Pinnacle Point
Pinnacle Point
Pinnacle Point
Pinnacle Point
LocationMossel Bay, Western Cape Province
Coordinates34°12′28″S 22°05′22″E / 34.20778°S 22.08944°E / -34.20778; 22.08944

Pinnacle Point a small promontory immediately south of Mossel Bay, a town on the southern coast of South Africa. Excavations since the year 2000 of a series of caves at Pinnacle Point have revealed occupation by Middle Stone Age people between 170,000 and 40,000 years ago. The focus of excavations has been at Cave 13B (PP13B), where the earliest evidence for the systematic exploitation of marine resources (shellfish) and symbolic behaviour has been documented,[1] and at Pinnacle Point Cave 5–6 (PP5–6), where the oldest evidence for the heat treatment of rock to make stone tools has been documented.[2] The only human remains have been recovered from younger deposits at PP13B which are c. 100,000 years old.[3]

History of the research

Excavations in progress in one of the Pinnacle Point Caves, 2011

The discoveries at Pinnacle Point have been made by an international team, headed by palaeoanthropologist Curtis Marean from the Institute of Human Origins of the Arizona State University as well as researchers from South Africa (UCT), Australia (Archaeology Program, La Trobe University, UoW), Israel, and France.

After debating for decades, paleoanthropologists now agree there is enough genetic and fossil evidence to suggest that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa c. 200,000 – c. 160,000 years ago. At that time, the world was in an ice age, and Africa was dry and arid. As archaeological sites dating to that time period are rare in Africa, palaeontologist Curtis Marean analysed geologic formations, sea currents, and climate data to pinpoint likely archaeological sites; one such was Pinnacle Point.

Pinnacle Point 13B and its implications for modern behaviour

At PP13B, the evidence for symbolic behaviour comes in the form of scraped and ground ochre (usually referred to as limonite bearing powders) that may have been used to form a pigment for body painting. This is similar to more complex ochre utilisation known from Blombos Cave slightly farther to the west at roughly 70,000 years ago.[4] These discoveries contradict the classical hypothesis that the modern behaviour emerged only 40,000 years ago and was reached through a "large cultural leap".[1] The harsh climate and reduced food resources may have been why people moved to the shore at Pinnacle Point, where they could eat marine creatures like shellfish, whale, and seal.[5]

Also at PP13B are an anomalous quantity of dicotyledonous tree leaf phytoliths in sediments that are roughly 90,000 years old. Though alteration of phytoliths introduce uncertainty to these findings, the quantity of tree phytoliths relative to grass phytoliths has been suggested to indicate a history of wood burning in hearths.[6]

Provincial heritage site

In December 2012, the provincial heritage resources authority Heritage Western Cape declared Pinnacle Point a provincial heritage site in the terms of Section 27 of the National Heritage Resources Act.[7] This provides the site with the highest form of protection under South African heritage law.

In 2015, the South African government submitted a proposal to add the cave to the list of World Heritage Sites and it has been placed on the UNESCO list of tentative sites as a potential future 'serial nomination' together with Blombos Cave, Sibudu Cave, Klasies River Caves, Border Cave, and Diepkloof Rock Shelter.[8]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I.R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (18 October 2007), "Early Human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene", Nature, 449 (7164): 905–908, Bibcode:2007Natur.449..905M, doi:10.1038/nature06204, PMID 17943129, S2CID 4387442, retrieved 3 April 2013
  2. ↑ Brown, Kyle S.; Marean, Curtis W.; Herries, Andy I.R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Tribolo, Chantal; Braun, David; Roberts, David L.; Meyer, Michael C.; Bernatchez, J. (14 August 2009), "Fire as an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans", Science, 325 (5942): 859–862, Bibcode:2009Sci...325..859B, doi:10.1126/science.1175028, hdl:11422/11102, PMID 19679810, S2CID 43916405
  3. ↑ Marean, Curtis W.; Nilssen, Peter J.; Brown, Kyle S.; Jerardino, Antonieta; Stynder, Deano (2 May 2004), "Paleoanthropological investigations of Middle Stone Age sites at Pinnacle Point, Mossel Bay (South Africa): Archaeology and hominid remains from the 2000 Field Season." (PDF), PaleoAnthropology, 1: 14–83, retrieved 4 April 2013
  4. ↑ Henshilwood, C.S.; d'Errico, F.; Yates, R.; Jacobs, Z.; Tribolo, C.; Duller, G.A.T.; Mercier, N.; Sealy, J.C.; Valladas, H.; Watts, I.; Wintle, A.G. (15 February 2002), "Emergence of modern human behavior : Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa", Science, 295 (5558): 1278–1280, Bibcode:2002Sci...295.1278H, doi:10.1126/science.1067575, PMID 11786608, S2CID 31169551
  5. ↑ Marean, Curtis W. (September–October 2010), "Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins", Journal of Human Evolution, 59 (3–4): 425–443, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.011, PMID 20934095, retrieved 4 April 2013
  6. ↑ Albert, Rosa (12 June 2012). "The Exploitation of Plant Resources by Early Homo sapiens: The Phytolith Record from Pinnacle Point 13B Cave, South Africa". Geoarchaeology. 27 (4): 363–384. doi:10.1002/gea.21413. S2CID 129222853 – via Wiley Online Library.
  7. ↑ "Provincial Notice 70/2012", Province of the Western Cape Provincial Gazette, Cape Town (7075): 2672, 14 December 2012
  8. ↑ "The Emergence of Modern Humans: The Pleistocene occupation sites of South Africa". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
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