Melnick 34
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0
Constellation Dorado
Right ascension 5h 38m 44.26s[1]
Declination −69° 06′ 05.88″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 13.09[1]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Wolf–Rayet star
Spectral type WN5h + WN5h[2]
B−V color index +0.25[1]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)287±5[2] km/s
Distance163,000 ly
(49,970[3] pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)-7.42[2]
Orbit[2]
Period (P)154.55±0.05 d
Eccentricity (e)0.68±0.02
Inclination (i)~50°
Periastron epoch (T)57671.2±0.9 JD
Argument of periastron (ω)
(secondary)		20.9±3.8°
Semi-amplitude (K1)
(primary)		130±7 km/s
Semi-amplitude (K2)
(secondary)		141±6 km/s
Details
A
Mass148[4] M☉
Radius19.3±2.8[2] R☉
Luminosity2,042,000[4] L☉
Temperature53,000±1,200[2] K
Age0.5±0.3[2] Myr
B
Mass135[4] M☉
Radius18.2±2.7[2] R☉
Luminosity1,585,000[4] L☉
Temperature53,000±1,200[2] K
Age0.6±0.3[2] Myr
Other designations
BAT99-116,[5] Melnick 34, 2MASS J05384424-6906058, Brey 84
Database references
SIMBADdata

Melnick 34 (abbreviated to Mk34), also called BAT99-116, is a binary Wolf–Rayet star near R136 in the 30 Doradus complex (also known as the Tarantula Nebula) in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Both components are amongst the most massive and most luminous stars known, and the system is the most massive known binary system.

Binary

NGC 2070 region. MK 34 is the bright isolated star to the left of the R136 cluster in the righthand panel.

Melnick 34 is a binary star with an orbital period of 155 days. It shows high x-ray luminosity characteristic of colliding-wind binaries, and periodic variations in luminosity, spectral absorption, and the x-ray brightness.[6]

The orbit has been calculated based on spectroscopic observations with the Very Large Telescope. The two components have identical spectral types of WN5h and the spectral lines of each vary every 155 days, indicating projected orbital motions with speeds of 130 km/s and 141 km/s respectively. The similar orbital speeds show that the two components have similar masses; the secondary has amass 92% of the primary, assuming an inclination near 50°. The inclination of 50° best matches the orbital properties of the two stars to their observed properties. The primary is designated A and the secondary B. The orbit is moderately eccentric, with a periastron separation of about 0.9 AU.[2]

Physical characteristics

R136 in NGC 2070, with Mk 34 just to the left of the central concentration

The two components of Mk34 have identical spectral classes of WN5h, having spectra with prominent emission lines of highly-ionised helium, nitrogen, and carbon. The h suffix indicates that the spectrum also contains lines of hydrogen which are not usually seen in Wolf-Rayet spectra. The strength of the helium emission lines in the spectrum shows that the outer layers of the star consist of 35% helium.[2]

The WN5 spectral class indicates an extremely high photospheric temperature. Modelling the profiles of several spectral lines gives an effective temperature of 53,000 K for each star. The primary star has a bolometric luminosity of about 2,000,000 L☉ and a radius of about 19 R☉, while the secondary has a luminosity of about 1,600,000 L☉ and a radius of about 18 R☉.[2][4]

The masses of the two components inferred from their spectra are about 148 M☉ and 135 M☉ respectively.[4] The masses determined from the orbit of the stars depends strongly on the inclination of the orbit, which is poorly known. The best match with the observed masses is found for orbits with an inclination near 50°.[2]

The emission line spectra of the two stars in the Mk34 system are caused by strong mass loss which produces a dense stellar wind. Both stars have a stellar wind with a velocity of about 2500 km/s causing each star to lose more than the mass of the sun every 10,000 years, a billion times stronger than the sun's wind.[2]

Evolution

Although Wolf-Rayet stars are typically old stars that have lost their outer layers of hydrogen, some are very young massive stars which still contain hydrogen. Both stars in the Mk34 system are very young, and the helium, carbon, and nitrogen fusion products in their spectra are produced by the strong convection that occurs in massive main sequence stars and by rotational mixing. The stars are rotating at about 240 km/s and 250 km/s respectively.[2]

Modelling the evolution of the stars gives ages of about 500,000 years, with current masses of about 139 M☉ and 127 M☉ respectively, and initial masses of 144 M☉ and 131 M☉ respectively. These are similar to the masses deduced from observation. The stars are expected to have a hydrogen-burning lifetime of about 2.2 Myr, and are not expected to experience significant mass exchange during their evolution. Both stars should reach core collapse with masses too high to produce a normal supernova. Instead they are likely to produce a weak supernova followed by collapse to a black hole, or directly collapse to a black hole with no visible explosion.[2]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Doran, E. I.; Crowther, P. A.; de Koter, A.; Evans, C. J.; McEvoy, C.; Walborn, N. R.; Bastian, N.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Grafener, G.; Herrero, A.; Kohler, K.; Maiz Apellaniz, J.; Najarro, F.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Taylor, W. D.; van Loon, J. Th.; Vink, J. S. (2013). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey - XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 558: 134. arXiv:1308.3412. Bibcode:2013A&A...558A.134D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321824. S2CID 118510909.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tehrani, Katie A.; Crowther, Paul A.; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Pollock, A M T.; Parker, Richard J.; Schnurr, Olivier (2019). "Weighing Melnick 34: The most massive binary system known". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 484 (2): 2692–2710. arXiv:1901.04769. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.2692T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz147.
  3. ↑ Pietrzyński, G; D. Graczyk; W. Gieren; I. B. Thompson; B. Pilecki; A. Udalski; I. Soszyński; et al. (7 March 2013). "An eclipsing-binary distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud accurate to two per cent". Nature. 495 (7439): 76–79. arXiv:1303.2063. Bibcode:2013Natur.495...76P. doi:10.1038/nature11878. PMID 23467166. S2CID 4417699.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shenar, T.; Sablowski, D. P.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Oskinova, L. M.; Ramachandran, V.; Sana, H.; Sander, A. A. C.; Schnurr, O.; St-Louis, N.; Vanbeveren, D.; Götberg, Y.; Hamann, W.-R. (2019). "The Wolf–Rayet binaries of the nitrogen sequence in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 627: A151. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935684.
  5. ↑ Breysacher, J.; Azzopardi, M.; Testor, G. (1999). "The fourth catalogue of Population I Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 137 (1): 117–145. Bibcode:1999A&AS..137..117B. doi:10.1051/aas:1999240.
  6. ↑ Pollock, A. M. T; Crowther, P. A; Tehrani, K; Broos, Patrick S; Townsley, Leisa K (2017). "The 155-day X-ray cycle of the very massive Wolf-Rayet star Melnick 34 in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 474 (3): 3228–3236. arXiv:1803.00822. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.474.3228P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2879.

Further reading

  • Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Bostroem, K. A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Walborn, N. R.; Angus, C. R.; Brott, I.; Bonanos, A.; De Koter, A.; De Mink, S. E.; Evans, C. J.; Gräfener, G.; Herrero, A.; Howarth, I. D.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Vink, J. S. (2016). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He II λ1640 in young star clusters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 458 (1): 624–659. arXiv:1603.04994. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458..624C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw273.
  • Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W. -R. (2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. S2CID 55123954.
  • Groh, J. H.; Meynet, G.; Georgy, C.; Ekström, S. (2013). "Fundamental properties of core-collapse supernova and GRB progenitors: Predicting the look of massive stars before death". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 558: A131. arXiv:1308.4681. Bibcode:2013A&A...558A.131G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321906. S2CID 84177572.
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