Second wind is a phenomenon in endurance sports, such as marathons or road running (as well as other sports), whereby an athlete who is out of breath and too tired to continue (known as "hitting the wall"), finds the strength to press on at top performance with less exertion. The feeling may be similar to that of a "runner's high", the most obvious difference being that the runner's high occurs after the race is over.[1] In muscle glycogenoses (muscle GSDs), an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism impairs either the formation or utilization of muscle glycogen. As such, those with muscle glycogenoses do not need to do prolonged exercise to experience "hitting the wall". Instead, signs of exercise intolerance, such as an inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise, are experienced from the beginning of an activity, and some muscle GSDs can achieve second wind within about 10 minutes from the beginning of the aerobic activity, such as walking. (See below in pathology).

In experienced athletes, "hitting the wall" is conventionally believed to be due to the body's glycogen stores being depleted, with "second wind" occurring when fatty acids become the predominant source of energy.[2][3][4][5][6] The delay between "hitting the wall" and "second wind" occurring, has to do with the slow speed of which fatty acids sufficiently produce ATP (energy); with fatty acids taking approximately 10 minutes, whereas muscle glycogen is considerably faster at about 30 seconds.[5][7] Some scientists believe the second wind to be a result of the body finding the proper balance of oxygen to counteract the buildup of lactic acid in the muscles.[8] Others claim second winds are due to endorphin production.

Heavy breathing during exercise also provides cooling for the body. After some time the veins and capillaries dilate and cooling takes place more through the skin, so less heavy breathing is needed. The increase in the temperature of the skin can be felt at the same time as the "second wind" takes place.

Documented experiences of the second wind go back at least 100 years, when it was taken to be a commonly held fact of exercise.[9] The phenomenon has come to be used as a metaphor for continuing on with renewed energy past the point thought to be one's prime, whether in other sports, careers, or life in general.[10][11][12]

Hypotheses

Metabolic switching

When non-aerobic glycogen metabolism is insufficient to meet energy demands, physiologic mechanisms utilize alternative sources of energy such as fatty acids and proteins via aerobic respiration. Second-wind phenomena in metabolic disorders such as McArdle's disease are attributed to this metabolic switch and the same or a similar phenomenon may occur in healthy individuals (see symptoms of McArdle's disease).

Lactic acid

Muscular exercise as well as other cellular functions requires oxygen to produce ATP and properly function. This normal function is called aerobic metabolism and does not produce lactic acid if enough oxygen is present. During heavy exercise such as long distance running or any demanding exercise, the body's need for oxygen to produce energy is higher than the oxygen supplied in the blood from respiration. Anaerobic metabolism to some degree then takes place in the muscle and this less ideal energy production produces lactic acid as a waste metabolite. If the oxygen supply is not soon restored, this may lead to accumulation of lactic acid.

This is the case even without exercise in people with respiratory disease, challenged circulation of blood to parts of the body or any other situation when oxygen cannot be supplied to the tissues involved.

Some people's bodies may take more time than others to be able to balance the amount of oxygen they need to counteract the lactic acid. This theory of the second wind posits that, by pushing past the point of pain and exhaustion, runners may give their systems enough time to warm up and begin to use the oxygen to its fullest potential. For this reason, well-conditioned Olympic-level runners do not generally experience a second wind (or they experience it much sooner) because their bodies are trained to perform properly from the start of the race.

The idea of "properly trained" athlete delves into the theory of how an amateur athlete can train his or her body to increase the aerobic capacity or aerobic metabolism. A big push in Ironman Triathlon ten years ago introduced the idea of heart rate training and "tricking" one's body into staying in an aerobic metabolic state for longer periods of time. This idea is widely accepted and incorporated into many Ironman Triathlon training programs.[8]

Endorphins

Endorphins are credited as the cause of the feeling of euphoria and wellbeing found in many forms of exercise, so proponents of this theory believe that the second wind is caused by their early release.[13] Many of these proponents feel that the second wind is very closely related to—or even interchangeable with—the runner's high.[14]

Pathology

A second wind phenomenon is also seen in some medical conditions, such as McArdle disease (GSD-V) and Phosphoglucomutase deficiency (PGM1-CDG/CDG1T/GSD-XIV).[15][16] Unlike non-affected individuals that have to do long-distance running to deplete their muscle glycogen, in GSD-V individuals their muscle glycogen is unavailable, so second wind is achieved after 6–10 minutes of light to moderate aerobic activity (such as walking without an incline).[17][18][19]

Skeletal muscle relies predominantly on glycogenolysis for the first few minutes as it transitions from rest to activity, as well as throughout high-intensity aerobic activity and all anaerobic activity.[17] In GSD-V, due to a glycolytic block, there is an energy shortage in the muscle cells after the phosphagen system has been depleted. The heart tries to compensate for the energy shortage by increasing heart rate to maximize delivery of oxygen and blood borne fuels to the muscle cells for oxidative phosphorylation.[17] Exercise intolerance such as muscle fatigue and pain, an inappropriate rapid heart rate in response to exercise (tachycardia), and rapid breathing (tachypnea) are experienced until sufficient energy is produced via oxidative phosphorylation, primarily from free fatty acids.[17][18]

Oxidative phosphorylation by free fatty acids is more easily achievable for light to moderate aerobic activity (below the aerobic threshold), as high-intensity (fast-paced) aerobic activity relies more on muscle glycogen due to its high ATP consumption. Oxidative phosphorylation by free fatty acids is not achievable with isometric and other anaerobic activity (such as lifting weights), as contracted muscles restricts blood flow (leaving oxygen and blood borne fuels unable to be delivered to muscle cells adequately for oxidative phosphorylation).[17][18]

The second wind phenomenon in GSD-V individuals can be demonstrated by measuring heart rate during a 12 Minute Walk Test.[20][21][22] A "third wind" phenomenon is also seen in GSD-V individuals, where after approximately 2 hours, they see a further improvement of symptoms as the body becomes even more fat adapted.[23][24]

Without muscle glycogen, it is important to get into second wind without going too fast, too soon nor trying to push through the pain. Going too fast, too soon encourages protein metabolism over fat metabolism, and the muscle pain in this circumstance is a result of muscle damage due to a severely low ATP reservoir.[18][19] Aiming for ATP production primarily from fat metabolism rather than protein metabolism is also why the preferred method for getting into second wind is to slowly increase speed during aerobic activity for 10 minutes, rather than to go quickly from the outset and then resting for 10 minutes before resuming.[18] In muscle glycogenoses, second wind is achieved gradually over 6–10 minutes from the beginning of aerobic activity and individuals may struggle to get into second wind within that timeframe if they accelerate their speed too soon or if they try to push through the pain.[18] Understanding the types of activity with which second wind can be achieved and which external factors affect it (such as walking into a headwind, walking on sand, or an icy surface), with practice while paying attention to the sensations in their muscles and using a heart rate monitor to see if their heart rate shoots up too high, individuals can learn how to get into second wind safely to the point where it becomes almost second nature (much like riding a bicycle or driving).[18][19]

Pain killers and muscle relaxants dull the sensations in the muscles that let us know if we are going too fast, so either take them after exercise or be extra mindful about the speed if you have to take them during exercise.[18] Otherwise, individuals might find themselves in a spiral of taking painkillers or muscle relaxants, inadvertently causing muscle damage because they can’t feel the early warning signals that their muscles are giving them, then having to take more because of the increased pain from muscle damage, then causing even more muscle damage while exercising on the increased dosage, which then causes more pain, and so on.[18] Due to the glycolytic block, those with McArdle disease and select other muscle glycogenoses don’t produce enough lactic acid to feel the usual kind of pain that unaffected individuals do during exercise, so the phrase “no pain, no gain” should be ignored and instead muscle pain and tightness are signals to slow down or rest briefly.[17][18][19]

Going too fast, too soon encourages protein metabolism over fat metabolism.[18][19] Protein metabolism occurs through amino acid degradation which converts amino acids into pyruvate, the breakdown of protein to maintain the amino acid pool, the myokinase (adenylate kinase) reaction and purine nucleotide cycle.[25] Amino acids are vital to the purine nucleotide cycle as they are precursors for purines, nucleotides, and nucleosides; as well as branch-chained amino acids are converted into glutamate and aspartate for use in the cycle (see Aspartate and glutamate synthesis). Severe breakdown of muscle leads to rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Excessive use of the myokinase reaction and purine nucleotide cycle leads to myogenic hyperuricemia.[26]

For McArdle disease (GSD-V), regular aerobic exercise utilizing "second wind" to enable the muscles to become aerobically conditioned, as well as anaerobic exercise (strength training) that follows the activity adaptations so as not to cause muscle injury, helps to improve exercise intolerance symptoms and maintain overall health.[17][18][27][21] Studies have shown that regular low-moderate aerobic exercise increases peak power output, increases peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), lowers heart rate, and lowers serum CK in individuals with McArdle disease.[27][21][28][29]

Regardless of whether the patient experiences symptoms of muscle pain, muscle fatigue, or cramping, the phenomenon of second wind having been achieved is demonstrable by the sign of an increased heart rate dropping while maintaining the same speed on the treadmill.[21] Inactive patients experienced second wind, demonstrated through relief of typical symptoms and the sign of an increased heart rate dropping, while performing low-moderate aerobic exercise (walking or brisk walking).[21]

Conversely, patients that were regularly active did not experience the typical symptoms during low-moderate aerobic exercise (walking or brisk walking), but still demonstrated second wind by the sign of an increased heart rate dropping.[21][30] For the regularly active patients, it took more strenuous exercise (very brisk walking/jogging or bicycling) for them to experience both the typical symptoms and relief thereof, along with the sign of an increased heart rate dropping, demonstrating second wind.[21][30][19]

In young children (<10 years old) with McArdle disease (GSD-V), it may be more difficult to detect the second wind phenomenon. They may show a normal heart rate, with normal or above normal peak cardio-respiratory capacity (VO2max).[17][31] That said, patients with McArdle disease typically experience symptoms of exercise intolerance before the age of 10 years,[17] with the median symptomatic age of 3 years.[32][33]

Tarui disease (GSD-VII) patients do not experience the "second wind" phenomenon; instead are said to be "out-of-wind".[6][17][18][34] However, they can achieve sub-maximal benefit from lipid metabolism of free fatty acids during aerobic activity following a warm-up.[17]

See also

  • IamGSD - International Association for Muscle Glycogen Storage Disease
  • Training Support - IamGSD resources for "second wind", details and printouts for the 12 MWT, and physical training guidelines in McArdle disease (GSD-V)
  • 12 Minute Walk Test in McArdle Disease - IamGSD Videos. A video of the 12 MWT demonstrating "second wind" using a treadmill and measuring heart rate of an individual with McArdle disease (GSD-V)

References

  1. ↑ "Runner Glossary". Road Runner Sports.
  2. ↑ Smyth, Barry (2021-05-19). Piacentini, Maria Francesca (ed.). "How recreational marathon runners hit the wall: A large-scale data analysis of late-race pacing collapse in the marathon". PLOS ONE. 16 (5): e0251513. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1651513S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251513. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8133477. PMID 34010308.
  3. ↑ Rapoport, Benjamin I. (2010-10-21). Bourne, Philip E. (ed.). "Metabolic Factors Limiting Performance in Marathon Runners". PLOS Computational Biology. 6 (10): e1000960. Bibcode:2010PLSCB...6E0960R. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000960. ISSN 1553-7358. PMC 2958805. PMID 20975938.
  4. ↑ M.D, Paul G. Donohue. "'Second wind' indicates body has switched to fat for its fuel". New Bedford Standard-Times. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  5. 1 2 "Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism - Berne and Levy Physiology, 6th ed". doctorlib.info. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  6. 1 2 Bhai, Salman. "Neuromuscular Notes: Diagnosing Metabolic Myopathies". Practical Neurology. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  7. ↑ "Article - CrossFit: Forging Elite Fitness". journal.crossfit.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  8. 1 2 Gontang, Ozzie (July 27, 1992). "Second Wind". Newsweek.
  9. ↑ William James (1907). "The Energies of Men".
  10. ↑ "A Second Wind". Time. March 29, 1971. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
  11. ↑ Christopher Clarey (January 28, 2002). "Capriati Barely Outlasts Hingis in a Well-Heated Match". International Herald Tribune.
  12. ↑ Jacques Steinberg (May 17, 2007). "Charles Gibson Enjoys a Second Wind on ABC". New York Times.
  13. ↑ "Be Active For Your Mental Health". Mental Health Council of Australia. 2005.
  14. ↑ Hal Higdon (1998). Hal Higdon's Smart Running. Rodale Books. p. 27. ISBN 9780875965352.
  15. ↑ Tobon, Alejandro (2013). "Metabolic Myopathies" (PDF). Continuum. 19 (6 Muscle Disease): 1571–1597. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000440660.41675.06. PMC 10563931. PMID 24305448. S2CID 11050341.
  16. ↑ Preisler, Nicolai; Cohen, Jonathan; Vissing, Christoffer Rasmus; Madsen, Karen Lindhardt; Heinicke, Katja; Sharp, Lydia Jane; Phillips, Lauren; Romain, Nadine; Park, Sun Young; Newby, Marta; Wyrick, Phil; Mancias, Pedro; Galbo, Henrik; Vissing, John; Haller, Ronald Gerald (November 2017). "Impaired glycogen breakdown and synthesis in phosphoglucomutase 1 deficiency". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 122 (3): 117–121. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.08.007. PMID 28882528.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lucia, Alejandro; Martinuzzi, Andrea; Nogales-Gadea, Gisela; Quinlivan, Ros; Reason, Stacey; Bali, Deeksha; Godfrey, Richard; Haller, Ronald; Kishnani, Priya; Laforêt, Pascal; Løkken, Nicoline; Musumeci, Olimpia; Santalla, Alfredo; Tarnopolsky, Mark; Toscano, Antonio; Vissing, John; Voermans, Nicol; Wakelin, Andrew (2021). "Clinical practice guidelines for glycogen storage disease V & VII (McArdle disease and Tarui disease) from an international study group". Neuromuscular Disorders. 31 (12): 1296–1310. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2021.10.006. PMID 34848128. S2CID 240123241. (Erratum: doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2022.01.004, PMID 35140027)
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Wakelin, Andrew (2017). "Living With McArdle Disease" (PDF). iamgsd - International Association of Muscle Glycogen Storage Diseases.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wakelin, Andrew (2013). 101 Tips For A Good Life With McArdle Disease (PDF). AGSD-UK.
  20. ↑ Scalco, Renata Siciliani; Chatfield, Sherryl; Godfrey, Richard; Pattni, Jatin; Ellerton, Charlotte; Beggs, Andrea; Brady, Stefen; Wakelin, Andrew; Holton, Janice L.; Quinlivan, Ros (2014). "From exercise intolerance to functional improvement: The second wind phenomenon in the identification of McArdle disease". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 72 (7): 538–541. doi:10.1590/0004-282x20140062. PMID 25054987.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Salazar-Martínez, Eduardo; Santalla, Alfredo; Valenzuela, Pedro L.; Nogales-Gadea, Gisela; Pinós, Tomàs; Morán, María; Santos-Lozano, Alejandro; Fiuza-Luces, Carmen; Lucia, Alejandro (2021). "The Second Wind in McArdle Patients: Fitness Matters". Frontiers in Physiology. 12: 744632. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.744632. PMC 8555491. PMID 34721068.
  22. ↑ "IAMGSD | Training support". iamgsd. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  23. ↑ RJ Godfrey, J Burman, G Lees, R Scalco , S Chatfield, J Pattni, A Wakelin, R Quinlivan (2019). The Existence of a ‘Third Wind’ Phenomenon in McArdle Disease. https://agsd.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/wms-poster-third-wind.pdf NHS University College London Hospitals
  24. ↑ Godfrey, R.; Burman, J.; Lees, G.; Scalco, R.; Chatfield, S.; Pattni, J.; Wakelin, A.; Quinlivan, R. (2019-10-01). "P.116The existence of the 'Third Wind' phenomenon in McArdle disease". Neuromuscular Disorders. 29: S82. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2019.06.172. ISSN 0960-8966. S2CID 203581694.
  25. ↑ Baker, Julien S.; McCormick, Marie Clare; Robergs, Robert A. (2010). "Interaction among Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Energy Systems during Intense Exercise". Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2010: 905612. doi:10.1155/2010/905612. ISSN 2090-0732. PMC 3005844. PMID 21188163.
  26. ↑ Mineo, I.; Kono, N.; Hara, N.; Shimizu, T.; Yamada, Y.; Kawachi, M.; Kiyokawa, H.; Wang, Y. L.; Tarui, S. (1987-07-09). "Myogenic hyperuricemia. A common pathophysiologic feature of glycogenosis types III, V, and VII". The New England Journal of Medicine. 317 (2): 75–80. doi:10.1056/NEJM198707093170203. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 3473284.
  27. 1 2 Kitaoka, Yu (2014-02-25). "McArdle Disease and Exercise Physiology". Biology. 3 (1): 157–166. doi:10.3390/biology3010157. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 4009758. PMID 24833339.
  28. ↑ Haller, Ronald G.; Wyrick, Phil; Taivassalo, Tanja; Vissing, John (June 2006). "Aerobic conditioning: an effective therapy in McArdle's disease". Annals of Neurology. 59 (6): 922–928. doi:10.1002/ana.20881. ISSN 0364-5134. PMID 16718692. S2CID 31921729.
  29. ↑ Pérez, M.; Moran, M.; Cardona, C.; Maté-Muñoz, J. L.; Rubio, J. C.; Andreu, A. L.; Martin, M. A.; Arenas, J.; Lucia, A. (January 2007). "Can patients with McArdle's disease run?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 41 (1): 53–54. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.030791. ISSN 1473-0480. PMC 2465149. PMID 17000713.
  30. 1 2 Perez, M; Martin, M A; Rubio, J C; Maté‐Muñoz, J L; Gómez‐Gallego, F; Foster, C; Andreu, A L; Arenas, J; Lucia, A (August 2006). "Exercise capacity in a 78 year old patient with McArdle's disease: it is never too late to start exercising". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (8): 725–726. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.026666. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 2579473. PMID 16864568.
  31. ↑ Pérez, Margarita; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Fernández del Valle, María; Nogales-Gadea, Gisela; Andreu, Antoni L.; Arenas, Joaquín; Lucía, Alejandro (2009-06-01). "The second wind phenomenon in very young McArdle's patients". Neuromuscular Disorders. 19 (6): 403–405. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2009.04.010. ISSN 0960-8966. PMID 19477644. S2CID 31541581.
  32. ↑ Reason, S. L.; Voermans, N.; Lucia, A.; Vissing, J.; Quinlivan, R.; Bhai, S.; Wakelin, A. (2023-06-12). "Development of Continuum of Care for McArdle disease: A practical tool for clinicians and patients". Neuromuscular Disorders. 33 (7): 575–579. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2023.05.006. ISSN 1873-2364. PMID 37354872. S2CID 259141690.
  33. ↑ Scalco, Renata Siciliani; Morrow, Jasper M.; Booth, Suzanne; Chatfield, Sherryl; Godfrey, Richard; Quinlivan, Ros (September 2017). "Misdiagnosis is an important factor for diagnostic delay in McArdle disease". Neuromuscular Disorders. 27 (9): 852–855. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2017.04.013. ISSN 1873-2364. PMID 28629675. S2CID 11797963.
  34. ↑ Stojan, George; Christopher-Stine, Lisa (2015-01-01), Hochberg, Marc C.; Silman, Alan J.; Smolen, Josef S.; Weinblatt, Michael E. (eds.), "151 - Metabolic, drug-induced, and other noninflammatory myopathies", Rheumatology (Sixth Edition), Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 1255–1263, ISBN 978-0-323-09138-1, retrieved 2023-05-28
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