Nudiviridae
Schematic drawing
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Class: Naldaviricetes
Order: Lefavirales
Family: Nudiviridae
Genera
  • Alphanudivirus
  • Betanudivirus
  • Deltanudivirus
  • Gammanudivirus

Nudiviruses are a family of animal viruses that constitute the family Nudiviridae.[1] Insects and marine crustaceans serve as natural hosts. There are 11 species in this family, assigned to 4 genera.[2] Diseases associated with this family include: death in larvae, chronic disease in adults.[2][3][4]

Structure and life cycle

Nuduviridae replication cycle

Nudiviruses are characterized by rod-shaped and enveloped nucleocapsids and they replicate in the nucleus of infected host cells. In some parasitoid wasp species, a nudivirus genome, in proviral form, is integrated into the wasp genome and produces virus like particles called polydnaviruses that are injected into lepidopteran larvae and are thought to facilitate parasitization of the larvae. Nudiviruses infect only insects and marine crustaceans.[3]

Transmission of nudiviruses occurs generally by feeding or mating. Infections can be lethal for the larvae and can possibly reduce the fitness of the host by reducing offspring production and survival among adults.[5]

Taxonomy

The family Nudiviridae contains the following genera:[4]

  • Alphanudivirus
  • Betanudivirus
  • Deltanudivirus
  • Gammanudivirus

Phylogeny

Gene content comparison and phylogenetic analyses show that nudiviruses share 20 core genes with baculoviruses and form a monophyletic sister group with them. Fossil calibration estimate this association arose 100 million years ago(Mya), while the last common ancestor of BVs, nudiviruses, and baculoviruses existed approximately 312 Mya. Baculoviruses and nudiviruses differ in gene content, genome organization, cytopathology, infection of adults and most likely in host range.[6] The 20 core genes common in both baculoviruses and nudiviruses are involved in RNA transcription, DNA replication, virion structural components and many other functions.[7] Gene content and sequence similarity suggest that the nudiviruses GbNV, HzNV-1, and OrNV form a monophyletic group of nonoccluded double-stranded DNA viruses, which separated from the baculovirus lineage before this radiated into dipteran-, hymenopteran-, and lepidopteran-specific clades of occluded nucleopolyhedroviruses and granuloviruses.[6]

Host-virus relations

Defense mechanisms

In many organisms, apoptosis can be regarded as an early defense mechanism against viral infection. Some viral genes allow the cell to survive for longer while producing more virions; Heliothis zea Nudivirus 1 (HzNV-1 or Hz-1 virus), a nudivirus with a broad host range, has been shown to block an induced-apoptosis gene (hhi1). A functional anti-apoptosis gene, (Hz-iap2), has been found to suppress the hhi1 gene which can cause the cell to die. A second inhibitor gene (Ac-iap2) to the hhi1 gene has been also discovered, but its function is still uncertain.[12]

Nudivirus encoded microRNAs

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in the regulation of genes in eukaryotic organisms. Virus encoded miRNAs are commonly reported in DNA viruses[13] and several nudiviruses have been reported to encode miRNAs. The first reported nudivirus encoded miRNA was from Heliothis zea nudivirus-1 which was shown to regulate virus latency.[14] Two other viruses Drosophila innubila nudivirus and Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus have also been reported to encode miRNA molecules from transcriptomic studies,[15][16] however the role of these miRNAs and their role in virus-host interactions is yet to be experimentally determined.

History

In 2007, the genus Nudivirus was proposed to include viruses similar to the Oryctes rhinoceros virus.[17] Nudiviruses were classified as the family Nudiviridae in 2013.[18]

Etymology

The word "nudivirus" comes from the Latin nudus, which means naked and virus, poison. Naked refers to the fact that most do not have the dense protein bodies which surround baculoviruses.[10] However occluded nudiviruses, with such protein bodies, such as those of Tipula oleracea and Penaeus monodon have been characterized.[19]

References

  1. ↑ Harrison, RL; Herniou, EA; Bézier, A; Jehle, JA; Burand, JP; Theilmann, DA; Krell, PJ; van Oers, MM; Nakai, M; ICTV Report Consortium (January 2020). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Nudiviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 101 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001381. PMC 7414434. PMID 31935180.
  2. 1 2 "ICTV Report Nudiviridae". Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  3. 1 2 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Unckless RL. (2011) A DNA Virus of Drosophila. Published online 2011 October 28
  6. 1 2 Mayo, M.A. (1995). Murphy, F.A.; Fauquet, C.M.; Bishop, D.H.L.; et al. (eds.). Unassigned Viruses. In: Virus Taxonomy: The Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Springer-Verlag, Wien. pp. 504–507.
  7. ↑ Wang, Yongjie & Jehle, Johannes A. (2009). "Nudiviruses and other large, double-stranded circular DNA viruses of invertebrates: New insights on an old topic". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 101 (3): 187–193. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.03.013. PMID 19460388.
  8. ↑ "Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 24 November 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  9. ↑ Marshall, Sean D.G.; Moore, Aubrey; Vaqalo, Maclean; Noble, Alasdair; Jackson, Trevor A. (1 October 2017). "A new haplotype of the coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, has escaped biological control by Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus and is invading Pacific Islands". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. Academic Press (Elsevier). 149: 127–134. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2017.07.006. ISSN 0022-2011. PMID 28743668.
  10. 1 2 Moscardi, Flávio (1999). "Assessment of the Application of Baculoviruses for Control of Lepidoptera". Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. 44 (1): 257–289. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.257. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 15012374. p. 260, "This strategy has been successful with the non-occluded virus of the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, in coconut palms (183)."
  11. ↑ Allain, Thomas W.; Stentiford, Grant D.; Bass, David; Behringer, Donald C.; Bojko, Jamie (9 September 2020). "A novel nudivirus infecting the invasive demon shrimp Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Amphipoda)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 14816. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1014816A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71776-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7481228. PMID 32908207.
  12. ↑ Wu, Yueh-Lung; Wu, Carol P.; Liu, Catherine Y. Y.; Lee, Song-Tay; Lee, Hsiao-Ping; Chao, Yu-Chan (2011). "Heliothis zea Nudivirus 1 Gene hhi1 Induces Apoptosis Which Is Blocked by the Hz-iap2 Gene and a Noncoding Gene, pag1". Journal of Virology. 85 (14): 6856–6866. doi:10.1128/JVI.01843-10. PMC 3126586. PMID 21543471.
  13. ↑ Kincaid RP, Sullivan CS (2012). "Virus-encoded microRNAs: an overview and a look to the future". PLOS Pathog. 8 (12): e1003018. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003018. PMC 3534370. PMID 23308061.
  14. ↑ Wu YL, Wu CP, Liu CY, Hsu PW, Wu EC, Chao YC (2011). "A non-coding RNA of insect HzNV-1 virus establishes latent viral infection through microRNA". Sci Rep. 1: 60. Bibcode:2011NatSR...1E..60W. doi:10.1038/srep00060. PMC 3216547. PMID 22355579.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Webster CL, Waldron FM, Robertson S, Crowson D, Ferrari G, Quintana JF; et al. (2015). "The Discovery, Distribution, and Evolution of Viruses Associated with Drosophila melanogaster". PLOS Biol. 13 (7): e1002210. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002210. PMC 4501690. PMID 26172158.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Etebari K, Parry R, Beltran MJB, Furlong MJ (2020). "Transcription Profile and Genomic Variations of Oryctes Rhinoceros Nudivirus in Coconut Rhinoceros Beetles". J Virol. 94 (22). doi:10.1128/JVI.01097-20. PMC 7592217. PMID 32878889.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Wang, Y.; van Oers, M.M.; Crawford, A.M.; Vlak, J.M. & Jehle, J.A. (2007). "Genomic analysis of Oryctes rhinoceros virus reveals genetic relatedness to Heliothis zea virus 1". Archives of Virology. 152 (3): 519–531. doi:10.1007/s00705-006-0872-2. PMID 17106621. S2CID 10264332.
  18. ↑ ICTV proposals 2013.003a-KI et al., J. E. Jehle et al. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  19. ↑ Bézier A, Thézé J, Gavory F, Gaillard J, Poulain J, Drezen JM, Herniou EA (March 2015). "The genome of the nucleopolyhedrosis-causing virus from Tipula oleracea sheds new light on the Nudiviridae family". J. Virol. 89 (6): 3008–25. doi:10.1128/JVI.02884-14. PMC 4337555. PMID 25540386.
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