Spangle
Female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Papilionidae
Genus: Papilio
Species:
P. protenor
Binomial name
Papilio protenor
Cramer, 1775

Papilio protenor, the spangle, is a butterfly found in India belonging to the swallowtail family.

Morphology

Male

Papilio protenor demetrius

Upperside: velvety indigo-blue black, duller on the forewing than on the hindwing. Forewing with pale adnervular streaks broadened along the terminal margin and extended well into the cell. Hindwing: a broad pale yellowish-white subcostal streak; interspaces 4 to 6 irrorated (sprinkled) with bluish scales; tornal angle marked with red.

Underside: forewing dull black; adnervular streaks distinctly grey and much broader than on the upperside. Hindwing: ground colour as on the upperside, a large irregularly-shaped patch at the tornal angle that extends into interspace 2, and subterminal lunules in interspaces 2, 6, and 7 dull pinkish-red, cell irrorated more-or-less with a sprinkling of blue scales; the tornal patch with a black, outwardly blue-edged, round medial spot, and interspaces 4 and 5 with subterminal irrorations of blue scales. Antennae black; head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish-black.

Female

Spangles mating

Similar to male.

Upperside: ground colour deep brownish-black; adnervular streaks on forewing yellowish; irroration of blue scales on outer portions of hindwing more dense; no white subcostal streak; red patch at tornal angle large with an oval medial black spot; another similar black spot subterminally in interspace 2 posteriorly bordered by a crescent-shaped red mark.

Underside: similar to that in the male, differs in the adnervular streaks on the forewing that are broader and paler; on the hindwing the tornal red patch is paler and larger, and is extended broadly anteriorly and outwards towards the termen into interspace 2; in the latter it coalesces with a broad subterminal black-centred red ocellus; the irroration of blue scales in interspace 5 with a small subterminal red lunule below it. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male.[1]

Sexual Dimorphism

Scientists have found that between the male and female, there are higher amounts of linalool and 2,3-butanediol present in the male than in the female. The male also elicits stronger odour than female.[2]

Range

Spangle mud-puddling with red Helens.

Northern Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir, Garhwal Himalaya (Govind Wildlife Sanctuary), Sikkim, Assam, Bangladesh, Burma, southern China (including Hainan), Vietnam, northern Laos, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea and Japan.Nepal

Habitat

Many species of butterfly occupy only a limited range of the host plant. They utilize the plant chemicals to assess potential host plants and decide if or not to oviposit on them. Most species in the genus Papilio exclusively use rutaceous plants (rutaceae) as host plant, and Papilio protenor is a specialist.[3][4] Their major host plant is citrus. Research indicates high affinity of the female for Citrus unshiu.[5] There are various oviposition stimulants discovered, including sugar acid, amino acid, alkaloid and flavonoid.[6] Flavanone glycosides such as naringin and hesperidin were investigated and both elicited positive responses from the female adults.[7][8]

Females do not oviposit on Phellodendron amurense. The avoidance is attributed to high concentration of phellamurin.[9]

Researchers have found different adaptation to different host plants between adult females and larvae. For example, females are able to oviposit on Trollius asiaticus, but larvae fail to grow on it.[10] Also, while the female adults are not able to oviposit on Phellodendron amurense, larvae are found to be able to live on it.[11]

Papilio protenor males appear to be more site faithful than females.[12]

Status

Common; not threatened.[13]

Life history

Larva

"Green, with a yellow collar and brown lichen-like markings. Feeds on Zanthoxylum alatum." (Mackinnon, quoted in Bingham.)

Experiments have been conducted on larvae of different instars, and it is revealed that among all the different instars, there are significant differences of chemical composition of osmeterial secretion between the 5th instar and all the previous instars.[14] 5th larvae secretion is mainly aliphatic acid and their esters, while the previous instars contain primarily mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Scientists suspect that these differences are associated with the colouration of the 4th larval ecdysis.

Pupa

"Some pupae are coloured like rough bark, others are uniformly green." (Mackinnon, quoted in Bingham.)

There are two colour-types in Papilio butterflies, green and brown. Pupae that grow on green-coloured branches are always green, while those that live on dead branches are brown in colour. Light condition does not seem to affect this relation.[15] The green pigment is described as a "insectoverdin" type, which means it is a mixture of yellow and blue chromoproteins. The chemical compounds separated from the green pupae (e.g., beta-carotene and lutein) were not found in the brown pupae; however, the bile pigment from the blue chromoprotein was found in the brown pupae, but with a lower percentage than in the green ones.

Papilio species' pupal colour is determined generally by their surrounding environment. There are physical factors such as pupal width and texture, and external factors such as humidity and food. Research indicates that there is not one major determinant, but the colouration is due to reciprocal balance of all sorts of environmental stimuli.[16]

Cultural references

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bingham, C.T. (1905). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma Butterflies. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd.
  2. ↑ Ômura, H., Yanai, N., & Honda, K. (2012). Sexual dimorphism in scent substances and cuticular lipids of adult Papilio protenor butterflies. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 67(5-6), 331-341. doi: 10.1515/znc-2012-5-614
  3. ↑ Chachin, M., Honda, K., & Ômura, H. (2007). Appraisal of the acceptability of subtropical rutaceous plants for a swallowtail butterfly, Papilio protenor demetrius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 42(1), 121-128. doi: 10.1303/aez.2007.121
  4. ↑ Honda, K., & Hayashi, N. (1995a). Chemical Factors in Rutaceous Plants Regulating Host Selection by Two Swallowtail Butterflies, Papilio protenor and P. xuthus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 30(2), 327-334.
  5. ↑ Chachin, M., Honda, K., & Ômura, H. (2007). Appraisal of the acceptability of subtropical rutaceous plants for a swallowtail butterfly, Papilio protenor demetrius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 42(1), 121-128. doi: 10.1303/aez.2007.121
  6. ↑ Honda, K., & Hayashi, N. (1995a). Chemical Factors in Rutaceous Plants Regulating Host Selection by Two Swallowtail Butterflies, Papilio protenor and P. xuthus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 30(2), 327-334.
  7. ↑ Honda, K. (1986). Flavanone glycosides as oviposition stimulants in a papilionid butterfly, Papilio protenor. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12(10), 1999-2010. doi: 10.1007/bf01041949
  8. ↑ Honda, K. (1990). Identification of host-plant chemicals stimulating oviposition by swallowtail butterfly, Papilio protenor. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16(2), 325-337. doi: 10.1007/bf01021768
  9. ↑ Honda, K., & Hayashi, N. (1995b). A flavonoid glucoside, phellamurin, regulates differential oviposition on a rutaceous plant, Phellodendron amurense, by two sympatric swallowtail butterflies, Papilio protenor and P. xuthus: the front line of a coevolutionary arms race? Journal of Chemical Ecology, 21(10), 1531-1539. doi: 10.1007/bf02035150
  10. ↑ Chachin, M., Honda, K., & Ômura, H. (2007). Appraisal of the acceptability of subtropical rutaceous plants for a swallowtail butterfly, Papilio protenor demetrius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 42(1), 121-128. doi: 10.1303/aez.2007.121
  11. ↑ Honda, K., Ômura, H., Chachin, M., Kawano, S., & Inoue, T. A. (2011). Synergistic or antagonistic modulation of oviposition response of two swallowtail butterflies, Papilio maackii and P. protenor, to Phellodendron amurense by its constitutive prenylated flavonoid, phellamurin. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 37(6), 575-581. doi: 10.1007/s10886-011-9965-9
  12. ↑ Kiritani, K., Nozato, K., Miyai, S., & Ban, Y. (1984). Studies on ecology and behavior of japanese black swallowtail butterflies: I. ecological characteristics of male populations in Papilio helenus nicconicolens BUTLER and P. protenor demetrius CRAMER: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 19(4), 509-517.
  13. ↑ Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland & Cambridge: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  14. ↑ Honda, K. (1980). Volatile constituents of larval osmeterial secretions in Papilio protenor demetrius. Journal of Insect Physiology, 26(1), 39-45. doi: 10.1016/0022-1910(80)90108-0
  15. ↑ Ohnishi, E. (1959). Pigment composition in the pupal cuticles of two colour types of the swallowtails, Papilio xuthus L. and P. protenor demetrius Cramer. Journal of Insect Physiology, 3(2), 132-145. doi: 10.1016/0022-1910(59)90029-0
  16. ↑ Honda, K. (1981). Environmental factors affecting the pupal coloration in Papilio protenor demetrius CR.: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: II. effect of physical stimuli. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 16(4), 467-471.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.