Rosa roxburghii
Unripe hip
Habit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rosa
Species:
R. roxburghii
Binomial name
Rosa roxburghii
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Juzepczukia microphylla Chrshan.
    • Juzepczukia roxburghii (Tratt.) Chrshan.
    • Platyrhodon microphyllum Hurst
    • Rosa forrestii Focke
    • Rosa microphylla Pamp.
    • Rosa microphylla Roxb. ex Lindl.
    • Rosa microphylla var. glabra Regel
    • Rosa microphylla var. plena Rehder
    • Rosa roxbourgii Tratt.
    • Rosa roxburghii f. esetosa T.C.Ku
    • Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson
    • Rosa roxburghii var. plena Rehder
    • Saintpierrea microphylla Germ.

Rosa roxburghii, (the burr rose, chestnut rose, or chinquapin rose), is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, native to the eastern Himalayas, Tibet, and central and southern China.[1] In the wild it is found in thickets, mountain forests, on slopes, and alongside streams, typically 500 to 1,400 m (1,600 to 4,600 ft) above sea level.[2] A diffuse shrub capable of reaching 8 m (26 ft) but usually shorter, it is available from commercial suppliers.[3] In China, it is cultivated for its vitamin C-rich hips on 170,000 ha (420,000 acres), mostly in Guizhou.[4]

It was dedicated to William Roxburgh, a Scottish physician and botanist who was director of the Calcutta Botanical Garden.

Three forms have been recognized: Rosa roxburghii f. roxburghii, which has double or semi-double, reddish or pink flowers 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in) in diam.,Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E. H. Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 318. 1915), which has simple, pink flowers 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) in diam. and also, Rosa roxburghii f. hirtula (Regel) (Rehder and Wilson), flowers single, pale pink or lilac-pink from Japan.

Taxonomy

R. roxburghii is also known commonly as the 'Sweet Chestnut Rose', the 'Chestnut Rose',[5][6] the 'Burr Rose', and the 'Chinquapin Rose'.[7][8][9]

It gets its common name 'Chestnut Rose' from the large burred hips that look like chestnuts.[10]

It was originally found in China in the early 1800s, where it had been growing for generations,[7][11][9] and it is rarely grown in European gardens.[11] It was then introduced to the botanic garden in Calcutta around 1824.[12]

In 1823, Trattinick changed the name of a species of rose. It was originally named Rosa microphylla by Dr. William Roxburgh (1751-1815) in 1820, because René Louiche Desfontaines had previously applied the name microphylla to an unrelated European species of rose in 1798. It then became Rosa roxburghii,[13][14] and Trattinick published this name change in 'Rosacearum monographia' on page 233 in 1823.[1][15][16] Rosacearum monographia (or The 'Monograph of the Rose Family') covered generic and species descriptions of plants in the rose family, although it was not illustrated.[17]

The specific epithet was spelled “roxbourgii” in the protologue,[2] but roxburghii is more commonly used.[13][18]

The etymological root of the binomial name Rosa is from the ancient Latin name for the rose. The Latin specific epithet of Roxburghii was named after John Roxburgh (1770s–1820s), an occasional overseer of Calcutta Botanic Garden.[19]

It was verified as Rosa roxburghii by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 15 February 1996,[15] and is listed as Rosa roxburghii in the Encyclopedia of Life.[18]

Rosa roxburghii f. normalis is an accepted name by the RHS and listed in the RHS Plant Finder book.[20]

It is also often sold under name Rosa roxburghii 'plena'.[21][22][23] Normally, advertised as a medium pink double form,[9] but a deeper pink version is available from nurseries.[10]

It belongs to the section 'Microphyllae' which also includes the Japanese species, R. hirtula.[24]

After gene sequencing was carried out it was found that R. roxburghii is closely related to Rosa odorata var. gigantea.[25]

Distribution and habitat

Rosa roxburghii is native to temperate areas of eastern Asia, within China and Japan.[26][27][15]

Range

Found within China,[28][29] it is found in the provinces of Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Jiangxi, Guizhou,[30][31] Shaanxi, Sichuan,[24] Yunnan,[24][32] Guangxi and Xinjiang.[2][15]

Habitat

It is found growing in various habitats including; Mountain forests, thickets,[19] slopes,[33] stream sides,[2][19] semi-arid river valleys, waysides,[5] and on roadsides.[33][32] In China, it is commonly found on banks between rice fields, where it can obtain plenty of water during the summer.[24]

They can be found at an altitude of 500–2,500 m (1,600–8,200 ft) above sea level.[33][2]

Uses

Rosa roxburghii in Quarryhill Botanical Garden, California

Rosa roxburghii has various uses including; as an ornamental (within gardens),[2] as a food source with (edible fruit,[34] or fruit drink) and also medicinal use (in folklore and scientific research).[15][27]

The edible fruit are very rich in vitamins and have a sweet, sour taste;[32] they are used medicinally and to ferment wine. The roots are also used medicinally. The species is also cultivated for ornament, for its showy flowers, or as a hedge because of its abundant prickles.[2]

Food source

Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis both have edible fruit and have been eaten since 1765 A.D.[35]

The fruit / rosehips can be eaten raw or cooked,[36] and has a sweet sour taste.[2] The fruit is very rich in vitamins,[2] including Vitamin E.[37][38][33] and rich in vitamin C,[30][38][39] The content of Vitamin C is much higher than other kinds of fruits such as grape, apple, pear and dahurian rose fruit.[40] The vitamin content is 5-7 % (per 100 mg of fruit).[41] It also has higher content vitamin P than other common vegetables and fruits.[40][41] Unusually for a fruit, it is also a known source of essential fatty acids.[33]

In 2016, the phytochemical characteristics of the fruit were investigated. A total of 135 volatile compounds were identified, a total of 59 compounds in methanol extracts were identified, including 13 organic acids (including ascorbic acid),[29] 12 flavonoids, 11 triterpenes, nine amino acids, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, four condensed tannins, two stilbenes, two benzaldehyde derivatives and one benzoic acid derivative.[35] Roxbins A and B were also found in the fruit.[42][43]

There is only a thin layer of edible flesh surrounding the many seeds. It can be ground into a powder,[39] and mixed with flour or added to other foods as a supplement.[37][44] Be sure to remove the seed hairs.[37] In China, it is the commercial source of rosehip powder.[41]

R. roxburghii fruit has seen a rise in patent applications for methods to produce juice.[45] The juice, wine, and the preserved fruit can be used as a dietary supplement,[39][46] in many health-related industries.[35][40] A rose jelly formula has been found.[47]

While being edible, there are some hazards of eating Rosa roxburghii. There is a layer of hairs around the seeds just beneath the flesh of the fruit. These hairs can cause irritation to the mouth and digestive tract if ingested.[33][5]

Medicinal use

It is used in Chinese traditional medicine,[25][38] and called 'Cili',[48] and used as fruit juice remedy.[38]

In Compendium of Materia Medica (written in 1578), the fruits can alleviate mental depression and remove stagnated food.[32]

It is used in health supplements because of its strong anti-oxidation,[35][49][50][12] circulatory and cardiovascular tonic properties,[41] gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive functions, including anti-aging, free radical scavenging, immunologic regulation, stress tolerance,[38][51] anti-inflammation, anti-virus, anti-aging, anti-fatigue effects and to enhance immunity.[40] Also has anti-mutagenic,[50] anti-atherogenic and anti-tumor effects, as well as genoprotective and radioprotective activities.[35] Due to being rich in tannins it is also used as an astringent.[52]

A controlled feeding study in 2005 found that a supplement increases plasma antioxidant capacity and glutathione redox state.[53]

In modern medicine, it has been undergoing various experimental tests and pharmacological studies, including gene sequencing,[29] extracts have demonstrated anti-arteriosclerosis activity and benefits for cholesterol levels that support its use for cardiovascular disorders.[38] Also seems to have rejuvenation, immune supportive and anti-cancer effects.[41][38][33]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Rosa roxburghii Tratt". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "缫丝花 sao si hua". Flora of China. efloras.org. 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  3. ↑ "Rosa roxburghii burr rose". The Royal Horticultural Society. 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023. Other common names; chestnut rose, Chinquapin rose ... 3 suppliers
  4. ↑ Li, Jiaohong; Luo, Yue; Lu, Min; Wu, Xiaomao; An, Huaming (2022). "The Pathogen of Top Rot Disease in Rosa roxburghii and its Effective Control Fungicides". Horticulturae. 8 (11): 1036. doi:10.3390/horticulturae8111036.
  5. 1 2 3 Bean, W.J. (23 June 1988). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain (Illustrated ed.). John Murray. ISBN 978-0719544439.
  6. ↑ Richard Hass, Jerry Olson and John Whitman Growing Roses in Cold Climates, p. 131, at Google Books
  7. 1 2 Judy Barrett Yes, You Can Grow Roses, p. 89, at Google Books
  8. ↑ Thomas Debener and Serge Gudin (editors) Encyclopedia of Rose Science, p. 4155, at Google Books
  9. 1 2 3 Winter, Norman (25 May 2013). "Chestnut rose a colorful heirloom". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  10. 1 2 Peter Schneider Right Rose, Right Place: 3509 Perfect Choices for Beds, Borders, Hedges, and Screens, Containers, Fences, Trellises, and More (2009), p. 59, at Google Books
  11. 1 2 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification, p. 234, at Google Books
  12. 1 2 van Rensburg, Janse; Scholtz, Catharina. "In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of Rosa roxburghii plant extract". Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  13. 1 2 Sleiter, Rossella. "The rose that conquered empires". giardinoweb.altervista.org. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  14. ↑ "The Chestnut Rose". southernedition.com. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.5.0". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  16. ↑ "Rosa roxburghii Tratt., Rosac. Monogr. [Trattinnick] 2: 233 (1823)". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  17. ↑ Handlos, (Ph.D.), Wayne L. "Leopold Trattinnick". geraniumsonline.com. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  18. 1 2 "Chestnut Rose, Rosa roxburghii Tratt". eol.org. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  19. 1 2 3 "Rosa roxburghii". davisla.wordpress.com. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  20. ↑ "Rosa roxburghii f. normalis". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  21. ↑ Dr Ross Bayton and Richard Sneesby RHS Colour Companion: A Visual Dictionary of Colour for Gardeners, p. 192, at Google Books
  22. ↑ "R. roxburghii plena (Double Chestnut Rose) – Rogue Valley Roses". roguevalleyroses.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  23. ↑ "Rosa roxburghii 'Plena' - Double chestnut rose | Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden, South Africa". sun.gardenexplorer.org. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Roger Phillips and Martyn Rix The Ultimate Guide to Roses: A Comprehensive Selection, p. 27, at Google Books
  25. 1 2 Wang, Qian; Hu, Huan; An, Jiaxing; Bai, Guohui; Ren, Qunli; Liu, Jianguo (2018). "Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Rosa roxburghii and its phylogenetic analysis". Mitochondrial DNA Part B Resources. 3 (1): 149–150. doi:10.1080/23802359.2018.1431074. PMC 7800368. S2CID 90164099.
  26. ↑ "R. roxburghii". davidaustinroses.co.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  27. 1 2 John H. Wiersema and Blanca León World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Second Edition, p. 595, at Google Books
  28. ↑ Harrison L. Flint Landscape Plants for Eastern North America: Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast, 2nd Edition (1997), p. 597, at Google Books
  29. 1 2 3 Yana, Xiuqin; Zhanga, Xue; Lua, Min; Heb, Yong; Ana, Huaming (June 2019). "De novo sequencing analysis of the Rosa roxburghii fruit transcriptome reveals putative ascorbate biosynthetic genes and EST-SSR markers". Gene. 561 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.054. PMID 25701597. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  30. 1 2 Jun, Yang; Huiying, Zhou (25 December 2018). "Persistence pays off with thorny fruit - Chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  31. ↑ Liu, Meng-Hua; Zhang, Qi; Zhang, Yuan-He; Lu, Xian-Yuan; Fu, Wei-Ming; He, Jing-Yu (September 2016). "Chemical Analysis of Dietary Constituents in Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis Fruits". Molecules. 21 (9): 1204. doi:10.3390/molecules21091204. PMC 6272847. PMID 27618004.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Yang, Chen Chong; Quan, Tang Guo; Jun, Yuan Mo. "PRIMARY PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY ON ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF ROSA ROXBURGHII". cili-bao.co.za. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "medicinal herbs: SWEET CHESTNUT ROSE - Rosa roxburghii". www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  34. ↑ "Rosa roxburghii - Tratt". Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Liu, Meng-Hua; Zhang, Qi; Zhang, Yuan-He; Lu, Xian-Yuan; Fu, Wei-Ming; He, Jing-Yu (September 2016). "Chemical Analysis of Dietary Constituents in Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis Fruits". Molecules. 21 (9): 1204. doi:10.3390/molecules21091204. PMC 6272847. PMID 27618004.
  36. ↑ Kunkel, Günther (1984). Plants for Human Consumption. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. ISBN 978-3874292160.
  37. 1 2 3 Kavasch, E. Barrie (12 June 1979). Native Harvests: Recipes & Botanicals of the American Indian. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0394728117.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 van der Westhuizen, Li Mei; Fang, Ning; Yang, Xiao Sheng; Liu, Jin Wei; Liu, Jia Yun; Liu, Hong Ling; Zhou, Qi Xin; Chen, Dai Xiong (2007). "Effects of Rosa roxburghii Extract on Proliferation and Differentiation in Human Hepatoma SMMC-7721 Cells and CD34+ Haematopoietic Cells". Journal of Health Science. 53 (1): 10–15. doi:10.1002/ptr.2330. PMID 18167049. S2CID 55840125.
  39. 1 2 3 "Pure Rosa Roxburghii Fruit Extract Powder". www.lfextract.com. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "Rosa Roxburghii Extract by Kingherbs Limited - Food, Beverage & Nutrition". www.ulprospector.com. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 Cheryll Williams Medicinal Plants in Australia Volume 4: An Antipodean Apothecary, p. 33, at Google Books
  42. ↑ National Library of Medicine Cumulated Index Medicus, Volume 29, 1988, p. 15559, at Google Books
  43. ↑ Yoshida, T. (August 1987). "Tannins and related polyphyenols of rosaceous medicinal plants IV". Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 35 (8): 3132–8. doi:10.1248/cpb.35.1817. PMID 3664796.
  44. ↑ Facciola, Stephen (1 November 1990). Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications. ISBN 9780962808708.
  45. ↑ "Rosa roxburghii tratt juice drink and preparation method thereof". 2 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  46. ↑ Chen, G; Kan, J (February 2018). "Characterization of a novel polysaccharide isolated from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit and assessment of its antioxidant in vitro and in vivo". Int J Biol Macromol. 107 (Pt A): 166–174. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.160. PMID 28866014.
  47. ↑ "The Formula Research of Roxburgh Rose Jelly--《Shandong Chemical Industry》2015年19期". en.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  48. ↑ Xiao-Peng, Wen; Deng, Xx (August 2004). "Characterization of genotypes and genetic relationships of cili (Rosa roxburghii) and its relatives using RAPD markers". Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology. 1 (2): 79–84. doi:10.1079/CJB200425. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  49. ↑ Chen, Guangjing; Kan, Jianquan (March 2018). "Ultrasound-assisted extraction, characterization, and antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharides from Chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii tratt) fruit". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 55 (3): 1083–1092. doi:10.1007/s13197-017-3023-8. PMC 5821667. PMID 29487451.
  50. 1 2 van der Westhuizen, F.H.; van Rensburg, C.S.; Rautenbach, G.S.; Marnewick, J.L.; Loots du, T.; Huysamen, C.; Louw, R.; Pretorius, P.J.; Erasmus, E. (March 2008). "In vitro antioxidant, antimutagenic and genoprotective activity of Rosa roxburghii fruit extract". Phytotheraphy Research. 22 (3): 376–83. doi:10.1002/ptr.2330. PMID 18167049. S2CID 43455122. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  51. ↑ Liu, Wei; An, Hua-Ming; Yang, Man (May 2013). "Overexpression of 'Rosa roxburghii' l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase in tobacco plant enhances ascorbate accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance". Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35 (5): 1617–1624. doi:10.1007/s11738-012-1204-7. S2CID 255387240. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  52. ↑ Duke, James A; Ayensu, Edward S (1985). Medicinal Plants of China. Reference Publications. ISBN 978-0917256202.
  53. ↑ Janse van Rensburg, C.; Erasmus, E.; Loots, D.T.; Oosthuizen, W.; Jerling, J.C.; Kruger, H.S.; Louw, R.; Brits, M.; van der Westhuizen, F.H. (October 2005). "Rosa roxburghii supplementation in a controlled feeding study increases plasma antioxidant capacity and glutathione redox state". Eur. J. Nutr. 44 (7): 452–7. doi:10.1007/s00394-005-0555-x. PMID 15782288. S2CID 22740242. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
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