This list of xiphosurans is a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the order Xiphosura, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, genera that are no longer considered xiphosurans and misspellings. The list currently includes 54 names out of which 31 are considered valid xiphosuran genera.

As of 2019, there were around 80 extinct species of xiphosurans[1] and 4 extant species of xiphosurans recognized as valid.

Naming conventions and terminology

There is no "official" or "canonical" list of xiphosuran genera. The closest thing is found contained in the regularly updated Summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives in the World Spider Catalog, which include just the extinct species. The vast majority or all of the content of the list below, including the valid genera, preoccupied names, junior synonyms, misspellings, taxonomical classifications and sites of discovery, is based upon the 2019 edition of the summary list.

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

  • Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
  • Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
  • Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
  • Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
  • Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features.

Xiphosuran genera

  Valid genera
  Non-valid genera

† = Extinct

Genus Author(s) Year Status Age Location Notes
Alanops Racheboeuf 2002 Valid Carboniferous
Anacontium Raymond 1944 Valid Permian
Archeolimulus Chlupáč 1963 Valid Middle Ordovician
Austrolimulus Riek 1955 Valid Triassic

Belinuropsis

Matthew

1910

Nomen dubium

Carboniferous

Too poorly preserved to be assigned to any particular arthropod group.

Belinurus Bronn 1839 Valid[2] Carboniferous
Bellinuroopsis Chernyshev 1933 Valid Devonian

Bellinurus

Pictet

1846

Synonym

N/A

N/A

Invalid name, Belinurus (Bronn, 1839) has priority.[2]

Bifarius

Tasch

1961

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, an insect.

Carcinoscorpius Pocock 1902 Valid ??? - present
Casterolimulus Holland, Erickson & O’Brien 1975 Valid Cretaceous
Crenatolimulus Feldmann, Schweitzer, Dattilo & Farlow 2011 Valid Cretaceous

Dubbolimulus

Pickett

1984

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Paleolimulus.

Elleria Raymond 1944 Valid Devonian

Elmocephalus

Tasch

1963

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, a crustacean?

Eolimulus

Moberg

1892

Nomen dubium

Cambrian

Euproops Meek 1867 Valid Carboniferous - Permian?

Heterolimulus

Via Boada & Villalta

1966

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Tachypleus.

Hypatocephala

Tasch

1961

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, an insect.

Kasibelinurus Pickett 1993 Valid Devonian

Koenigiella

Raymond

1944

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Bellinurus.

Lemoneites

Flower

1969

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, an echinoderm.

Limulitella Størmer 1952 Valid Triassic - Jurassic

†Limulites

Schimper

1853

Preoccupied

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Limulitella.

Limulus Müller 1785 Valid Triassic - present
Liomesaspis Raymond 1944 Valid Carboniferous -

Permian

†Lophodesmus

Tesakov & Alekseev

1992

Preoccupied

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Maldybulakia.

Lunataspis Young & Nowlan 2008 Valid Ordovician
Maldybulakia Tesakov & Alekseev 1998 Valid Silurian
Mesolimulus Størmer 1952 Valid Triassic - Cretaceous

Neobelinuropsis

Eller

1938

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Bellinuroopsis.

Palatinaspis

Malz & Poschmann

1993

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Liomesaspis.

Paleolimulus Dunbar 1923 Valid Carboniferous - Triassic
Panduralimulus Allen & Feldman 2005 Valid Permian

Permolimulinella

Tasch

1963

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, an insect.

Pincombella

Chapman

1932

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, an insect.

Prestwichia

Woodward

1867

Preoccupied

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Euproops.

Prestwichianella

Cockerell

1905

Replacement name

N/A

N/A

Replacement name for Prestwichia.

Pringlia

Raymond

1944

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Liomesaspis.

Prolimulus Frič 1899 Valid Carboniferous
Psammolimulus Lange 1923 Valid Triassic
Rolfeia Waterston 1985 Valid Carboniferous

Steropsis

Baily

1869

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Bellinurus.

Strongylocephalus

Tasch

1961

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, an insect.

Tachypleus Leach 1819 Valid Triassic - present
Tarracolimulus Romero & Via Boada 1977 Valid Triassic
Vaderlimulus Lerner, Lucas & Lockley 2017 Valid Triassic
Valloisella Racheboeuf 1992 Valid Carboniferous

†"Veltheimia"

Beyschlag & von Fritsch

1899

Nomen nudum

Carboniferous?

Victalimulus Riek & Gill 1971 Valid Cretaceous
Willwerathia Størmer 1969 Valid Devonian
Xaniopyramis Siveter & Selden 1987 Valid Carboniferous

Xiphosura[3]

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Limulus.

Xiphosuroides[4] Shpinev & Vasilenko 2018 Valid Carboniferous
Yunnanolimulus Zhang, Hu, Zhou, Iv & Bai 2009 Valid Triassic
Belinurus lunatus
Euproops danae
Prestwichia anthrax

Xiphosuran ichnogenera

Genus Author(s) Year Status Age Location
Kouphichnium[5] Nopcsa 1923 Valid Carboniferous -
Jurassic

See also

References

  1. Dunlop, J. A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2019). "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives" (PDF). World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. pp. 1–296.
  2. 1 2 Lamsdell, James C.; Clapham, Matthew E. (2021). "Belinurus Bronn, 1839 (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) has priority over Bellinurus Pictet, 1846" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 95 (6): 1352–1355. doi:10.1017/jpa.2021.53.
  3. Leif Størmer (July 1952). "Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Fossil Horseshoe Crabs". Journal of Paleontology. 26 (4): 630–640. JSTOR 1299851.
  4. E. S., Shpinev; D. V., Vasilenko (2018). "First Fossil Xiphosuran (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) Egg Clutch from the Carboniferous of Khakassia". Paleontological Journal. 52 (4): 400–404. doi:10.1134/S0031030118040111. S2CID 86861187.
  5. Martin, Anthony J. "Kouphichnium isp". Archived from the original on 2015-03-22. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
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