South Street Seaport
South Street and Brooklyn Bridge (c. 1900)
South Street Seaport is located in Lower Manhattan
South Street Seaport
South Street Seaport is located in Manhattan
South Street Seaport
South Street Seaport is located in New York City
South Street Seaport
South Street Seaport is located in New York
South Street Seaport
South Street Seaport is located in the United States
South Street Seaport
LocationBounded by Burling (John St.) and Peck Slips, Water St. and East River in New York City, United States
Coordinates40°42′22″N 74°0′12″W / 40.70611°N 74.00333°W / 40.70611; -74.00333
Area3.5 acres (1.4 ha)
Architectmultiple
Architectural styleGreek Revival
NRHP reference No.72000883[1]
South Street Seaport Historic District
LocationRoughly bounded by East River, Brooklyn Bridge, Fletcher Alley, and Pearl and South Streets, Manhattan, New York City, United States
Area41 acres (17 ha)
Architectural styleGreek Revival, Romanesque
NRHP reference No.78001884[1]
Added to NRHPDecember 12, 1978
Added to NRHPOctober 18, 1972

The South Street Seaport is a historic area in the New York City borough of Manhattan, centered where Fulton Street meets the East River, within the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Seaport is a designated historic district. It is part of Manhattan Community Board 1 in Lower Manhattan, and is next to the East River to the southeast and the Two Bridges neighborhood to the northeast.

The district features some of the oldest buildings in Lower Manhattan, and includes the largest concentration of restored early 19th-century commercial buildings in the city. This includes renovated original mercantile buildings, renovated sailing ships, the former Fulton Fish Market, and modern tourist malls featuring food, shopping, and nightlife.

History

As port

The first pier in the area appeared in 1625, when the Dutch West India Company founded an outpost there.[2] With the influx of the first settlers, the area was quickly developed. One of the first and busiest streets in the area was today's Pearl Street, so named for a variety of coastal pearl shells.[3] Due to its location, Pearl Street quickly gained popularity among traders.[4][5] The East River was eventually narrowed. By the second half of the 17th century, the pier was extended to Water Street, then to Front Street, and by the beginning of the 19th century, to South Street.[2] The pier was well reputed, as it was protected from the westerly winds and ice of the Hudson River.[3]

In 1728, the Schermerhorn Family established trade with the city of Charleston, South Carolina. Subsequently, rice and indigo came from Charleston.[6] At the time, the port was also the focal point of delivery of goods from England. In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, the British occupied the port, adversely affecting port trade for eight years. In 1783, many traders returned to England, and most port enterprises collapsed.[2] The port quickly recovered from the post-war crisis. From 1797 until the middle of 19th century, New York had the country's largest system of maritime trade.[2] From 1815 to 1860 the port was called the Port of New York.

On February 22, 1784, the Empress of China sailed from the port to Guangzhou and returned to Philadelphia on May 15, 1785,[7] bringing along, in its cargo, green and black teas, porcelain, and other goods.[8] This operation marked the beginning of trade relations between the newly formed United States and the Qing Empire.[9]

On January 5, 1818, the 424-ton transatlantic packet James Monroe sailed from Liverpool, opening the first regular trans-Atlantic voyage route, the Black Ball Line.[10] Shipping on this route continued until 1878.[11] Commercially successful transatlantic traffic has led to the creation of many competing companies, including the Red Star Line in 1822.[12][13] Transportation significantly contributed to the establishment New York as one of the centers of world trade.[2]

The Fish Market during the Great Depression
The port in the late 1970s

One of the largest companies in the South Street Seaport area was the Fulton Fish Market, opened in 1822. The Tin Building opened within the market in 1907; it is one of two remaining structures from the market and the only one that is officially designated as a landmark.[14] In 2005, the market moved to Hunts Point, Bronx.[15][16]

In November 1825, the Erie Canal, located upstate, was opened.[17] The canal, connecting New York to the western United States, facilitated the economic development of the city.[18][19] However, for this reason, along with the beginning of the shipping era, there was a need to lengthen the piers and deepen the port.[20]

On the night of December 17, 1835, a large fire in New York City destroyed 17 blocks,[21] and many buildings in the South Street Seaport burned to the ground. Nevertheless, by the 1840s, the port recovered, and by 1850, it reached its heyday:[2]

Looking east, was seen in the distance on the long river front from Coenties Slip to Catharine Street [sic], innumerable masts of the many Californian clippers and London and Liverpool packets, with their long bowsprits extending way over South Street, reaching nearly to the opposite side.[22]

At its peak, the port hosted many commercial enterprises, institutions, ship-chandlers, workshops, boarding houses, saloons, and brothels. However, by the 1880s, the port began to be depleted of resources, space for the development of these businesses was diminishing, and the port became too shallow for newer ships. By the 1930s, most of the piers no longer functioned, and cargo ships docked mainly on ports on the West Side and in Hoboken.[3] By the late 1950s, the old Ward Line docks, comprising Piers 15, 16, and part of 17, were mostly vacant.

As museum

Part of Schermerhorn Row, early 19th-century mercantile buildings
Wednesday Night Skate NYC stopping by Pier 16 in front of Wavertree

The South Street Seaport Museum was founded in 1967 by Peter and Norma Stanford. When originally opened as a museum, the focus of the Seaport Museum conservation was to be an educational historic site, with shops mostly operating as reproductions of working environments found during the Seaport's heyday.

In 1982, redevelopment began to turn the museum into a greater tourist attraction via development of modern shopping areas. According to Kenneth Schuman, New York City Commissioner for Economic Development, “It would allow New Yorkers to rediscover the long-obliterated, but historic, link between the city and its waterfront.” [23] The project was undertaken by the prominent developer James Rouse, and was modeled on the concept of a "festival marketplace," a leading revitalization strategy throughout the 1970s.[24] On the other side of Fulton Street from Schermerhorn Row, the main Fulton Fish Market building, which had become a large plain garage-type structure, was rebuilt as an upscale shopping mall. Pier 17's old platforms were demolished and a new glass shopping pavilion raised in its place, which opened in August 1984.

In 1982, the Museum acquired a collection of 285 Van Ryper ship models and archival materials from Charles King Van Riper's son, Anthony K. Van Riper. The collection comprised models crafted between approximately 1938 and 1950, known as "pattern models." The archival materials encompassed research content about steamships, photographs, deck plans, postcards, and advertising brochures from steamship companies.[25]

The original intent of the Seaport development was the preservation of the block of buildings known as Schermerhorn Row on the southwest side of Fulton Street, which were threatened with neglect or future development, at a time when the history of New York City's sailing ship industry was not valued, except by some antiquarians. Early historic preservation efforts focused on these buildings and the acquisition of several sailing ships. Almost all buildings and the entire Seaport neighborhood are meant to transport the visitor back in time to New York's mid-19th century, to demonstrate what life in the commercial maritime trade was like. Docked at the Seaport are a few historical sailing vessels, including the Wavertree. A section of nearby Fulton Street is preserved as cobblestone and lined with shops, bars, and restaurants. The Bridge Cafe, which claims to be "The Oldest Drinking Establishment in New York" is in a building that formerly housed a brothel.

Pier 17 before demolition
Newly renovated Pier 17 in 2018

In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy heavily damaged the Seaport. Tidal floods of up to 7 feet (2.1 m) deep inundated much of the Seaport, causing extensive damage that forced an end to plans to merge the Seaport Museum with the Museum of the City of New York.[26] Many of the businesses closed, and the remaining businesses suffered from a severe drop in business after the storm.[27] The South Street Seaport Museum re-opened in December 2012. The Howard Hughes Corporation, announced that it would tear down the Seaport's most prominent shopping area, Pier 17, as part of a broader redevelopment of the neighborhood. The new pier contains retail, restaurants, and a rooftop performance venue.[28] It reopened in July 2018.[29][30] Subsequently, the Tin Building was raised and relocated 32 feet (9.8 m) east in a project that started in 2018, with an expected completion date of 2021.[14]

Constituent parts

Ownership and management of Pier 17

Pier 17 is currently owned and managed by Howard Hughes Corporation.[31] Formerly, it was run by General Growth Properties, which acquired Pier 17's longtime owner, The Rouse Company, in 2004.[32] As part of its restructuring, General Growth spun off the Howard Hughes Corporation.[33]

Peck Slip

PS 343, the Peck Slip School

Peck Slip, which occupies the area between present-day Water and South streets, served as an active docking place for boats until 1810, and even served as a temporary hideout for George Washington and his troops in April 1776 when they fled from the Battle of Long Island. Then, in 1838, the first steam-powered vessel to make a transatlantic voyage, the S.S.  Great Western, docked in Peck’s Slip to the cheers of a quickly growing crowd of onlookers.[34] Today, the median of the street serves as an open space for the community with Brooklyn Bridge views, often displaying public art installations and gatherings, such as fairs and concerts.[35] Peck Slip is also home to the neighborhood's K-5 elementary school The Peck Slip School, P.S. 343.[36] In 2018, plans were revealed for the redevelopment of the parking lot at 250 Water Street, across from the school.[37][38]

Museum

Designated by Congress in 1998 as one of several museums which together make up "America's National Maritime Museum", South Street Seaport Museum sits in a 12 square-block historic district that is the site of the original port of New York City.[39] The Museum has over 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of exhibition space and educational facilities. It houses exhibition galleries, a working 19th-century print shop, an archeology museum, a maritime library, a craft center, a marine life conservation lab, and the largest privately owned fleet of historic ships in the country.

Ships in the port

The museum has five vessels docked permanently or semi-permanently, four of which have formal historical status.

Name Year of launch Type Description Picture Notes
United States Lightship LV-87 1908 Lightship LV-87 is a lightship 135 feet (41 m) long and 29 feet (8.8 m) wide, built in Camden, New Jersey, in 1907. It was stationed at the entrance to Ambrose Channel and became the third lightship there since 1854. In 1932 the ship was replaced by the new LV-111 ship and moved to the Scotland Station. LV-87 was retired in 1966 and sent to the South Street Seaport in 1968. In 1989 it gained National Historic Landmark status. [40][41][42][43][44][45][46]
Lettie G. Howard 1893 Schooner The fishing schooner was launched in Essex, Massachusetts. The vessel is 125 feet (38 m) long overall and 21 feet (6.4 m) wide. The schooner was used for fishing mostly off the coast of Yucatan. In 1989 it was given National Historic Landmark status. [47][48][49][50]
Pioneer 1885 Schooner The schooner was launched in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania. Initially, it was rigged as a sloop, but in 1895 it was rerigged as a schooner. The vessel is 102 feet (31 m) long. Its hull was originally wrought iron but was rebuilt in steel in the 1960s. It was used for transportation of various goods: sand, wood, stone, bricks and oyster shells. Now it is used for educational tours of New York Harbor. [51][52]
W. O. Decker 1930 Tugboat The 52 foot (16 m) steam tug was built in Long Island City, Queens and first named Russell I. Subsequently, the engine was replaced by a 175 horsepower (130 kW) diesel engine. In 1986 the boat was transferred to the South Street Seaport museum. In 1996 it was entered in the National Register of Historic Places. [53][54][55]
Wavertree 1885 Freighter The ship was launched in Southampton. It is 325 feet (99 m) long including spars and 263 feet (80 m) on deck. The ship is the largest remaining wrought iron vessel. Initially it was used for transporting jute from east India to Scotland, and then was involved in the tramp trade. In 1947 it was converted into a sand barge, and in 1968 it was acquired by the South Street Seaport Museum. In 1978 the ship was entered in the National Register of Historic Places. [56][57][58]

Legend:

  •   – Designated National Historic Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places
  •   – On the National Register of Historic Places

The Pioneer and W. O. Decker operate during favorable weather.

Shopping mall and tourist attraction

Pier 17 shopping mall, September 2018

At the Seaport, a mall and tourism center is built on Pier 17 on the East River. It was reconstructed in the 2010s and reopened in June 2018.[59] Decks outside on pier 15[60] allow views of the East River, Brooklyn Bridge, and Brooklyn Heights. The Paris Cafe, within the South Street Seaport historic area, is claimed to be one of the oldest bars in New York City.[61]

The Titanic memorial

At the entrance to the Seaport is the Titanic Memorial lighthouse.

ESPN studios

Sports broadcaster ESPN opened a radio and television studio at Pier 17 in April 2018, covering 17,000 square feet (1,600 m2).[62]

Transportation

South Street Seaport is served by the M15 and M15 SBS New York City Bus routes.[63]

New York Water Taxi directly serves South Street Seaport on Fridays, weekends, and holidays during the summer, while other New York Water Taxi, NYC Ferry, and SeaStreak ferries serve the nearby ferry slip at Pier 11/Wall Street daily.[64]

The Fulton Street/Fulton Center station complex (2, ​3​, 4, ​5​, A, ​C, ​E​, J​, N, ​R, ​W, and Z trains) is the closest New York City Subway station.[65] A new subway station, provisionally called Seaport, has been proposed as part of the unfunded Phase 4 of the Second Avenue Subway. Although this station will be located only 3 blocks from the Fulton Street station, there are no plans for a free transfer between them.[66]

Films

Games

  • In the video game Crysis 2 (2011), Pier 17 is featured as a multi-player map.[71]
  • South Street Seaport makes an appearance in Grand Theft Auto IV renamed Fishmarket South.

Music

  • The original Sub Pop version of Nirvana's "In Bloom" video was filmed here in 1990. The video features Kurt, Krist, and Chad clowning around inside the South Street Mall as well as on Wall Street.
  • The venue is home to the Seaport Music Festival each summer.

Television

  • The Kojak episode, "Sister Maria" (1977), was filmed in the Seaport.[72]
  • Anthony Bourdain filmed a segment for his show A Cook's Tour, episode 5: Season 2 "Elements of a Great Bar" (2003), was filmed at Jeremy's Ale House on Front Street in the South Street Seaport.[73]
  • Scenes from the turn of the century Cinemax television drama series The Knick has filmed scenes on historic Front Street.[74]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "South Street Seaport Historic District DesignationReport" (PDF). nyc.gov. 1977. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055366., pp. 1214–1215
  4. ↑ Linda S. Cordell; et al. (2008). Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 123. ISBN 978-0313021893.
  5. ↑ Sarah Harrison Smith (January 11, 2013). "Water and Land, Past and Present". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  6. ↑ Kroessler 2002, pp. 36–37
  7. ↑ Berube, Claude G.; Rodgaard, John A. (2005). A Call To The Sea. Potomac Books. p. 7. ISBN 1612342299.
  8. ↑ Jyh-Ming Yang (2008). Lost in Transliteration: The Tolerance of Unintelligibility in Chinese Bibliographic Records in Western Libraries. p. 61. ISBN 978-0549801337. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Kroessler 2002, p. 52
  10. ↑ Patrick Bunyan (2010). All Around the Town: Amazing Manhattan Facts and Curiosities, Second Edition. Empire State Editions Series (2 ed.). Fordham Univ Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0823231744.
  11. ↑ Kroessler 2002, p. 70
  12. ↑ McKay 1969, p. 130
  13. ↑ Charles R. Geisst (2009). Encyclopedia of American Business History. Infobase Publishing. p. 389. ISBN 978-1438109879.
  14. 1 2 Gill, John Freeman (February 28, 2020). "A Slice of the Fulton Fish Market Gets A New Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  15. ↑ Jessica Dailey (May 15, 2012). "Vintage Photos of the Fulton Fish Market in its Glory Days". Curbed NY. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  16. ↑ Andrew Jacobs (November 11, 2005). "On Fish Market's Last Day, Tough Guys and Moist Eyes". The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  17. ↑ Kroessler 2002, p. 74
  18. ↑ Howard B. Rock (1989). The New York City Artisan: 1789 – 1825; a Documentary History. SUNY series in American labour history. SUNY Press. p. 113. ISBN 1438417594.
  19. ↑ Randall Gabrielan (2000). New York City's Financial District in Vintage Postcards. The postcard history series. Arcadia Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 0738500682.
  20. ↑ Ann L. Buttenwieser (1999). Manhattan Water-bound: Manhattan's Waterfront from the Seventeenth Century to the Present. New York City History and Culture Series (2 ed.). Syracuse University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0815628013.
  21. ↑ Kroessler 2002, p. 81
  22. ↑ Thomas Floyd-Jones (1914). Backward glances: reminiscences of an old New-Yorker. Unionist Gazette Association. pp. 7–8.
  23. ↑ Haberman, Clyde (November 14, 1980). "City Approves $203 Million South Street Seaport Plan; New York Votes To Approve Plan Reviving Seaport Office-Hotel Complex Planned Modifications to Meet Demands". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  24. ↑ Fordham. "Fordham College at Lincoln Center". Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Van Ryper Ship Models". South Street Seaport Museum. Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts. December 15, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  26. ↑ Pogrebin, Robin (April 15, 2015). "Susan Henshaw Jones to Leave Museum of the City of New York". New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  27. ↑ Evelly, Jeanmarie (November 2, 2012). "South Street Seaport Businesses Struggle to Recover from Sandy Flooding". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  28. ↑ Warerkar, Tanay (February 27, 2018). "South Street Seaport's Pier 17 will start opening this April". Curbed NY. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  29. ↑ Ferry, Shannan (July 28, 2018). "South Street Seaport's Pier 17 aims to redefine the NYC concert experience". Spectrum News NY1 | New York City. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  30. ↑ "South Street Seaport's Pier 17 reborn after Superstorm Sandy". ABC7 New York. July 1, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  31. ↑ Cuozzo, Steve (March 21, 2017). "South Street Seaport's Pier 17 slated for 2018". New York Post. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  32. ↑ Hazlett, Kurt (August 20, 2004). "General Growth Buys Rouse Co. in $12.6 Billion Deal". National Real Estate Investor.
  33. ↑ "General Growth Properties emerges from bankruptcy". November 9, 2010.
  34. ↑ "History of NYC Streets: The Secrets of the Slips in Lower Manhattan". Untapped Cities. November 14, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  35. ↑ "Pleasure Dome: A 'Remote Country Field' Turns Peck Slip Playful | Tribeca Trib Online". www.tribecatrib.com. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  36. ↑ "PS 343 The Peck Slip School – District 2". InsideSchools. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  37. ↑ "Howard Hughes buys Milstein's Seaport site for $180M". The Real Deal New York. June 11, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  38. ↑ Glassman, Carl (June 13, 2018). "Hughes Corp. Buys a Seaport Block, Its Plans for the Property Unknown". Tribeca Trib Online. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  39. ↑ America's National Maritime Museum Designation Act Archived April 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, TheOrator.net. Accessed September 18, 2007.
  40. ↑ "Ambrose". South Street Seaport Museum. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  41. ↑ Bill Sanderson (April 25, 2011). "Abandoning ships: City's old vessels lost in fog of debt, neglect". New York Post. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  42. ↑ Stephen Nessen (March 5, 2012). "Ambrose Lightship Returns to South Street Seaport Museum". WNYC. Archived from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  43. ↑ MarlaDiamond (April 25, 2011). "South Street Seaport Museum Ships Falling Apart". CBS. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  44. ↑ "LIGHTSHIP NO. 87 "AMBROSE"". U.S. National ParkService. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  45. ↑ Kevin J. Foster (1988). "Lightship No. 87 "Ambrose" National Historic Landmark Study". US National Park Service. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  46. ↑ Arthur G. Adams (1996). The Hudson River Guidebook (2 ed.). Fordham University Press. p. 22. ISBN 0823216799.
  47. ↑ "Lettie G. Howard". South Street Seaport Museum. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  48. ↑ Barbara La Rocco (2004). Going Coastal New York City. Going Coastal, Inc. p. 192. ISBN 0-9729803-0-X.
  49. ↑ "LETTIE G. HOWARD (Schooner)". U.S. National ParkService. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  50. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form". US National Park Service.
  51. ↑ "Pioneer". South Street Seaport Museum.
  52. ↑ AdamSachs. "Pioneer Schooner – Sail Back In Time". New York. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  53. ↑ "W. O. Decker". South Street Seaport Museum. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  54. ↑ PaulFreireich (July 20, 2003). "Q & A – New York by Tugboat". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  55. ↑ "Tug W.O. Decker". The Travels of Tug 44. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  56. ↑ "W. O. Decker". South Street Seaport Museum. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  57. ↑ Dan Michael Worrall (2009). The Anglo-German Concertina: A SocialHistory. Dan Michael Worrall. p. 1. ISBN 978-0982599600.
  58. ↑ Braynard, Frank Osborn (1993). The Tall Ships of Today in Photographs. Dover Publications. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9780486271637.
  59. ↑ "Lower Manhattan's hot new Pier 17 is open for business". Metro US. June 15, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  60. ↑ Official Guide Staff. "pier 15, south street seaport". NYC Official Guide. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  61. ↑ "Directory". southstreetseaport.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009.
  62. ↑ Cuozzo, Steve (October 9, 2017). "ESPN to debut glimmering NYC studios next spring". New York Post. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  63. ↑ "Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  64. ↑ "Ferry Information". NYCDOT. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  65. ↑ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  66. ↑ "MTA Capital Construction – Second Avenue Subway: Project Description". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  67. ↑ A Thousand Clowns (1965), retrieved January 9, 2019
  68. ↑ "Gritty NYC Filming Locations That Still Exist". Spotted by Locals. April 2, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  69. 1 2 "South Street Seaport". On Location Tours. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  70. ↑ Mondello, Bob. "I Am Legend a One-Man American Metaphor", NPR, December 14, 2017. "There's not a person in sight anywhere — except Robert Neville, who travels, when the sun is highest in the sky, to the South Street Seaport, to broadcast the same message he's been broadcasting for almost three years: 'If anyone is out there, I can provide food, shelter, security. If there's anybody out there ... you are not alone.'"
  71. ↑ "Pier 17 – Crysis 2 Map Focus". mycrysis.com. EA. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
  72. ↑ "Kojak" Sister Maria (TV Episode 1977), retrieved January 9, 2019
  73. ↑ "A Cook's Tour" Elements of A Great Bar (TV Episode 2003)
  74. ↑ Rorke, Robert (August 8, 2014). "How 'The Knick' turned the streets of Manhattan into old New York". New York Post. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  75. ↑ "Officials Show Design of New Peck Slip School in Old Post Office Building". Retrieved March 14, 2016.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Brouwer, Norman J. South Street Seaport.
  • Lindgren, James Michael (2014). Preserving South Street Seaport: the dream and reality of a New York urban renewal district. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9781479822577.
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