The Right Honourable
The Lord Lawson of Blaby
PC
Official portrait, 2018
Chancellor of the Exchequer
In office
11 June 1983 – 26 October 1989
Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher
Preceded byGeoffrey Howe
Succeeded byJohn Major
Secretary of State for Energy
In office
14 September 1981 – 11 June 1983
Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher
Preceded byDavid Howell
Succeeded byPeter Walker
Financial Secretary to the Treasury
In office
4 May 1979 – 14 September 1981
Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher
Preceded byRobert Sheldon
Succeeded byNicholas Ridley
Member of the House of Lords
Life peerage
6 July 1992 – 31 December 2022
Member of Parliament
for Blaby
In office
28 February 1974 – 16 March 1992
Preceded byConstituency created
Succeeded byAndrew Robathan
Personal details
Born
Nigel Lawson

(1932-03-11)11 March 1932
Hampstead, London, England
Died3 April 2023(2023-04-03) (aged 91)
Eastbourne, England
Political partyConservative
Spouses
  • Vanessa Salmon
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1955; div. 1980)​
  • Thérèse Maclear
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1980; div. 2012)​
Children6, including Dominic and Nigella
EducationWestminster School
Alma materChrist Church, Oxford
Military service
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Branch/serviceRoyal Navy
Years of service1954–1956
RankLieutenant commander
CommandsHMS Gay Charger

Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby, PC (11 March 1932 – 3 April 2023) was a British politician and journalist. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as Member of Parliament for Blaby from 1974 to 1992, and served in Margaret Thatcher's Cabinet from 1981 to 1989. Prior to entering the Cabinet, he served as the Financial Secretary to the Treasury from May 1979 until his promotion to Secretary of State for Energy. He was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in June 1983 and served until his resignation in October 1989. In both Cabinet posts, Lawson was a key proponent of Thatcher's policies of privatisation of several key industries.[1]

Lawson was a backbencher from 1989 until he retired in 1992 and sat in the House of Lords from 1992 to his further retirement in 2022.[2] He remained active in politics as the president of Conservatives for Britain, a campaign for Britain to leave the European Union, and was a prominent critic of the EU. He also served as the chairman of the think tank The Global Warming Policy Foundation and was an active supporter of Vote Leave.

Lawson was the father of six children, including Nigella Lawson, a food writer and celebrity cook, Dominic Lawson, a journalist, and Tom Lawson, headmaster of Eastbourne College.

Early life and education

Nigel Lawson was born on 11 March 1932 to a non-Orthodox Jewish family[3] living in Hampstead, London.[4] His father, Ralph Lawson (1904–1982), was the owner of a tea-trading firm in the City of London, while his mother, Joan Elizabeth (Davis) (died 1998), was also from a prosperous family of stockbrokers.[5] His paternal grandfather, Gustav Leibson, a merchant from Mitau (now Jelgava in Latvia), changed his name from Leibson to Lawson in 1925,[6] having become a British citizen in 1911.[7]

He was a great-nephew of the pianist Myra Hess.[1]

Lawson was educated at Westminster School in London (following in his father's footsteps),[8] and won a mathematics scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford,[1][9] where he gained a first-class honours degree in philosophy, politics and economics.[10]

Life and career

For two years from 1954, Lawson carried out his National Service as a Royal Navy officer, during which time he commanded the fast-patrol boat HMS Gay Charger.[1][11]

Having been turned down for a career at the Foreign Office, Lawson joined the Financial Times as a journalist in 1956, subsequently writing the Lex column. He progressed to become City editor of The Sunday Telegraph in 1961, where he introduced Jim Slater's Capitalist investing column.[1]

Early political career

In 1963, Lawson was recruited by Conservative Central Office to assist with speech-writing for prime ministers Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas-Home in the lead-up to the 1964 general election.[1]

After returning to journalism as editor of The Spectator from 1966 to 1970, Lawson was selected as the Conservative candidate for the Eton and Slough constituency in 1968.[1] He contested the seat unsuccessfully at the 1970 general election, before becoming Member of Parliament (MP) for Blaby in Leicestershire in February 1974, holding the seat until he retired at the 1992 general election.[12]

In 1977, while an opposition whip, Lawson co-ordinated tactics with rebellious government backbenchers Jeff Rooker and Audrey Wise to secure legislation providing for the automatic indexation of tax thresholds to prevent the tax burden being increased by inflation (typically in excess of 10% per annum during that parliament).[13][1]

In government

Financial Secretary to the Treasury

On the election of Margaret Thatcher's government, Lawson was appointed to the post of Financial Secretary to the Treasury.[14] Although this is the fourth-ranking political position in the UK Treasury, Lawson's energy in office was reflected in such measures as the ending of unofficial state controls on mortgage lending, the abolition of exchange controls in October 1979 and the publication of the Medium Term financial Strategy.[15] This document set the course for both the monetary and fiscal sides of the new government's economic policy, though the extent to which the subsequent trajectory of policy and outcome matched that projected is still a matter for debate.[15]

Secretary of State for Energy

In the Cabinet reshuffle of September 1981, Lawson was promoted to the position of Secretary of State for Energy.[16] In this role his most significant action was to prepare for what he saw as an inevitable full-scale strike in the coal industry (then state-owned since nationalisation by the post-war Labour Party government of Clement Attlee) over the closure of deep coal mines whose uneconomic operation accounted for the coal industry's business losses and consequent requirement for state subsidy.[17] He was a key proponent of the Thatcher government's privatisation policy.[18][19] During his tenure at the Department of Energy he set the course for the later privatisations of the gas and electricity industries and on his return to the Treasury he worked closely with the Department of Trade and Industry in privatising British Airways, British Telecom, and British Gas.[20]

Chancellor of the Exchequer

[A] mixture of free markets, financial discipline, firm control over public expenditure, tax cuts, nationalism, "Victorian values" (of the Samuel Smiles self-help variety), privatisation and a dash of populism.

Lawson's definition of Thatcherism[21]

Following the Thatcher government's re-election in 1983, Lawson was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, succeeding Geoffrey Howe. The early years of Lawson's chancellorship were associated with tax reform. The 1984 budget reformed corporate taxes by a combination of reduced rates and reduced allowances. The 1985 budget continued the trend of shifting from direct to indirect taxes by reducing National Insurance contributions for the lower-paid while extending the base of value-added tax.[22][23]

During these two years, Lawson's public image remained low-key, but from the 1986 budget (in which he resumed the reduction of the standard rate of personal income tax from the 30 per cent rate to which it had been lowered in Howe's 1979 budget), his stock rose as unemployment began to fall from the middle of 1986 (employment growth having resumed over three years earlier). Lawson also changed the budget deficit from £10.5 billion (3.7 per cent of GDP) in 1983 to a budget surplus of £3.9 billion in 1988 and £4.1 billion in 1989, the year of his resignation. During these years, however, the UK's current account deficit similarly rose from below 1 per cent of GDP in 1986 to almost 5 per cent in 1989, with Lawson asserting that an external deficit based on private-sector behaviour is no reason for concern.[24] During his tenure, the rate of taxation also came down. The basic rate was reduced from 30 per cent in 1983 to 25 per cent by 1988. The top rate of tax also came down from 60 per cent to 40 per cent in 1988, and the four other higher rates were removed, leaving a system of personal taxation in which there was no rate anywhere in excess of 40 per cent.[25][26]

In 1986, the City of London's financial markets were deregulated in the so-called "Big Bang". In an interview in 2010, Lawson said that an unintended consequence of the Big Bang and the associated end of the separation that had existed between merchant and retail banking was the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[27]

The trajectory taken by the UK economy from this point on is typically described as "The Lawson Boom" by analogy with the phrase "The Barber Boom" which describes an earlier period of rapid expansion under the tenure as chancellor of Anthony Barber in the Conservative government of Edward Heath (1970–1974).[28][29] Critics of Lawson assert that a combination of the abandonment of monetarism, the adoption of a de facto exchange-rate target of 3 Deutsche Marks to the pound, and excessive fiscal laxity (in particular the 1988 budget) unleashed an inflationary spiral.[30][31]

In his defence, Lawson attributed the boom largely to the effects of various measures of financial deregulation.[19] Insofar as Lawson acknowledged policy errors, he attributed them to a failure to raise interest rates during 1986 and considered that had Thatcher not vetoed the UK joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism in November 1985 it might have been possible to adjust to these beneficial changes in the arena of microeconomics with less macroeconomics turbulence. Lawson also ascribed the difficulty of conducting monetary policy to Goodhart's law.[32][33]

Lawson's tax cuts, beginning in 1986, resulted in the "Lawson Boom" of the British economy, which halved unemployment from more than 3,000,000 by the end of 1989.[34] However, this might have led to a rise in inflation from 3 per cent to more than 8 per cent during 1988, which resulted in interest rates doubling to 15 per cent in the space of 18 months, and remaining high despite the 1990–1992 recession which saw unemployment rise nearly as high as the level seen before the boom began.[35]

Lawson reflected on the 1987 general election in his memoir and wrote that the 1987 manifesto was not thought through properly and if it had not been for the economic growth of the country at the time, then the manifesto would have been a disaster because "as it was, it was merely an embarrassment".[36][37]

The March 1988 budget was remembered for taking almost two hours to deliver due to continuous interruptions and protest from opposition members. Scottish National Party MP Alex Salmond was suspended from the House, and several MPs voted against the amendment of the law bill (which is typically agreed by all members of the House).[38][39]

Lawson opposed the introduction of the Community Charge (nicknamed "the poll tax") as a replacement for the previous rating system for the local financing element of local government revenue. His dissent was confined to deliberations within the Cabinet, where he found few allies and where he was overruled by the Prime Minister and by the ministerial team of the department responsible (Department of the Environment).[22]

The issue of exchange-rate mechanism membership continued to fester between Lawson and Thatcher and was exacerbated by the re-employment by Thatcher of Alan Walters as a personal economic adviser.[40]

Resignation

After a further year in office in these circumstances, Lawson felt that public criticism from Walters (who favoured a floating exchange rate) was making his job impossible and he resigned.[41][42] He was succeeded in the office of chancellor by John Major.[43]

Lawson's six-year tenure as Chancellor of the Exchequer was longer than that of any of his predecessors since David Lloyd George, who served from 1908 to 1915.[44] Both men's records were subsequently beaten by Labour's Gordon Brown, who was chancellor from 1997 to 2007.[45]

Retirement

Lawson in 2013

After retiring from front-bench politics, Lawson decided to tackle his weight problem. He was 5 feet 9 inches (175 cm) tall; he lost five stone (70 pounds, 30 kg) from 17 stone, or 238 pounds (108 kg) to 12 stone, or 168 pounds (76 kilograms) – (BMI 34 to 24) in a matter of a few months, dramatically changing his appearance, and went on to publish the best-selling The Nigel Lawson Diet Book.[46]

On 1 July 1992, Lawson was given a life peerage as Baron Lawson of Blaby, of Newnham in the County of Northamptonshire.[12][47]

In 1996, Lawson appeared on the BBC satirical and topical quiz show Have I Got News for You, in which he secured his team a last-minute victory.[48] He occasionally appeared as a guest on his daughter Nigella's cookery shows.

Lawson served on the advisory board of the Conservative magazine Standpoint.[49]

In 2013, Lawson advocated Britain leaving the European Union. He argued that "economic gains [from leaving the EU] would substantially outweigh the costs".[50] In the 2016 EU referendum, he supported Leave and was appointed chairman of the Vote Leave campaign.[51][52][53]

Corporate roles

  • 2007: Chairman of Central Europe Trust Company Ltd (CET)[54]
  • 2007: Chairman of Oxford Investment Partners[55]

Expenses scandal

During the United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal, it was reported that Lawson claimed £16,000 in overnight allowances by registering his farmhouse in Gascony as his main residence.[56]

Position on global warming

Lawson was involved with the climate change denial movement and believed that the impact of man-made global warming had been exaggerated.[57]

In 2004, along with six others, Lawson wrote a letter to The Times opposing the Kyoto Protocol and claiming that there were substantial scientific uncertainties surrounding climate change.[58] In 2005, the House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee, with Lawson as a member, undertook an inquiry into climate change. In their report, the committee recommended the HM Treasury take a more active role in climate policy, questioned the objectivity of the IPCC process, and suggested changes in the UK's contribution to future international climate change negotiations.[59] The report cited a mismatch between the economic costs and benefits of climate policy and also criticises the greenhouse gas emission reduction targets set in the Kyoto Protocol. In response to the report, Michael Grubb, chief economist of the Carbon Trust, wrote an article in Prospect magazine, defending the Kyoto Protocol and describing the committee's report as being "strikingly inconsistent".[60] Lawson responded to Grubb's article, describing it as an example of the "intellectual bankruptcy of the [...] climate change establishment". Lawson also said that Kyoto's approach was "wrong-headed" and called on the IPCC to be "shut down".[61]

At about the same time as the release of the House of Lords report, the UK Government launched the Stern Review, an inquiry undertaken by the HM Treasury and headed by Lord Stern of Brentford. According to the Stern Review, published in 2006, the potential costs of climate change far exceed the costs of a programme to stabilise the climate. Lawson's lecture to the Centre for Policy Studies (CPS) think tank, published 1 November 2006, opposed the Stern Review and advocated adaptation to changes in global climate rather than reducing greenhouse gas emissions.[62]

In 2008, Lawson published a book expanding on his 2006 lecture to the CPS, An Appeal to Reason: A Cool Look at Global Warming.[63] He argued the case that, although global warming is happening, the impact of these changes will be relatively moderate rather than apocalyptic. He criticised those "alarmist" politicians and scientists who predict catastrophe unless urgent action is taken.

In July 2008, the Conservative magazine Standpoint published a transcript of a double interview with Lawson and Conservative Policy Chief Oliver Letwin, in which Lawson described Letwin's views on global warming as "pie in the sky" and called on him and the Conservative frontbench to "get real".[64]

On 23 November 2009, Lawson became chairman of a new think tank, The Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF),[12][65] a registered education charity,[66] involved in promoting climate change denial.[57]

In 2011, Bob Ward of the Grantham Research Institute said that the GWPF was "spreading errors" and "the 'facts'" Lawson "repeats are demonstrably inaccurate".[67] Ward also criticised Lawson for repeating in a 2010 BBC radio debate that Antarctic ice volumes were unchanged even after his error was highlighted by his opponent, Professor Kevin Anderson.[67] Ward said that Lawson provided no evidence to back his claim which is contrary to satellite measurements, and Lawson similarly incorrectly implied that the correlation between CO2 and sea levels was uncertain as well as that sea levels were rising more slowly since 1950 than before it.[67]

The Charity Commission requires that statements by campaigning charities "must be factually accurate and have a legitimate evidence base". They reviewed the GWPF, which was subsequently split with its campaigning arm and renamed the Global Warming Policy Forum without charitable status, while the charitable section retained the original title.[67] Lawson's son, Dominic Lawson, is also a climate change denier, taking a similar viewpoint as his father in his columns in the Independent on Sunday.[68][69]

In a BBC Radio interview in August 2017, Lawson claimed that "official figures" showed "average world temperature has slightly declined" over the preceding decade and that experts in the IPCC found no increase in extreme weather events. In a follow-up programme on the BBC's presentation of these claims, Peter A. Stott of the Met Office said Lawson was wrong on both points.[70]

Economy

Lawson was a critic of David Cameron's coalition government economic policy, describing spending cuts consultation plans as a "PR ploy".[71] In November 2011, he called for the "orderly" dismantling of the eurozone.[72]

In the media

Lawson was interviewed about the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006 BBC TV documentary series Tory! Tory! Tory!.[73]

In 2010, he appeared on the Analysis programme[74] to discuss banking reform. Lawson said that an unintended consequence of the 1986 Big Bang saw investment banks merge with high street banks and put their depositors' savings at risk.[74]

In 2019, he appeared on the BBC documentary series Thatcher: A Very British Revolution,[75] and discussed Thatcher's rise and fall.

In a debate with other former cabinet ministers and prominent journalists, Lawson argued that political life is more in need of ideas and direction than grand political visions.[76]

Personal life

In 1955 Lawson married Vanessa Mary Addison Salmon (1936−1985), granddaughter of the Lyons Corner House chairman Alfred Salmon, and had four children:[77]

After his first marriage was dissolved in 1980, he married Thérèse Mary Maclear (1947–2023),[78][79] daughter of Henry Charles Maclear Bate, the same year. They had two children:[77]

  • Thomas Nigel Maclear Lawson (born 1976), headmaster of Eastbourne College since 2016
  • Emily Hero Lawson (born 1981), television producer

Lawson's second marriage was dissolved in 2012. In later life, he was in a relationship with Dr Tina Jennings, a visiting fellow at St Antony's College, Oxford.[80]

Residence in France

In retirement, Lawson divided his time between his flat in London and a neoclassical farmhouse in Vic-Fezensac in the Gers department of France.[80][81] In 2018 it was reported that, following Brexit, he had applied for permanent residency in France.[82][83] However, in 2019, he said that he remained a tax resident of the UK and was selling his house in France.[84]

Death and tributes

Lawson died at his home in Eastbourne from bronchopneumonia on 3 April 2023, at the age of 91.[85][79][86] Following the announcement of his death, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak called Lawson an "inspiration to me" and to other Conservative politicians.[87] Labour Party leader Sir Keir Starmer commented that he was a "real powerhouse".[88]

Published works

  • Blake, Robert; Peregrine Worsthorne; David Howell; Nigel Lawson (1966). Conservatism Today: Four Personal Points of View. London: Conservative Political Centre.
  • Bruce-Gardyne, Jock; Nigel Lawson (1976). The Power Game: An Examination of Decision-making in Government. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books. ISBN 978-0-208-01598-3.
  • Lawson, Nigel (1981). Thatcherism in Practice: A Progress Report. London: Conservative Political Centre. ISBN 978-0-85070-662-8 – via Margaret Thatcher Foundation.
  • Lawson, Nigel; Alan Budd (1988). The State of the Market. Institute of Economic Affairs. ISBN 978-0-255-36215-3.
  • Lawson, Nigel (1992). The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical. London: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-02218-4.
  • — (1996). The Nigel Lawson Diet Book. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 978-0-7181-4175-2.
  • — (1999). The Retreat of the State. Norwich: Canterbury Press. ISBN 978-1-85311-316-1.
  • — (2008). An Appeal to Reason: A Cool Look at Global Warming. New York: Overlook Duckworth. ISBN 978-1-59020-084-1.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Langdon, Julia (4 April 2023). "Nigel Lawson obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  2. ↑ "Retirement of One Member (Retirement List)". House of Lords Business. UK Parliament. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  3. ↑ "NIGEL LAWSON: Energy". The Glasgow Herald. 15 September 1981. p. 8 – via Google News Archive.
  4. ↑ "Mr Nigel Lawson (Hansard)". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Lawson 1992, p. 3.
  6. ↑ "No. 33063". The London Gazette. 3 July 1925. p. 4501.
  7. ↑ Barkham, Patrick (9 December 2010). "The name-change game". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  8. ↑ Oliver, Jonathan; Woods, Richard (18 April 2010). "Nick Clegg: the third man". The Times. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.
  9. ↑ "Nigel Lawson: Thatcher's Chancellor takes on the planet alone". The Daily Telegraph. 21 November 2009. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009.
  10. ↑ Popham, Peter (17 February 1997). "Media families; 1. The Lawsons". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  11. ↑ "Gay Class Boats". British Military Powerboat Team. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 "Lord Lawson of Blaby". Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  13. ↑ Lowther, Ed (24 April 2008). "Budget rebellions remain scarce". BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  14. ↑ "Free-market ex-UK Treasury chief Nigel Lawson dies". AP NEWS. 4 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  15. 1 2 "The Architect of Margaret Thatcher's Revolution". The Washington Post. 5 April 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  16. ↑ "Rishi Sunak's Cabinet reshuffle: Key statistics". The Independent. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  17. ↑ "1983: Macgregor named as coal boss". 28 March 1983. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  18. ↑ Elliott, Larry (4 April 2023). "How Nigel Lawson turned postwar economic consensus on its head". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  19. 1 2 "Nigel Lawson was the economic brain of Thatcherism". The Economist. 4 April 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  20. ↑ "Nigel Lawson, chancellor and journalist, 1932–2023". Financial Times. 3 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  21. ↑ Berlinski, Claire (2008). There Is No Alternative: Why Margaret Thatcher Matters. New York: Basic Books. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-465-00231-3.
  22. 1 2 "Obituary: Nigel Lawson". BBC News. 3 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  23. ↑ "Budgets 1979–1992: 1985 Budget (Nigel Lawson)". BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  24. ↑ Obstfeld, Maurice (2012). "Does the Current Account Still Matter?". American Economic Review. 102 (3): 14. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.297.5348. doi:10.1257/aer.102.3.1.
  25. ↑ "Income Tax". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 129. House of Commons. 15 March 1988.
  26. ↑ "Economy: 1988 Budget (Lawson 5)". Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 15 March 1988. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  27. ↑ "BBC – Radio 4 Analysis – Glass-Steagall: A Price Worth Paying?". BBC. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  28. ↑ "Nigel Lawson's 'success' was merely an oil-fuelled illusion". openDemocracy. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  29. ↑ Murphy, Brian (10 April 2023). "Nigel Lawson, who shook up British economy in Thatcher era, dies at 91". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  30. ↑ Champroux, Nathalie (2009). Entre convictions et obligations. Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle. p. 111. ISBN 978-2-87854-465-7. OCLC 1066117848.
  31. ↑ "Thatcher-era chancellor Nigel Lawson dies at age of 91". The Independent. 4 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  32. ↑ Keegan, William (17 November 2002). "Bust will follow boom, it's the law". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  33. ↑ Clarke, Peter (10 December 1998). "The Rise and Fall of Thatcherism". London Review of Books. Vol. 20, no. 24. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  34. ↑ Seager, Ashley (16 August 2006). "20 years ago the dole queue hit 3 million – today it is the workforce that's a record". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  35. ↑ Duncan, Gary (27 October 2008). "Lawson boom, Brown boom, they all bust in the end". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011.
  36. ↑ Lawson 1992, p. 246.
  37. ↑ Campbell, John (30 April 2011). Margaret Thatcher Volume Two: The Iron Lady. Random House. p. 515. ISBN 978-1-4464-2008-9.
  38. ↑ "BBC Budget 97". BBC. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  39. ↑ "Income Tax (1988)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 15 March 1988.
  40. ↑ "Thatcher pays tribute to Walters". BBC News. 5 January 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  41. ↑ Travis, Alan (27 October 1989). "Lawson sparks reshuffle". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  42. ↑ "1989: Thatcher beats off leadership rival". 5 December 1989. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  43. ↑ "John Major". 10 Downing Street. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.
  44. ↑ "The long and the short of stewardship at No11". The Times. 6 June 2004. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011.
  45. ↑ "Gordon Brown". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 February 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  46. ↑ "Fighting inflation with the BBC". BBC News. 8 June 1998. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  47. ↑ "No. 52982". The London Gazette. 6 July 1992. p. 11339.
  48. ↑ "Politicians". Have I Got News for You. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
  49. ↑ "About Us". Standpoint. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  50. ↑ "Ex-chancellor Lord Lawson calls for UK to exit EU". BBC News. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  51. ↑ "EU referendum: Lord Lawson to chair Vote Leave campaign". BBC News. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  52. ↑ "Nigel Lawson named chairman of Vote Leave campaign". The Guardian. Press Association. 3 February 2016. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  53. ↑ Aitkenhead, Decca (2 April 2016). "Nigel Lawson on Brexit: 'I love Europe! That's why I live in France. But the EU has no purpose'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  54. ↑ "CET's Practice Leaders". CET. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
  55. ↑ "The Board". Oxford Investment Partners. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
  56. ↑ MacGregor, Katriona; Prince, Rosa (17 December 2008). "Lords' expenses claims top £18 million". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  57. 1 2 Kazmi, Azhar (19 November 2015). "Climate Denial Movement". In Wherry, Frederick F.; Schor, Juliet B. (eds.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society. SAGE Publications. p. 393. ISBN 978-1-5063-4617-5.
  58. ↑ Murray, Iain (8 October 2004). "Distinguished signatories take on British political consensus". Cooler Heads Coalition. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007.
  59. ↑ House of Lords, Select Committee on Economic Affairs (2005). "The Economics of Climate Change" (PDF). UK Parliament. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  60. ↑ Grubb, Michael (1 September 2005). "Stick to the Target" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
  61. ↑ Lawson, Nigel (1 November 2005). "Against Kyoto". Prospect. Retrieved 20 November 2007.
  62. ↑ "Lecture on the Economics and Politics of Climate Change – An Appeal to Reason". Centre for Policy Studies. 1 November 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  63. ↑ Lawson, Nigel (6 April 2008). "Lord Lawson claims climate change hysteria heralds a 'new age of unreason'". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
  64. ↑ "The Politics of Climate Change". Standpoint. 20 July 2008. Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  65. ↑ Lawson, Nigel (23 November 2009). "Copenhagen will fail – and quite right too". The Times. London. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
  66. ↑ Monbiot, George (18 February 2013). "The educational charities that do PR for the rightwing ultra-rich". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  67. 1 2 3 4 Ward, Bob (21 October 2011). "Lord Lawson's Global Warming Policy Foundation is spreading errors". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  68. ↑ Lawson, Dominic (22 September 2006). "The debate on climate change is far too important to be shut down by the scientists". The Independent on Sunday. London. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
  69. ↑ Lawson, Dominic (23 November 2007). "Dominic Lawson: Fight climate change? Or stay competitive? I'm afraid these two aims are incompatible". The Independent on Sunday. London. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
  70. ↑ McGrath, Matt (11 August 2017). "Anger over 'untrue' climate claims". BBC News. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  71. ↑ Curtis, Polly; Wintour, Patrick (8 June 2010). "Spending cuts consultation is a PR ploy, says Nigel Lawson". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  72. ↑ Hencke, David (24 November 2011). "Europe 'must dismantle euro in orderly way,' says Lawson". Exaro News. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023 – via Exaro News Archive.
  73. ↑ "Tory, Tory, Tory and the television truth". New Statesman. 13 November 2006. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007.
  74. 1 2 "A price worth paying?". Analysis. 1 February 2010. 0–13 minutes in. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  75. ↑ "BBC Two – Thatcher: A Very British Revolution, Series 1, Power". BBC. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  76. ↑ "The End of Ideals? Do We Need Grand Political Visions?". Iai.tv. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  77. 1 2 Charles Mosley, ed. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd., 2003.
  78. ↑ "Therese Mary LAWSON personal appointments". Find and update company information. GOV.UK. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  79. 1 2 [Telegraph Obituaries] (4 April 2023). "Lord Lawson of Blaby, brilliant tax-cutting Chancellor of the Thatcher era – obituary". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  80. 1 2 "Happy ever after ... Nigel Lawson on finding love at 80". Evening Standard. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  81. ↑ "Home". gascony-chateaux.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  82. ↑ "Leading Brexiteer Lord Lawson applies for French residency". BBC News. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  83. ↑ Gillespie, James (23 September 2018). "Nigel Lawson sells la maison but he's staying put in France". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  84. ↑ "The Londoner: Brexiteer Nigel Lawson heads back to UK". Evening Standard. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  85. ↑ Cooney, Christy (3 April 2023). "Nigel Lawson: former Conservative chancellor dies aged 91". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  86. ↑ Murphy, Brian (4 April 2023). "Nigel Lawson, who shook up British economy in Thatcher era, dies at 91". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  87. ↑ Hennessey, Ted (3 April 2023). "Rishi Sunak says Nigel Lawson was an 'inspiration' to Tory politicians". The Independent. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  88. ↑ "Nigel Lawson: Reforming chancellor dies aged 91". BBC News. 4 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.

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