The paleoethnobotany of the Mapuche focuses on archaeological evidence supporting plant use by past and present Mapuche populations collected from multiple sites in southern Chile and the Patagonia region of Argentina. Paleoethnobotany is the study of fossil and material remains from plants, mostly seeds and residues that can be analyzed from material remains. Data can be collected from archaeological sites with a particular interest in learning about the history of agriculture in a region or the use of plants for either subsistence or medicinal use. The Mapuche are an indigenous culture native to South America. The archaeological record has revealed that the Mapuche were present in modern-day south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina from at least 500-600 BC. It is also noteworthy, that while collectively the Mapuche (Picunche, Huilliche and Moluche or Nguluche) use this endonym, there are often subsets of the culture that have more specific names based on geographic location as well as different ecological niches (See Mapuche: Etymology).

Regional sites in South America

Central and Southern Chile

Cerro del Inga

The Promaucaes, a Mapuche group, were the last group of indigenous peoples to occupy this site in modern-day Chile in the Cachapoal Valley.[1] Archeobotanical analysis was conducted at these sites in relation to pre-Hispanic cultures dominated by the Incan civilization. This site serves as a point of resistance to both Incan occupation as well as Spanish colonization. Analysis of seeds and macromaterials from soil reveal the following plants were present at this site. Culitivated plants included: Maize (Zea mays), Madi (Madia chilensis), Quinoa (Chenopodium quinua), Sunflower (Helianthus sp. cf. tuberosum), Gourd (Lagenaria sp.). Fruiting bushes and trees included: Guillave (Echinopsis chilensis) Michay (Berberis sp.), Boldo (Peumus boldus), Quilo (Muehlenbeckia hastulata) Grape (Vitis sp.), Blackberry (Rubus sp.), Cocito, Palm Nut (Jubaea chilensis). Legumes included: Unidentified, small (Astragalus sp.?) Unidentified, large, Lupine (Lupinus sp.). Medicinal herbs included: Pata de Guanaco (Cistanthe grandiflora) along with some wilds plants: Various Grasses (Poaceae), Colliguay (Colliguaja odifera), Espino (Acacia caven), Lengua de Gato (Galium sp.), Sedge (Cyperus sp.), and Chenopod (Chenopodium sp.).

Central and Southern Argentina

La Pampa

There are a series of 5 sites (1,3,5, La Lomita) located in the La Pampa region of Argentina that demonstrate the historical presence of pre-Hispanic hunter-gatherers and farming cultures in west-central Argentina in the period of the Upper Holocene to the Lower Holocene.[2][3] Food residues were analyzed from 23 sherds from pottery obtained from these sites. The following food and plant materials were found on the internal and external surface of the sherds: Zea mays (corn), Prosopis, Poaceae phytoliths, and Fungal zoospores and hyphae. These findings suggest that there was some trading between agricultural groups of Andean region, in South-central Chile, with and the hunter-gathers of La Pampa.

West-Central Patagonia

There are two sites of interest for studying hunter gatherers in the Holocene in West-central Patagonia; these sites include the cave sites of El Chueco 1 (11,500–180 cal BP) and Baño Nuevo 1 (10,800–3,000 cal BP).[4] The El Chueco 1 cave is located at 44°29′36′′S; 71°11′13′′W. The Baño Nuevo is located at 45º17′ S, 71º32′ W. The west-central Patagonia region where these sites are located typically have a dry climate. The average rainfall for this area is 400 mm and the average temperature is 7 °C.[5] With regard to the stability of the region, "palaeoenvironmental reconstructions for the region indicate no major changes in the distribution of vegetation since approximately 8,000 calBP."[4][6] Samples for these two sites gathered information about plant micro-remains from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition to the Late Holocene. The number of different types of plants from the stratigraphy sampled varied between the two sites, with EC1 exhibiting fewer plant micro-remains in the Early Holocene with a fairly steady increase into the Late Holocene, while BN1 exhibited a greater range of plant micro-remains in the Early Holocene and there was a steady decline in percentage of plant micro-remains in the sample.[4] The micro-remains of the plants suggest that the following plants were in use at these sites: Alstroemeriaceae, Apiaceae, Apiaceae, Berberis, Brassicaceae, Brassicaceae, Calceolariaceae, Carex sp., Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cyperus sp., Cyperaceae, Eleocharis sp., Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Fragaria chiloensis, Galium sp., Lamiaceae, Libertia sp., Malvaceae, Phacelia sp., Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulaceae, Rubus sp., Scirpus sp., and Uncinia sp. with a large number of the plants samples unable to be identified.[4]

Sierras de Córdoba

In Central Argentina, there is some evidence of agriculture in the region by 1000 BP.[7] The Sierras de Córdoba, in Central Argentina, are west of the modern city of Córdoba and east of the Andean range separating Argentina from Chile. In one study, 15 sites in the Sierras de Córdoba were analyzed for plant macroremains and microremains. The following results were obtained from the Late Holocene and into the Pre-Columbian period. Quebrada Norte 7: Sracomphalus mistol, Lithraea molloides, Zea mays, Condalia sp., Prosopis sp., Schinua cf. areria, Phaseolus sp., Chenopodium quinoa var. quinoa, C. quinoa cf. var. melanospermum, Amaranthus sp.; Pozancón 1: Solanum cf. tuberosum, cf. Ipomea/Manihot.; Casa del Sol 8: Zea mays.; El Alto 3: Polylepis autralis, Maytenus boaria.; Quebrada del Real 1: Chenopodium sp., Zea mays.; Cruz Chiquita 3: Zea mays.; Río Yuspe 11: Sarcomphalus mistol.; Boyo Paso 2: Sarcomphalus mistol, Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris, Prosopis sp., Oxalis sp.; Yaco Pampa 1: Zea mays, cf. Prosopis sp.; Arroyo Tala Cañada 1: Zea mays, Cucurbita sp., Phaseolus vulgaris, P. lunatus.; Arroyo Talainín 2: cf. Lithraea molloides.; C.Pun.39: Prosopis sp., Chenopodium/Amaranthus sp., Zea mays, P. vulgaris, P. lunatis, Cucurbita sp.; Río Yuspe 14: Sarcomphalus mistol.; Puesto la Esquina 1: Zea mays, P. vulgaris var. vulgaris, P vulgaris var. aborigineus, P. lunatus.; Cerco de la Cueva Pintada: cf. Prosopis sp.; Arroyo Tala Huasi: Zea mays.[7]

Contemporary Mapuche ethnobotany

Plant use from modern ethnographic data:[8][9]

Order Family Species, Latin name Indigenous Name
Algae Durvillaceae Durvillaea utilis Collofe
Lichens Usneaceae Usnea florida Ponpon mamiill
Bryophyta Marchantiaceae Marchantia  berteroana Paillahue
Pteridophyta Polypodiaceae Blechnum  hastatum Anuculcul
Pteridophyta Polypodiaceae Nephrodium  rugulosum Huilel-lahuen
Pteridophyta Polypodiaceae Polystichum  aculeatum Piillomam-lahuen
Pteridophyta Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia  littoralis Utidahue
Pteridophyta Cyathaceae Lophosoria  quadripinnata Anpe, Ampe, Ampi
Pteridophyta Equisetaceae Equisetum  arvense Livn-voro, Livtun-chigue, Livn-cudall-cudall
Pteridophyta Equisetaceae Equisetum  bogotense Calcha-lahuen
Pteridophyta Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium  paniculatum Llanca-lahuen
Gymnosperms Araucariaceae Araucaria  araucana Pehuen Resin
Angiosperms Urticaceae Pilea  elegans Coyam-lahuen  
Angiosperms Proteaceae Embothrium  coccineum Chreumtin
Angiosperms Proteaceae Lomatia  ferruginea Huinque
Angiosperms Proteaceae Lomatia  hirsuta Raddal
Angiosperms Santalaceae Quinchamalium  majus Ctinchamalin
Angiosperms Loranthaceae Lepidoceras  squamifer Epucamamiill
Angiosperms Loranthaceae Loranthus  tetrandrus Cunchral
Angiosperms Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia  tamnifolia Pulai-vogui
Angiosperms Polygonaceae Rumex  crispus Dahue-pillan  
Angiosperms Phytolaccaceae Anisomeria  drastica Pircun-lahuen
Angiosperms Phytolaccaceae Ercilla volubilis Sinchull
Angiosperms Gunneraceae Gunnera chibensis Nalca
Angiosperms Caryophyllaceae Pentacaena polycnemoides Decha-lahuen
Angiosperms Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Quilloi
Angiosperms Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides Pichipichin  
Angiosperms Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium quinoa Dahue
Angiosperms Magnoliaceae Drimys winteri   Voigue
Angiosperms Monimiaceae Laurelia sempervirens Chrihue
Angiosperms Monimiaceae Laurelia philippiana   Huahuan  
Angiosperms Lauraceae   Cryptocarya rubra Pengu  
Angiosperms Ranunculaceae Caltha andicola (Gay) Walp. Mellico
Angiosperms Berberidaceae Berberis darwinii   Chacui-hua  
Angiosperms Crassulaceae Sedum telephium Congona  
Angiosperms Saxifragaceae Escallonia pulverulenta   Rùvùl
Angiosperms Saxifragaceae Escallonia revoluta Yang
Angiosperms Coriariaceae Coriaria ruscifolia Deu
Angiosperms Rosaceae   Acaena argentea Upelneguru
Angiosperms Rosaceae   Acaena ovulifolia Chreuo
Angiosperms Rosaceae   Margyricarpus setosus Rimu
Angiosperms Mimosaceae Acacia cavenia Huayun, Cuhuen, Cauen
Angiosperms Caesalpinaceae Bauhinia candicans Lahuen-Huiguln
Angiosperms Papilionaceae Psoralea glandulosa Culen
Angiosperms Papilionaceae Sophora tetraptera Pulu
Angiosperms Cunoniaeeae Weinmannia trichosperma Teniu
Angiosperms Geraniaceae Geranium core-core Corecore
Angiosperms Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum speciosum Rere-lahuen
Angiosperms Linaceae Linum selaginoides Pinque-luhuen
Angiosperms Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Culle
Angiosperms Oxalidaceae Oxalis lobata Rümü
Angiosperms Oxalidaceae Oxalis rosea Huallco
Angiosperms Oxalidaceae Oxalis succulenta Cuya
Angiosperms Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia lathyris Üchrarlahuen
Angiosperms Rutaceae Pitaviu punctata Pichrau
Angiosperms Rutaceae Ruta graveolens Ruda
Angiosperms Anacardiaceae Schinus latifolia Molle
Angiosperms Rhamnaceae Retanilla ephedra Caman
Angiosperms Rhamnaceae Talguenea costata Chralhuen
Angiosperms Elaeocarpaceae Aristotelia macqui Maqui
Angiosperms Elaeocarpaceae Crinodendron hookerianum Chaquigue
Angiosperms Elaeocarpaceae Crinodendron patagua Patagua
Angiosperms Tiliaceae Tilia vulgaris Tilo
Angiosperms Malvaceae Abutilon uitifolium Huella
Angiosperms Malvaceae Modiola caroliuna Pilupila
Angiosperms Thymelaeaceae Ovidia pillo-pillo Pillo-Pillo
Angiosperms Flacourtiaceae Azara lanceolatu Pùdhue

Modern ethnobotany of the Selk'nam

Plant use from Tierra del Fuego based on modern ethnographic data:[10][11]

Species Indigenous name English name Used part Preparation way Use Source
Acaena ovalifolia Ruiz & Pavón Tâpl, hálcha Two-spined Acaena Root Boiled, applied with a bandage to wounds Medicinal Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Adesmia lotoides Hooker f. Kiárksh Leguminosae family Rhizomes Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Agaricus pampeanus Speg. Álpen téen – Fruiting body (mushroom) Raw Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Agropyron patagonicum (Speg.) Parodi Sâl Couch grass family Flower wearing stalks Little baskets Technology Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Apium australe Thouars Kiel, aitá, alché Wild celery Leaves and roots Direct consumption or boiled Food Gusinde (1931)
Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Gallardo (1998)
Beauvoir (1998)
Arjona patagonica Dcne Téen Santalaceae family Roots and tubers Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Azorella filamentosa Lam. Téshuen Azorella Roots and tubers Direct consumption or baked in the ashes Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Azorella lycopodioides Gaudich, A. monantha Clos, A. selago Hooker f., Tes, tesh, téshue)n Azorella Roots and tubers Direct consumption or baked in the ashes Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
A. trifurcata (Gaertner) Hooker f.
Berberis buxifolia Lam. Maces, me’ch, miích, mich Box-leaved barberry Berries Direct consumption Food Gusinde (1931)
Bridges (2000)
Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Gallardo (1998)
Beauvoir
Berberis empetrifolia Lam. Mich kan, mich Crowberry-leaved barberry Berries Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Bolax caespitose Hombron & Jacquinot Téshue)n, tíshue)n Apiaceae family Roots and tubers Direct consumption or baked in the ashes Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Bolax gummifera (Lam.) Sprengel Téshue)n, tíshue)n Balsam bog Roots and tubers Direct consumption or baked in the ashes Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Boopis australis Dcne Íshta Calyceraceae family Roots and tubers Baked in the ashes Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Beauvoir (1998)
Calvatia bovista var. magellanica (L.) Pers. Wó Burst puffball Fruiting body (mushroom) Dried as tinder for starting fires Technology Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Calvatia lilacina (Mont. & Berk.) Henn. Wookét, woojét Puffball Fruiting body (mushroom) Burnt: its smoke was inhaled to clear in case of a cold Medicinal Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Chiliotrichum diffusum (Forster f.) O. Kuntze Kóor, kó’or Fachine Branches Used for tattoos. Flowers were rubbed on the eyes to clear the sight Personal ornament. Medicinal Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Cladonia laevigata Vain. Chepl, chispl, shûj Lichen species Whole plant For body washing, before getting dry with ánhuel (Usnea sp.) Hygiene Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Cyttaria darwinii Berkeley; C. Harioti Fischer; C. Hookeri Berkeley Terr, têr – Fruiting body (mushroom) Raw or baked Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Descurainia canenscens auct., non (Nutt) Prantl; D. antarctica (E. Fourn.) O. E. Schultz Thai, tâíiu, taáiu Tansy mustard genus Seed Ground and toasted, mixed with guanaco fat Food Gusinde (1931)
Beauvoir (1998)
Gallardo (1998)
Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Drimys winteri Foster & Foster f. Choól, chôl Winter's Bark Bark Decoction against dandruff Hygiene Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Empetrum rubrum Vahl ex Willd. Kôl, kôle. Fruto: wasax, wáshj, wásje Diddle-dee Berries Direct consumption Food Gusinde (1931)
Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Festuca gracillima Hooker f. Ôt Tussac Grass Stuffing for leather shoes Clothing Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With. Oandiyá; po’otá; kiliút, kéluet Beefsteak Fruiting body (mushroom) Raw Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. Óltâ, ólta, ou)ltá Chilean strawberry Fruits Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Gallardo (1998)
Hypochoeris incana (Hooker & Arn.) Macloskie; H. incana var. integrifolia (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) Cabrera Sóol; álbi Asteraceae family Roots and tubers Grilled or baked in the ashes Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Hypochoeris radicata L. Oitá Hairy cat's ear Leaves Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Marsippospermum grandiflorum (L. f.) Hooker f. Tâíiu, taáiiu, tai, táiu, Kartay Juncaceae family Stalk Roasted and flattened by hand to weave baskets Technology Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Beauvoir
Mysodendron punctulatum Banks ex D.C. Ténokán, tenoká, téno Mistletoes genus Whole plant Body rubbing against muscular pains Medicinal Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Nothofagus antarctica (Forster f.) Oersted Shuwínshi Antarctic beech/low beech Wood Tools and hut building Technology Gusinde (1931)
Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Nothofagus betuloides (Mirbel) Oersted Kîeñú, kenñú, iéñu, kíniu, kiñiú Magellan's beech Bark Bird hunting torches Technology Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Nothofagus pumilio (Poeppig & Endl.) Krasser Kualchñinke, kualchínk Lenga Sap Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Oreomyrrhis andicola auct., non (Kunth) Hooker f. Seltái Apiaceae family Roots and tubers Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Pernettya mucronata (L. f.) Gaudich. ex G. Don. Seuwh, shal Ericaceae family Berries Direct consumption Food Gusinde (1931)
Beauvoir (1998)
Gallardo (1998)
Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Pernettya pumila (L. f.) Hooker Shal Ericaceae family Berries Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Polyporus eucalyptorum Fr. Hashkélta; eusá; eushá; ká’mi; – Fruiting body (mushroom) Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Polyporus aff. Gayanus Lév. Eusá – Fruiting body (mushroom) Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Ribes magellanicum Poiret Shéthrhen, estén, shitr, shetrr Wild currant Berries, tea of leaves and infusion of bark Direct consumption or boiling of some parts Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Rubus geoides Sm. Waásh shal Rainberry Berries Direct consumption Food Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Gallardo (1998)
Taraxacum magellanicum, Comm. ex Sch. Bip.; T. gilliesii Hooker & Arn. and T. officinale Weber Oiten, oitá, oitáoi, oi’tá Dandelion Flowers, leaves and roots Direct consumption Food Gusinde (1931)
Martínez-Crovetto (1968)
Beauvoir (1998)
Usnea magellanica (Mont.) Motyka Ánhuel, anhól, ánjôl Old's man beard Whole plant As towel Hygiene Martínez-Crovetto (1968)

References

  1. ↑ Rossen, Jack; Planella, María Teresa; Stehberg, Rubén (2010), "Archaeobotany of Cerro del Inga, Chile, at the Southern Inka Frontier", Distant Provinces in the Inka Empire, University of Iowa Press, pp. 14–43, doi:10.2307/j.ctt20mvff8.5, ISBN 978-1-58729-933-9
  2. ↑ Musaubach, M. Gabriela; Berón, Mónica A. (2016-07-21). "Food residues as indicators of processed plants in hunter-gatherers' pottery from La Pampa (Argentina)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 26 (1): 111–123. doi:10.1007/s00334-016-0581-z. ISSN 0939-6314. S2CID 132256232.
  3. ↑ "Literature Reviews: The Gene — A Multipurpose Tool: Founder Mitochondrial Haplotypes in Amerindian Populations Bailliet G, Rothhammer F, Carnese FR, et al. Am J Hum Genet. 1994,-55:27-33". Clinical Pediatrics. 34 (10): 568. October 1995. doi:10.1177/000992289503401014. ISSN 0009-9228. S2CID 208811948.
  4. 1 2 3 4 P., Carolina Belmar; Méndez, César; Reyes, Omar (2017-09-05). "Hunter-gatherer plant resource use during the Holocene in central western Patagonia (Aisén, Chile, South America)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 26 (6): 607–625. doi:10.1007/s00334-017-0632-0. ISSN 0939-6314. S2CID 134054395.
  5. ↑ Luebert, Federico; Pliscoff, Patricio (2012-01-01). "Variabilidad climática y bioclimas de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile". Investigaciones Geográficas (44): 41. doi:10.5354/0719-5370.2012.26408. ISSN 0719-5370.
  6. ↑ Khare, C.P. (2007), "Gnetum montanum Markgraf.", Indian Medicinal Plants, New York, NY: Springer New York, p. 1, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2_697, ISBN 978-0-387-70637-5
  7. 1 2 López, M. Laura (2017-07-29). "Archaeobotany in central Argentina: macro- and microscopic remains at several archaeological sites from early Late Holocene to early colonial times (3,000–250 bp)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 27 (1): 219–228. doi:10.1007/s00334-017-0627-x. ISSN 0939-6314. S2CID 134250975.
  8. ↑ Houghton, P.J.; Manby, J. (March 1985). "Medicinal plants of the Mapuche". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 13 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(85)90063-7. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 3990317.
  9. ↑ Gunckel, H. (1959). "Nombres Indigenas Relacionados con la Flora Chilena". Boletin de Filologia, Universidad de Chile. 2: 191–327.
  10. ↑ Berihuete-Azorín, Marian (September 2013). "First archaeobotanical approach to plant use among Selknam hunter-gatherers (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina)". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 5 (3): 255–266. doi:10.1007/s12520-013-0137-4. ISSN 1866-9557. S2CID 129314115.
  11. ↑ Berihuete M, Caruso L, Mansur ME, Massaccesi G, Mensua C, Piqué R (2009) El aprovechamiento de los recursos vegetales entre los Selknam de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), una aproximación etnoarqueológica. In: Capparelli A, Chevalier A, Piqué R (eds) La alimentación en la América precolombina y colonial: una aproximación interdisciplinar. CSIC, Madrid, pp 21–36
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