dutch phonology
Dhivehimas[mas̪]'fish'See Dhivehi phonology
Englishhim[hɪm]ⓘ'him'See English phonology
Esperantotempo[ˈtempo]ⓘ'time'See Esperanto phonology
Filipinomanok[maˈnok]'chicken'See Filipino phonology
Finnishminä[ˈminæ]ⓘ'I'See Finnish phonology
French[7]manger[mɑ̃ʒe]ⓘ'to eat'See French phonology
Georgian[8]სამი / sami[ˈsɑmi]'three'
GermanMaus[maʊ̯s]ⓘ'mouse'See Standard German phonology
Greek[9]μάζα / maza[ˈmaza]ⓘ'clump'See Modern Greek phonology
Gujaratiમોર / mōr[moːɾ]'male peacock'See Gujarati phonology
Hawaiian[10]maka[maka]'eye'See Hawaiian phonology
Hindiमधु / madhū[məd̪ʱuː]'honey'See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hebrewאמא / ima[ˈʔimäʔ]'mother'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarianma[mɒ]ⓘ'today'See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian[11]masuk[ˈmäsʊʔ]'enter'
Italian[12]mamma[ˈmamma]ⓘ'mommy'See Italian phonology
Japanese[13]豆 / mame[mäme̞]'bean'See Japanese phonology
Kabardianмазэ / mazè[maːza]'moon'
Kagayanen[14]manang[manaŋ]'older sister'
Kazakhкеме / keme[keme]'ship'See Kazakh phonology
Khmerខ្មែរ / khmêr[kʰmae]'Khmer'See Khmer phonology
Korean마을 / maeul[mɐɯl]'village'See Korean phonology
Limburgishmoer[muːʁ]'carrot'Common. Example from the Weert dialect.
Lithuanianmama[ˈmɐmɐ]'mom'
Macedonianмајка / majka[ˈmajka]'mother'See Macedonian phonology
Malaymalam[mäläm]'night'
Malayalam[15]കമ്മി / kammi[kəmmi]'shortage'
Malteseilma[ilma]'water'
Mandarin 貓 / 猫 / māo [mɑʊ̯˥]ⓘ 'cat' See Mandarin phonology
Marathiमन / man[mən]'mind'See Marathi phonology
Mutsunmuruṭ[muɾuʈ]'night'
Nepaliआमा / āmā[ämä]'mother'See Nepali phonology
Norwegianmamma[ˈmɑmːɑ]'mom'See Norwegian phonology
Ojibweᐊᓈᒥᒻ / anaamim[ənaːˈmɪm]'accuse'See Ojibwe phonology
Odiaମା / mä[mä]'mother'
Persianمادر / mâdar[mɒdær]'mother'See Persian phonology
Pirahãbaíxi[ˈmàí̯ʔì]'parent'allophone of /b/
Polish[16]masa[ˈmäsä]ⓘ'mass'See Polish phonology
Portuguese[17]mato[ˈmatu]ⓘ'bush'See Portuguese phonology
Punjabiਮੈਂ / mēm̐[mɛ̃ː]'I'
Russian[18]муж / muzh[muʂ]ⓘ'husband'Contrasts with palatalized version. See Russian phonology
Sanskrit अहम् /aham [əhəm] 'I' See Sanskrit phonology
Serbo-Croatian[19]мој / moj[mȏːj]'my'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakmuž[mu̞ʂ]'man'
Slovenemiš[mîʃ]'mouse'
Spanish[20]grumete[ɡɾuˈme̞te̞]'cabin boy'See Spanish phonology
Swahilimiti[ˈmiti]'trees'
Swedishmask[mask]'worm'See Swedish phonology
Teluguమబ్బు[mabːu]'cloud'Occurs as allophone of anuswara when followed by retroflex stops
Thai มอมแมม / mommaem [mɔːm.mɛːm] 'shabby' See Thai phonology
Toki Ponamani[mani]'money'
Tsezмец / mec[mɛ̝t͡s]'tongue'
Turkishbenim[be̞ˈn̟ɪm]'mine'See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[21]молоко / moloko[mɔɫɔˈkɔ]'milk'See Ukrainian phonology
Urduمکان / makān[məkaːn]'house'See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Uyghurمەن / men[mæn]'I'
Uzbekmen[men]'I'
Vietnamese[22]muối[mwojˀ˧˥]'salt'See Vietnamese phonology
Welshmam[mam]ⓘ'mother'See Welsh phonology
West Frisianmar[mar]'lake'See West Frisian phonology
Yiꂷ / ma[ma˧]'bamboo'
ZapotecTilquiapan[23]man[maŋ]'animal'

Palatalized

Occurrence of /mʲ/ in several languages.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bulgarian[24]мя́сто/mjásto[mʲa̟sto]'place'Contrasts with /m/. See Bulgarian phonology.
Irishmé[mʲeː]'I'Contrasts with /mˠ/. See Irish phonology.
Kildin Saami[25]ме̄рр/mʹērr[mʲerː]'sea'Kildin Saami contrasts varieties of bilabial nasals in voicedness, length and palatalization.[25]
Latgalian[26]miļti[mʲilʲtʲi][27]'flour'Contrasts with /m/.[26] See Latgalian phonology.
Lithuanian[28]miglà[mʲɪɡˈɫa]'mist'Contrasts with /m/. See Lithuanian phonology
Marshallese[29]emān[ɛmʲænʲ]'four'Contrasts with /mˠ/.[29]
NenetsTundra Nenets[30]мяˮ/ḿaq[mʲɑ][31]'tent'Contrasts with /m/.[30]
Forest Nenets[30]
Russianмедь/medʹ[mʲetʲ]ⓘ'copper'Contrasts with /m/. See Russian phonology.
Veps[32]nem'[nemʲ]'peninsula'Contrasts with /m/.[32]

Velarized

Occurrence of /mˠ/ in several languages.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Gilbertesemwe[33][mˠe]'sleep'Contrasts with /m/ and /mː/.
Irishmá[mˠɑː]'if'Contrasts with /mʲ/. See Irish phonology.
Marshallese[29]m̧winam̧ōn[mˠinʲɑmˠʌnʲ]'caterpillar'Contrasts with /mʲ/.[29]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Segments - m". PHOIBLE. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  2. ↑ Ian Maddieson (2009). "Nasals and Nasalization: Revisiting universals". Nasal 2009. Wikidata Q115902630.
  3. ↑ Thelwall (1990:37)
  4. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
  5. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  6. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
  7. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  8. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  9. ↑ Newton (1972:10)
  10. ↑ Ladefoged (2005:139)
  11. ↑ Soderberg & Olson (2008:210)
  12. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  13. ↑ Okada (1999:117)
  14. ↑ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
  15. ↑ Ladefoged (2005:165)
  16. ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
  17. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  18. ↑ Padgett (2003:42)
  19. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  20. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  21. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  22. ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
  23. ↑ Merrill (2008:108)
  24. ↑ Klagstad (1958:48)
  25. 1 2 Rießler (2022:222)
  26. 1 2 Nau (2011:12)
  27. ↑ Nau (2011:14)
  28. ↑ Pakerys (1995:?)
  29. 1 2 3 4 Choi (1992:14)
  30. 1 2 3 Burkova (2022:680)
  31. ↑ Burkova (2022:681)
  32. 1 2 Grünthal (2022:294)
  33. ↑ Stephen & Groves (1978)

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.