Regional states and chartered cities of Ethiopia
CategoryFederation
LocationFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Created
  • 1992
Number12 regions, 2 chartered cities (as of 2023)
Government
  • Region government
Subdivisions

Ethiopia is a federation subdivided into ethno-linguistically based regional states (Amharic: plural: ክልሎች kililoch; singular: ክልል kilil; Oromo: singular: Naannoo; plural: Naannolee) and chartered cities (Amharic: plural: አስተዳደር አካባቢዎች astedader akababiwoch; singular: አስተዳደር አካባቢ astedader akabibi). This system of administrative regions replaced the provinces of Ethiopia in 1992.[1]

As of August 2023, there are twelve regional states and two chartered cities (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa). Being based on ethnicity and language, rather than physical geography or history, the regions vary enormously in area and population; the most notable example is the Harari Region, which has a smaller area and population than either of the chartered cities.

The word "kilil" more specifically means "reservation" or "protected area".[2] The ethnic basis of the regions and choice of the word "kilil", which can also be translated as homeland, has drawn fierce criticism from those in opposition to the ruling party who have drawn comparisons to the bantustans of apartheid South Africa.[3]

Governance

The regions are each governed by a regional council whose members are directly elected to represent woredas (districts). Each council has a president, who is elected by the council. Each region also has an executive committee, whose members are selected by the president from among the councilors and approved by the council. Each region has a sector bureau, which implements the council mandate and reports to the executive committee.[4]

History

Ethiopia was historically divided into provinces. The current system of administrative regions was introduced in 1992 by the Transitional Government of Ethiopia, and was formalised in 1995 when the current Constitution of Ethiopia came into force.[1]

There were 13 regions initially, but five regions were merged to form the multi-ethnic Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region later in 1992, following the first elections of regional councils on 21 June 1992.[5] The country's capital Addis Ababa, and Dire Dawa became chartered cities in 2004.

New regions

During the premiership of Abiy Ahmed, several new regions have been created.

In November 2019, a referendum was held in the Sidama Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, in which voters supported a proposal for Sidama Zone to become a region in its own right.[6] The Sidama Region was created in June 2020.[7]

The South West Ethiopia Region was created on 23 November 2021 following a successful referendum earlier that year. The new region was split off from the SNNPR and consisted of Keffa, Sheka, Bench Sheko, Dawro, and West Omo Zones, along with Konta special district.[8]

On 19 August 2023 the South Ethiopia Regional State created following the 2023 South Ethiopia Region referendum with the remainder becoming the Central Ethiopia Regional State, thus dissolving the SNNPR.[9]

List of regions and chartered cities

The twelve regions and two city administrations
Flag Name Population (2023)[10] Area (km2)[11] Capital Map
Addis Ababa (city) 3,945,000 527 Addis Ababa
Afar Region 2,076,000 72,051 Semera
Amhara Region 23,216,000 154,709 Bahir Dar
Benishangul-Gumuz Region 1,251,000 50,699 Asosa
Central Ethiopia Regional State Hosaina
Dire Dawa (city) 551,000 1,559 Dire Dawa
Gambela Region 525,000 29,783 Gambela
Harari Region 283,000 334 Harar
Oromia Region 40,884,000 284,538 Addis Ababa[12]
Sidama Region 5,301,868 12,000 Hawassa
Somali Region 6,657,000 279,252[13] Jijiga
South Ethiopia Regional State Wolaita Sodo
South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region 4,197,164 39,400 Bonga
Tigray Region 5,838,000 50,079[lower-alpha 1] Mek'ele

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The 2011 National Statistics gave an area of 41,410 km2 for Tigray, but the sum of the figures it gave for the Tigray zones was substantially different,[11] rendering the 2011 report internally inconsistent. The figure of 50,079 km2 in the 2006 statistics report[14] is supported by the Google Maps area calculator.

References

  1. 1 2 Mulatu Wubneh (2017). "Ethnic Identity Politics and the Restructuring of Administrative Units in Ethiopia". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 11 (1 & 2): 105–138. JSTOR 26586251 – via JSTOR.
  2. ↑ "ክልል". AmharicDictionary.com. SelamSoft. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  3. ↑ Demaret, Luc (29 October 2002). "'They knew I would rather die than give up the fight': Interview with Taye Woldesmiate (Ethiopia)". International Labour Organization. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2012. 'Since 1993, the education system has been substantially decentralised, with responsibility passing to the provincial authorities.' ... as Taye Woldesmiate went on to point out, the government 'decided to use education policy to promote its own political agenda, meaning its ethnic policy to divide the country'. At the time, teachers denounced this shift. 'The regime created apartheid-type Bantustan states called "killils", or homelands. Citizens are confined within their "killils" never to seek education or jobs outside their homeland', they said.
  4. ↑ Yilmaz, Serdar; Venugopal, Varsha (2008). Local Government Discretion and Accountability in Ethiopia (PDF). Working Paper 08-38. International Studies Program, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  5. ↑ Lyons, Terrence (1996). "Closing the Transition: The May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 135. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00055233. JSTOR 161741. S2CID 155079488.
  6. ↑ "The Sidama have voted for their own state. So what next?". 4 December 2019.
  7. ↑ Abdu, Brook (20 June 2020). "Sidama embarks on statehood". The Reporter. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  8. ↑ "South West Ethiopia Peoples Region Officially Established". MSN Africa. Addis Ababa. Ethiopian News Agency (ENA). 23 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  9. ↑ "Ethiopia's two new regional states formed : Central Ethiopia, South Ethiopia". August 20, 2023.
  10. ↑ "Population Size by Sex Zone and Wereda July 2023" (PDF). Ethiopian Statistical Service. August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  11. 1 2 "2011 National Statistics" (PDF). Central Statistical Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
  12. ↑ "Oromia Regional State". Ethiopian Government Portal. 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  13. ↑ Estimate from Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2014. p. 594. ISBN 978-1-62513-171-3 – via Google Books.
  14. ↑ "National Statistics: Section-B Population" (PDF). Central Statistical Agency. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2007.
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