Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)
Part of Mughal-Rajput War (1558-1576)
21st century view of Chittor
Date 23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568 Location Chittorgarh Result Mughal victory Territorial changes The Mughal Empire swept into the territories of Sisodias
Belligerents
Mughal Empire	Mewar Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Akbar Asaf Khan Jalal Khan † Alam Khan † Quazi Ali Baghdadi  † Adil Khan  † Abdul Majid Khan † Wazir Khan † Mir Qasim † Hussain Quli Khan † Imteyaz Khan Syed Jamaluddin Barha †	Jaimal Rathore † Patta Chundawat  † Ishwar Das Chauhan  † Rawat Sai Das Chundawat † Kalyan Singh Rathore (Kalla) † Ballu Solanki  † Dodiya Thakur Sanda  † Rawat Sahibkhan Chauhan  † Raj Rana Surtan Singh Jhala  † Udaibhan  † Sahib Khan Rathore †
Strength
Unknown	7,000-8,000 cavalry and musketeers
Casualties and losses
Heavy (around 25,000)	Heavy (8,000)
30,000 noncombatants massacred after the battle Several women and children were enslaved

The siege of Chittorgarh (23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568) was the military expedition of the Mughal Empire under Akbar against the Mewar kingdom that commenced in 1567 during which the Mughals successfully captured the fort of Chittorgarh after a hard-pressed siege which lasted for several months.

Akbar under his expansionist policy, besieged the strategic Sisodia capital of Chittor in October 1567 and further gave a religious colour to the struggle by declaring it as a Jihād against the infidels. On Akbar's advance, Sisodia ruler Rana Udai Singh moved to the mountainous principality of his kingdom (on the advice of his war councils) and placed the fort under the command of Jaimal Rathore.

After over four months of seesaw action during which the Mughal forces suffered heavy casualties, the battle eventually broke the deadlock when Jaimal succumbed to a musket shot of Akbar on 22 February 1568. The fort was captured the next morning on the day of Holi after a gallant resistance by the Rajputs. The conquest of Chittor was proclaimed by Akbar as the victory of Islam over infidels.

After the subjugation of the fort, Akbar ordered a general massacre of Chittor's population in the course of which 30,000 Hindu civilians were slaughtered and a large number of women and children were enslaved. Akbar placed the fort under his general Asaf Khan and returned to Agra.

Background

In 1567, Akbar after putting down the revolts of Uzbeks, turned his attention towards the Rajput states of Rajasthan. The Kachwaha ruler Bharmal already accepted his supremacy by sending his daughter Harka Bai into the Mughal Harem, although all other families except Amber were still hostile towards the Mughals. Thus, Akbar undertook a vigorous expansionist policy to bring them under his sway.^[1] Due to the political importance of Chittor for a stable route to Malwa and Gujarat and for further inroads into the Deccan, Akbar advanced with a vast army and artillery from his capital Agra and besieged the fort on 23 October 1567.^[2][3] The contemporary Persian chronicles and his courtiers, also blamed Rana Udai Singh for providing refuge to the Afghan rebel Baz Bahadur as a reason of their invasion.^[4]

On hearing about Akbar's encroachment into his territory, Udai Singh along with the royal family on the advice of his war councils and ministers fled to the western belt of Mewar in his newly established city of Udaipur. Some later writers accused him of cowardice and being an unworthy heir of Rana Sanga, although no contemporary Persian author gave such an impression.^[5] Udai Singh placed the fort under the command of Jaimal Rathore with 8,000 cavalry and some musketeers.

When Akbar learnt of Udai Singh's escape, he dispatched a force under Hussain Kuli Khan towards Udaipur to capture him, although he failed to capture the Rana and returned after plundering Udaipur and its surrounding districts.^[6] After the failure of Hussain Quli Khan, Akbar sent another contingent under Asaf Khan to capture Udai Singh. While he too failed to capture the Rana, though, he sacked the wealthy town of Rampura (renamed it Islampur) which guarded the southern flank of Chittor. According to Akbar, the Mughal troops returned with enormous spoils and "sent many worthless infidels to the abode of perdition".^[7]

Siege

Initially, the Mughals tried to attack the fortress directly but the citadel was so sturdy that the only options available to the Mughals were to either starve out the occupants of the fort or to somehow reach the walls and sap beneath them.^[8] After initial aggressive attempts at reaching the wall failed, Akbar ordered a complement of 5,000 expert builders, stonemasons, and carpenters to construct sabats (approach trenches) and mines to reach the walls.^[8] Two mines and one sabat were constructed after significant casualties while three batteries bombarded the fort. A large siege cannon was also cast to breach the walls once the sabat reached the objective.^[9]

Akbar shoots the Rajput commander, Jaimal, using a matchlock, Akbarnama, 1590–1595

Fifty-eight days after the siege began, the imperial sappers finally reached the walls of Chittorgarh. The two mines were exploded and the walls were breached at the cost of 200 of the assault force. But the defenders soon sealed the opening. Akbar then steadily brought his siege cannon closer to the walls under the cover of the sabat. Finally, on 22 February 1568, the Mughals were able to breach the walls at several locations simultaneously to begin a coordinated assault. While Jaimal was repairing the damage to the fort at night, Akbar killed Jaimal through a musket shot which shattered the morale of the defenders who considered the day lost.^{[9][lower-alpha 1]}

20th century artistic description of the Jauhar ceremony

On the night of 22 February 1568, several Rajput women at various places inside the fort committed Jauhar (self-immolation by fire) to protect their honour from the Mughals.^[11] Thus, on 23 February 1568 on the day of Hindu festival of Holi,^[12] the Rajputs dressed in saffron garments opened the gates for the last stand (Sakha) under the leadership of Patta Chundawat and eventually by night, the fort was captured by the Mughals after a gallant resistance.^[13][14]

The siege also resulted in heavy casualties on the Mughal side, where two hundred of them were killed every day.^[15][16] The contemporaneous Persian accounts mentioned several instances during the siege where Akbar himself barely evaded death.^[17]

Aftermath

After capturing the fort on 23 February 1568, Akbar ordered a general massacre of Chittor's population in which 30,000 Hindu civilians inside the fort who were largely non-combatants were slaughtered. After the mass slaughter, many women and children were enslaved^[18] followed by desecration of many Hindu and Jain temples on Akbar's order.^{[19][20][21][22]}

Akbar who earlier gave a religious colour to the conflict by declaring it as a Jihād, subsequently proclaimed the conquest of the fort as the victory of Islam over infidels. The Mughal soldiers who died in the combat were hailed as Ghazis by Akbar. He also issued a victory letter on 9 March 1568 where he addressed his governors of Punjab about the campaign^[23][24] (quoted by Andre Wink)

Akbar stayed at Chittorgarh for three days before leaving for the shrine of Moinuddin Chishti (barefooted), as part of his oath to visit the shrine after the conquest of Chittor. Akbar handed the charge of the fort to his trusted general Asaf Khan and returned to Agra.^[26][27]

On returning to Agra, Akbar erected the statues of Jaimal and Patta outside his fort either to honour their doughty resistance^[28] or to humiliate them as his doorkeepers.^[29] Akbar, also commented upon them in his victory letter. (translated by Ishtiyaq Ahmad Zilli)^[30]

The violent fate of Chittor turned out to be a watershed in Akbar's conquest of the north Indian plain and in his relations with the Rajput states.^[31] The reduction of Chittor, brought almost all of the leading Rajput kingdoms under his sway who were hostile towards him prior to the battle.^[32] However, Udai Singh II, the Rana of Mewar, continued to remain at large until his death four years later.^[33] His son Maharana Pratap lost the Battle of Haldighati. Though losing the entire Mewar in 1582, through guerrilla warfare, he managed to regain western Mewar until his death.^[34] In 1615 Amar Singh I, the son of Pratap Singh, accepted Mughal suzerainty and a year later Jahangir, as a goodwill gesture, allowed him entry in Chittor Fort under the condition that it will never be repaired, as it might be used a bastion for future rebellions.^[35]

Traditions

The Jauhar of 1568 is a part of the regional legend and is locally remembered on the Hindu festival of Holi (on the day Chittor was sacked) as a day of Chittorgarh massacre by Akbar, with "the red colour signifying the blood that flowed that day".^[36]

See also

• Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography