Pamianthe peruviana
Temporal range: Early Miocene – Recent[1]
Botanical illustration of Pamianthe peruviana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Genus: Pamianthe
Species:
P. peruviana
Binomial name
Pamianthe peruviana
Stapf
Pamianthe peruviana is native to Peru and Bolivia[2]
Synonyms[2][3]

Pamianthe cardenasii Traub

Pamianthe peruviana, also known as the giant Peruvian daffodil,[4][5] is a species of epiphytic plant native to seasonally dry areas of Peru and Bolivia.[2]

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Immature Pamianthe peruviana Stapf bulb

The perennial plants with bulbs[6] produce 5-7 linear leaves[7] with a prominent mid vein,[8] which form a pseudo-stem of up to 30 cm in length. Each leaf may reach lengths of up to 50 cm and widths of 2–4 cm.[6]

Generative characteristics

Papery thin seeds of Pamianthe peruviana
Germinating Pamianthe peruviana Stapf seed with emerging leaf

The bisexual, radially symmetrical flowers are intensely fragrant.[9][10][6] They resemble the flowers of Pancratium.[11][3] They are produced in groups of 2-4 flowers, which have a 12–25 cm long perianth tube with three nectariferous channels. These features could suggest moth pollination. The pedicel is 1.5–3 cm long. With 8 cm of length, the outer tepals are slightly longer than the 7 cm long staminal cup.[8] The incurved stamens with dorsifixed anthers are inserted in deep notches of the staminal cup, or corona.[6]

Reproduction

Generative reproduction

Pamianthe is presumed to be moth pollinated based on their floral morphology.[12] Specifically sphingid moths come into question.[8] The plant is self compatible. The fruit takes 12–15 months to mature.[11][6][10] Rapid germination occurs under humid conditions at 16-21 °C.[13][6] Seedlings reach maturity within four to five years.[11][14]

Vegetative reproduction

Pamianthe peruviana can also reprocuce asexually through stolons.[15][16]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count of Pamianthe is 2n = 46.[17][18]

Etymology

The generic name Pamianthe refers to Major Albert Pam.[19][20][8][21] The specific epithet peruviana references this species origin in Peru.

History

Pam discovered the species in 1926 on a bulb collecting expedition in Peru.[20] Other sources state he received bulbs from Peru in 1928.[16][8] Pam, who introduced the species to horticulture, was a friend of the horticulturalist Edward Augustus Bowles (1865 - 1954),[21][19] to whom he gave a Pamianthe peruviana specimen in the 1930s.[22] He also donated Pamianthe peruviana to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1937.[23]

Habitat

It was found along streams in the warm to temperate northern region of Peru at elevations of 1800 m above sea level.[24][25]

Taxonomy

Taxon authorship

There is conflicting information on the taxon authorship of this species. One source claims it to be anonymous,[26] whereas most give Otto Stapf as the taxon author. The type specimen, which was cultivated by Albert Pam in the United Kingdom, is associated with Stapf as the taxon author.[27]

Role as type species

Pamianthe peruviana is the type species of the genus Pamianthe.[8]

Synonym status of Pamianthe cardenasii

Despite being the same taxon,[2][8] it has been reported that Pamianthe cardenasii were a bulbous geophyte, and Pamianthe peruviana were an epiphyte.[28]

Phylogeny

Some degree of possible hybridization was identified between Pamianthe peruviana and Pamianthe ecollis. According to a molecular clock analysis, both species shared a common ancestor 18.22 million years ago. This means Pamianthe peruviana diverged in the early Miocene.[1]

Conservation

It is presumed to be extinct in the wild.[29][30][31] It is not known when it was last recorded.[32] According to the Cambridge Botanic Garden the conservation status has not been evaluated.[33] Under its synonym Pamianthe cardenasii Traub it has also been classified as not evaluated by the national herbarium of Bolivia in 2005.[34]

Ex-situ conservation is ensured in several living collections, such as the living collection of the Gothenburg Botanical Garden, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Living Plant Collections,[35] the Oxford Botanic Garden,[4] as well as private collections.

Horticulture

Despite it being very rare in cultivation,[36] it can be easily cultivated as a houseplant if kept in a well aerated substrate,[37] because it is intolerant of waterlogged conditions, which rapidly induce root rot.[11] Ideally, it should be cultivated under moderately bright, humid conditions at temperatures of 18-30 °C.[36] Seeds can be sown all year round. The optimal time is March–August. The remaining months are less optimal. The germination temperature should not be below 20 °C.[38] Pamianthe makes a good greenhouse or container display.[39] It is also suitable as a long-lasting cut flower.[16]

References

  1. 1 2 Meerow, Alan W.; Gardner, Elliot M.; Nakamura, Kyoko (2020). "Phylogenomics of the Andean Tetraploid Clade of the American Amaryllidaceae (Subfamily Amaryllidoideae): Unlocking a Polyploid Generic Radiation Abetted by Continental Geodynamics". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.582422. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 7674842.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Pamianthe peruviana Stapf". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  3. 1 2 Howard, Thad M. (2010-07-05). Bulbs for Warm Climates. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78520-5.
  4. 1 2 Thorogood, C. (2023a, February 22). Giant Peruvian daffodils (Pamianthe peruviana) trumpeting in the conservatory at Oxford Botanic Garden. Twitter. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://twitter.com/thorogoodchris1/status/1628313301632397312
  5. ↑ Schuessler, Lynn (2020-02-25). "A Community Read Conversation with Sue Burke". Longwood Gardens. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne; Shaw, J. M. H. (2011-08-11). The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76147-5.
  7. ↑ United States. Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, of Plant Exploration, A. E. D., Introduction, of Plant Introduction, U. S. A. R. S. S., Branch, U. S. A. R. S. N. C. R., (u.s.), N. G. R. L., & Services, U. S. A. R. (1939). Plant Inventory. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=aVFQbE_6LToC
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Meerow, Alan W.; Silverstone-Sopkin, Philip A.; Zuluaga-Tróchez, Alejandro; Sánchez-Taborda, Jhon A. (2019-01-17). "A remarkable new species of Pamianthe (Amaryllidaceae) from the Department of Cauca, Colombia". PhytoKeys (115): 73–82. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.115.30755. ISSN 1314-2011. PMC 6345734. PMID 30692867.
  9. ↑ "Pamianthe peruviana, Pamianthe". TopTropicals.com - rare plants for home and garden. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  10. 1 2 "Pamianthe peruviana". The Bulb Maven. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Cheli, M. (2018c, December 16). Pamianthe. L’eden Di Fiori E Piante. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.edendeifiori.it/5364/pamianthe.php
  12. ↑ Meerow, A. W. (2010). "Convergence or reticulation? Mosaic evolution in the canalized American Amaryllidaceae." Diversity, phylogeny and evolution in the monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, 145-168.
  13. ↑ RHS Propagating Plants: How to Create New Plants For Free. Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2019-03-07. ISBN 978-0-241-44342-2.
  14. ↑ SUBTROPICALS (Vol. 2., No. 3). (2003). p. 34. [Pdf]. Subtropicals Society. https://www.rnzih.org.nz/Subtropicals_magazine/SUBTROPICALS-Vol2-No3.pdf
  15. ↑ Knecht, U. (2012b, October 4). Pamianthe peruviana asexual reproduction. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/morabeza79/8293571468/in/album-72157629751941598/
  16. 1 2 3 Brickell, C., Sharman, F. (1986). The Vanishing Garden: A Conservation Guide to Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Murray.
  17. ↑ Kubitzki, Klaus (2013-06-29). Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-662-03533-7.
  18. ↑ Meerow, Alan (1984-01-01). "Two new species of pancratioid Amaryllidaceae from Peru and Ecuador". Brittonia. 36 (1): 18–25. doi:10.2307/2806286. ISSN 1938-436X. JSTOR 2806286.
  19. 1 2 "Pamianthe peruviana". The Biking Gardener. 2017-01-14. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  20. 1 2 Roberts, Richard (2016-07-27). Schroders: Merchants & Bankers. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-09650-3.
  21. 1 2 Mathew, B., Mathew, M., & Pacific Bulb Society. (1996). The Bulb Newsletter Vol. 16 (version 2016). p. 11. [Pdf]. https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/TBN/BN.php?v=16
  22. ↑ "Mass wisteria: Louisa Parker Bowles explores the fascinating family history of the Myddelton House gardens". Tatler. 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  23. ↑ "Appendix: Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, during 1937". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 1937 (10): 529–577. 1937. ISSN 0366-4457. JSTOR 4107164.
  24. ↑ "Libri E Riviste". Bullettino della R. Società Toscana di Orticultura. 18 (7/8): 124–127. 1933. ISSN 1125-9728. JSTOR 42886976.
  25. ↑ Field Museum of Natural History. (1936). Publication. Field Museum of Natural History Botanical series. (Vol. v.13:pt.1:no.1 (1936)) "p. 673." Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1912-1947.
  26. ↑ Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Pamianthe peruviana Anonymous. Tropicos. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://tropicos.org/name/1202149
  27. ↑ Type of Pamianthe peruviana Stapf [family AMARYLLIDACEAE]. (n.d.). JSTOR Global Plants. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000322364
  28. ↑ Zotz, G., Schickenberg, N., & Albach, D. (2017). "The velamen radicum is common among terrestrial monocotyledons." Annals of Botany, 120(5), 625-632.
  29. ↑ Holmes, B. (n.d.-b). Pamianthe peruviana Stapf. The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://recentlyextinctspecies.com/asparagales-aloes-asparagus-garlic-irises-onions-etc/pamianthe-peruviana
  30. ↑ Knecht, U. (2012, March 17). Pamianthe peruviana. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/morabeza79/6846004820
  31. ↑ Pamianthe peruviana - “Peruvian Daffodil.” (n.d.). Strange Wonderful Things | Rare and Exotic Plants. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://strangewonderfulthings.com/437.htm
  32. ↑ Holmes, B. (n.d.-a). Asparagales - The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://recentlyextinctspecies.com/databases/asparagales
  33. ↑ Pamianthe peruviana. (n.d.). Cambridge Botanic Garden. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/collections/collectionsportal/plant-details?accession_number=20130568&add=true
  34. ↑ Meneses, R. I., & Beck, S. (2005). Especies amenazadas de la flora de Bolivia. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, La Paz. p. 29.
  35. ↑ Pamianthe peruviana Stapf in GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-04-15.
  36. 1 2 Knecht, J. U. (2012, May 17). Pamianthe peruviana: amazing epiphytic bulb!  [Online forum post]. Orchids Forum. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://www.orchidsforum.com/threads/pamianthe-peruviana-amazing-epiphytic-bulb.10240/
  37. ↑ Pamianthe. (2021, February 16). Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Pamianthe
  38. ↑ Aussaatmonate und minimale Aussaattemperaturen. (2023, January 30). Rareplants.eu. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from http://www.rareplants.es/shop/uploads/files_versions/Tabelle_Aussaatmonate_www.rareplants.de.pdf
  39. ↑ Laurent, A. (2016). "I. AMARYLLIDACEAE / AMARYLLIS FAMILY." In Botanical Art from the Golden Age of Scientific Discovery (pp. 10-15). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226321103-002
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