32°42′3″N 117°3′19″W / 32.70083°N 117.05528°W / 32.70083; -117.05528

Southeast San Diego
Community of San Diego
Southeast San Diego
Mural in Chicano Park, Southeast San Diego
Mural in Chicano Park, Southeast San Diego
Nickname: 
"The Southeast"
Southeast San Diego is located in Southern San Diego
Southeast San Diego
Southeast San Diego
Location of Southeast San Diego
Coordinates: 32°42′03″N 117°03′19″W / 32.700833°N 117.055278°W / 32.700833; -117.055278
Country United States of America
State California
County San Diego
City San Diego
Area
 • Total55 km2 (21.2 sq mi)
Population
 (2010[1][2][3][4])
 • Total195,000
 • Density3,585/km2 (9,285/sq mi)

Southeast San Diego refers to the southeastern portion of the City of San Diego, including the neighborhoods south of State Route 94 (Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway) and east of Downtown San Diego (but excluding South San Diego). Southeast San Diego has no official definition, but it may be considered coterminous with three official planning areas: Skyline-Paradise Hills, Encanto Neighborhoods, and Southeastern.

Largely urbanized in the areas nearer Downtown San Diego to the west[5] and characteristically hilly, with lower-density residential and semi-rural neighborhoods toward the east, Southeast San Diego is economically and ethnically diverse.

In 1992, Councilman George Stevens campaigned against any official usage of the name "Southeast San Diego," since the designation had long been viewed as shorthand for the community as being crime-ridden and impoverished. His campaign was successful and all official use of "Southeast San Diego" has been discontinued by the city.[6] Many residents and locals however, still refer to the area as "Southeast."

Geography

On the intersection of N Harbison Ave. and Division St., at the border of National City and Alta Vista

Southeast San Diego has been defined as the portion of San Diego which lies south of State Route 94 Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway, east of Interstate 5, and north of State Route 54. Barrio Logan, which lies west of Interstate 5, is often included within Southeast San Diego as well. Southeast San Diego borders the cities of National City to the south and Lemon Grove to the northeast, as well as the unincorporated communities of Spring Valley to the east and Bonita to the southeast.[5]

Political boundaries

The areas southeast of downtown San Diego include portions of Council Districts 4, 8 and 9 (Encanto Neighborhoods, Skyline-Paradise Hills, and Southeastern respectively). A few neighborhoods in Central San Diego directly east of Downtown and south of the Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway have long been considered part of Southeast San Diego by locals, and are under the Southeastern Planning Area, including Sherman Heights, Logan Heights, Grant Hill, Memorial, and Stockton[7] Though Barrio Logan belongs to its own Community Planning Area, the neighborhood has historically been referred to officially as "Western Southeast San Diego" and is still widely considered as part of Southeast San Diego locally and politically.[8][9][10]

Neighborhoods

Central portion of San Diego and neighborhood boundaries
Southeastern portion of San Diego and neighborhood boundaries

Skyline-Paradise Hills Planning Area[11]

Southeastern Planning Area[11]

Encanto Neighborhoods Planning Area[12]

Barrio Logan Planning Area[13][14][10]

* denotes Southeastern neighborhoods located within the central area of San Diego

Transportation

San Diego Trolley, Orange Line train over 47th Street. Chollas View
43rd St. Overpass by Interstate 805. Lincoln Park

Trains

Light rail

  • San Diego Trolley:   Blue Line
  • San Diego Trolley:   Orange Line
    • Massachusetts Avenue (Lemon Grove)
    • Encanto/62nd Street
    • Euclid Avenue
    • 47th Street
    • 32nd & Commercial
    • 25th & Commercial

Highways

Demographics

An image looking southward on 40th Street, Naval Base San Diego in the distance from the Shelltown neighborhood

Southeast San Diego is widely viewed as one of the most diverse areas in the city, inhabited most visibly by Latinos, African-Americans, and Filipinos. Estimates based on the neighborhoods spanning the 92102, 92113, 92114, and 92139 ZIP codes of Southeast San Diego put the population at roughly 195,000 people over an area of 21.2 square miles (55 km2), placing the area's population density at 9,285.7/sq mi (3,565.5/km²).[15][16][17][18] Throughout the area, virtually every neighborhood is predominantly BIPOC, with small concentrations of non-Hispanic Whites, though certain neighborhoods hold a majority or significant plurality of one racial and ethnic group over others. Southcrest, for example is 89.5% Latino.[19] In nearby Skyline, African-Americans make up 31.6% of the neighborhood's population, a much higher than average demographic make-up in comparison to other neighborhoods in the area. [20] Lastly, in Bay Terraces and bordering Paradise Hills, there is a significantly high Asian-Pacific Islander (predominantly Filipino) population of 44.3% and 32.9%, respectively. [21][22]

The area of Barrio Logan, for example, had been first settled by Mexicans arriving in the 1890s, followed soon after by refugees fleeing the violence of the Mexican Revolution and the poor Mexican economy between 1910 and 1920.[23] Barrio Logan is predominantly Latino and is home to Chicano Park. Though located near the City's Central core, it has long been considered part of Southeast San Diego, being directly Southeast of Downtown, and with previous historical records labeling it as part of "Western Southeast San Diego."[24]

Prior to "white flight" in the 1960s and early 1970s, many neighborhoods in Southeast San Diego were subject to discriminatory restrictive covenants, a problem faced by African-Americans like former Councilman and Deputy Mayor George Stevens, who was denied the opportunity to purchase a house in the Skyline Hills from a white realtor.[6] Presently, much of the Skyline Hills, as well as other Encanto neighborhoods such as Emerald Hills, Lincoln Park, Mountain View, O'Farrell, South Encanto, and Valencia Park, have a substantial African-American population.

A recreation center in the Paradise Hills neighborhood

With the great influx of Filipino immigrants joining the United States Navy,[25] especially from the Vietnam War era on to the 1990s, many Filipinos inhabited the Southeast San Diego neighborhoods of Alta Vista, Bay Terraces, Paradise Hills, Shelltown, Skyline Hills, and Valencia Park, both for the relatively affordable housing prices and its close proximity to Naval Base San Diego.[26] During the 1980s, in the interest of urban renewal, an unused tract of land (formerly a canyon) between the Skyline and Paradise Hills neighborhoods underwent development. This tract would eventually become Bay Terraces. The notion of a new subdivision built directly triangulated in what were already considered high-crime areas repelled the great majority of home-buyers. The homes were also priced out of the range of typical residents of the area and most went unsold or, in some cases, unbuilt. Federal subsidies and economic programs were then employed to assist in completing and populating the subdivision. As a result, military personnel, Filipino immigrants with military ties, and low-income families were able to secure loans to buy the new homes in the area. The federally funded recovery project was only marginally successful, however, as several large portions of the development stood partially constructed and abandoned for nearly twenty years, the most noticeable example at the intersection of Skyline Dr. and Woodman Ave.[27]

Additionally, enlisted military personnel (ranks E-1 to E-6) and their families occupy the Bayview Hills, a sprawling military housing complex operated by Lincoln Military Housing. This community of townhouse-style homes occupy a significant tract north of Paradise Hills adjacent to National City.[28]

Demographics from the remaining senior public high schools in the area, Samuel F. B. Morse High School in the Skyline neighborhood and Lincoln High School in Lincoln Park, provide unique snapshot samples of the area's diversity, especially around Free-Reduced Lunch eligibility, where roughly 80% (for Morse) and 85% (for Lincoln) of the respective student bodies were eligible, a figure that reflects the working-class nature of the area.[29][30]

Crime

View of O'Farrell Park and South Encanto from 61st St. near O'Farrell Community School

Southeast San Diego had long struggled with an image problem plagued by street gangs, drug dealing, assaults, and homicide throughout its communities.[31] In 1992, Councilman George Stevens campaigned against any official designation of the area as "Southeast San Diego" since the name labeled the area in an entirely negative light.[6]

The San Diego Police Department's Southeastern Division includes some of the city's peak crime areas including the neighborhoods of Encanto, Paradise Hills, Lincoln Park, Chollas View, Skyline, Shelltown, and Southcrest.[31] Many of the inhabitants in these neighborhoods are working class or lower-income, and a typical sight that is evident throughout Southeast San Diego are homes outfitted with iron bars over the ground-floor windows and doors, and in many cases, cast-iron gates and chain-link fences guarding driveways, a reflection of the perceived need for security in these high-crime urban neighborhoods.[31]

A neighborhood north of Bell Middle School in Paradise Hills

Southeast San Diego is home to some of the deadliest zip codes in the County.[32] In 1990, for example, San Diego registered 135 homicides, with 100 occurring south of Interstate 8 and concentrated in Barrio Logan and Southeast San Diego, along with City Heights and South San Diego.[33] Although crime has gone down citywide over the years, shootings are still a regular occurrence throughout Southeast San Diego, and the area continues to see a disproportionate number of homicides in relation to the rest of the city.[34] Additionally, many crimes in the area are not reported to the police[34] which makes it difficult to give a completely accurate assessment on crime statistics in Southeast San Diego. Over the last few years, statistics from the San Diego Police Department show that about half of all homicides in the whole city had been accounted for in southeastern San Diego neighborhoods (covered by both the Central and Southeastern Districts), a substantial figure considering Southeast San Diego's relatively small geographic size and population in relation to the rest of the city.[35] For example, in 2004, of the 62 homicides in the City of San Diego, 32 of them (roughly 16.4 murders per 100,000 residents or three times the national average of 5.5 murders per 100,000 for that year)[36] had been accounted for in sixteen southeastern San Diego neighborhoods, from Barrio Logan to Lomita Village.[37] In comparison, the northern San Diego suburb of Mira Mesa, which covers a substantial geographical area sizeable to Southeast San Diego's, 21.4 square miles (55 km2) to Southeast San Diego's 21.2 square miles (55 km2),[38][39][40] had no homicides for that year.[37] More recent figures show that in 2019, of the 50 homicides in the City of San Diego, 20 of those occurred in seven Southeast San Diego neighborhoods, with Paradise Hills leading all city neighborhoods with 7 murders (a rate of 41.91 murders per 100,000 people), followed by Logan Heights with 5 (34.77 murders per 100,000 people).[41]

The intersection of Euclid Avenue and Imperial Avenue in Lincoln Park has been given the nickname "The Four Corners of Death" due to the large number of homicides which have occurred on and around it. Of the county’s estimated 88 gangs, at least 50 operate within a few miles of this intersection.[42]

Sections of Bay Terraces recorded the greatest percentage increase in violent crimes during a five-year period reviewed by the San Diego Union-Tribune. The census block, from Paradise Valley Road to just south of Shadyglade Lane along South Meadowbrook Drive saw violent crime reports increase 450 percent. For the entire five-year period, there were 51 reported violent crimes, or about one every five weeks in just those few blocks alone.[43]

According to a study by Rand Corporation, homicides in Southeast San Diego share similar demographic characteristics with those in the Los Angeles Police Department's 77th Street Division (which serves South Central Los Angeles), though despite having 29 gangs appear in the San Diego Police Department's Southeast Division's murder files, only a handful of gangs appear responsible for the majority of gun violence that has occurred.[44]

In 2010, the Southeast San Diego neighborhoods of Logan Heights and Lincoln Park were featured on The History Channel's Gangland television series.[45][46] The show documented the Logan Heights Gang in the Season 6 episode titled "The Assassins," which first aired on February 19, 2010.[47] Less than three months later, the Lincoln Park Bloods were featured on the Season 7 episode titled, "Vendetta of Blood" which first aired on May 14, 2010.[48]

The rash of violence in Southeast San Diego had been met with community outrage over the years and prompted a series of anti-violence marches and rallies. In 2005, as a response to the spike in violence in the area, hundreds of middle school students took part in an anti-violence rally from the Lincoln Park area to Gompers Park in Chollas View, echoing chants of "Peace in Southeast" as they marched.[49] More recent efforts in 2020 to revitalize the area through the arts brought artists and activists to the intersection of Euclid Ave and Imperial Ave in Lincoln Park, in an attempt to reclaim the deadly street intersection long considered as "The Four Corners of Death," to "The Four Corners of Life."[50]

Landmarks

Chicano Park Mural in Barrio Logan

There are various landmarks, historical places, and other noteworthy locations in Southeast San Diego. Murals and dedicated public art areas are spread out across the community, the most notable of which are Chicano Park, a nearly 8 acre park of murals under the Coronado Bridge in Barrio Logan, and Writerz Blok, the first legal graffiti art park in the nation with over 10,000 sq. ft. of paintable walls in its half acre site, in Chollas View.[51][52]

Education

Southeast San Diego is served primarily by the San Diego Unified School District, along with some charter and private schools.

Based on surveys area principals conducted with parents, violence is a big part of the reason why 70 percent of southeastern San Diego families opt for charters or schools in other neighborhoods.[53]

Many students in Southeast San Diego have taken advantage of San Diego Unified School District's Voluntary Enrollment Exchange Program (VEEP), and have opted to be bused to high schools in San Diego's more affluent northern suburban neighborhoods,.[54] Depending on their VEEP Allied School Pattern, a high school student, for example, may be voluntarily bused to Mira Mesa High School, Mission Bay High School, Scripps Ranch High School, Serra High School, and University City High School.[55]

Elementary schools

  • Audubon Elementary
  • Balboa Elementary
  • Baker Elementary
  • Bethune Elementary
  • Boone Elementary
  • Burbank Elementary
  • Cesar Chavez Elementary
  • Chollas-Mead Elementary
  • Daniel Boone Elementary
  • Emerson/Bandini Elementary
  • Encanto Elementary
  • Freese Elementary
  • Fulton Elementary
  • Horton Elementary
  • Johnson Elementary
  • John F. Kennedy Elementary
  • Logan Elementary
  • Mt. Erie Christian Academy (Private)
  • Nye Elementary
  • Oliver Hazard Perry Elementary
  • Pacific View Elementary
  • Paradise Hills Elementary
  • Penn Elementary
  • Perkins Elementary
  • Porter Elementary
  • Rodriguez Elementary
  • Valencia Park Elementary
  • Webster Elementary
  • Zamorano Elementary

Middle and junior high schools

Senior high schools

The Southeast San Diego area is served primarily by three urban senior high schools.

Atypical and other charter schools

People from Southeast San Diego

Artists

  • Yolanda M. Lopez, artist (Logan Heights, Lincoln High School)
  • Salvador Torres, artist and muralist, Chicano Park (Barrio Logan)[56]
  • Norman Milner Jr "Stormin MFN Norman/Stormin Stakk" rap artist (Skyline Hills, Morse High School)[57]

Athletes

Marcus Allen, Lincoln High School Alumni.
Reggie Bush, grew up in the Skyline Hills
Adam Jones, grew up in the Skyline Hills and graduated from Morse High School
Archie Moore, eventually adopted Stockton as his longtime home
Arnie Robinson, grew up in Paradise Hills and graduated from Morse High School

Notable Crimes

Musical and performance artists

Political figures

Myrtle Cole, longtime resident and Council member of District 4
Georgette Gómez, Barrio Logan native
Ben Hueso, grew up in Logan Heights
Fabian Núñez, grew up in Logan Heights

Distinguished military veterans

Southeast San Diego has appeared in various media and has been referenced in many songs.

Chollas View/Mt. Hope

  • Rollin' Forties Neighborhood Crips claim this area.

Barrio Logan

  • Chicano Park was subject to a 1988 documentary, produced by Redbird Films[81]
  • The 2012 Academy Award-winning documentary, Inocente, featured Inocente Izucar, a then-homeless teen and aspiring artist who hailed from Barrio Logan among other areas in the city[82][83]
  • Scenes from the film South of 8 (2016) were shot in Chicano Park[84]
  • Chicano Park is featured prominently in the 2016 music video, "Mexica," by Prayers[85]

Grant Hill

  • In 2007, actor and rapper Nick Cannon was featured in the VH1 show Rags to Riches. In it, he showcases his upbringing in Southeast San Diego, including the first apartments he grew up in with his mother, the Grant Heights Park Apartments, in Grant Hill.[86][87]
  • Grant Hill and Sherman Heights are mentioned repeatedly in the 2017 song, "Death is in Bloom," by Prayers ("Southeast SD, Sherman, GHP")[88]

Lincoln Park

Logan Heights

Paradise Hills

  • Scenes from the film, South of 8 (2016) were shot in Paradise Hills[84]

Sherman Heights

  • Sherman Heights and Grant Hill are mentioned repeatedly in the 2017 song, "Death is in Bloom," by Prayers ("Southeast SD, Sherman, GHP")[88]

Skyline

  • The East Side Pirus are referenced along other Piru affiliated groups as "the Skylines" in the 1993 single, "Piru Love" by Los Angeles-based rap group, Bloods & Crips.[89]
  • Hip Hop artist, Lecrae, mentions Skyline in his music, most notably on his 2013 single, "I'm Turnt," ("It's Southeast Daygo in the building, shout out to Peter Pan, Skyline, Imperial"),[90] and the 2019 single, "California Dreamin'" with 116, ("I'm rollin' down Imperial, old school in my stereo, from Skyline, you don't hear me, though (Skyline))."[91] The music video for the latter was filmed entirely in the Skyline neighborhood that he grew up in.[92]

References

  1. ↑ "92102 Zip Code Detailed Profile". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  2. ↑ "92113 Zip Code Detailed Profile". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  3. ↑ "92114 Zip Code Detailed Profile". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  4. ↑ "92139 Zip Code Detailed Profile". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  5. 1 2 "Southeastern San Diego Community Profile". Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  6. 1 2 3 "George Stevens 1932–2006 11 years a councilman, always a fighter". Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  7. ↑ ""Community Profiles"". City of San Diego. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Barrio Logan Western Southeast Survey" (PDF). City of San Diego. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  9. ↑ ""Barrio Logan Community Plan and Local Coastal Program Draft"" (PDF). City of San Diego. September 3, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  10. 1 2 "Murals Appear in Chicano Park". The History of Chicano Park. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  11. 1 2 "City of San Diego Southeastern Map". Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Community Profiles: Encanto | Planning Department | City of San Diego Official Website".
  13. ↑ ""Barrio Logan Harbor 101 Community Plan"" (PDF). City of San Diego Planning Department. November 1, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  14. ↑ ""Barrio Logan Community Plan and Local Coastal Program Draft"" (PDF). City of San Diego. September 3, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  15. ↑ "92102 Zip Code Detailed Profile". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  16. ↑ "92113 Zip Code Detailed Profile". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  17. ↑ "92114 Zip Code Detailed Profile". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  18. ↑ "92139 Zip Code Detailed Profile". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  19. ↑ ""Race and Ethnicity in Southcrest, San Diego, California"". Statistical Analysis. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  20. ↑ ""Race and Ethnicity in Skyline, San Diego, California"". Statistical Atlas. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  21. ↑ ""Race and Ethnicity in Bay Terraces, San Diego, California"". Statistical Atlas. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  22. ↑ Judy Patacsil; Rudy Guevarra, Jr.; Felix Tuyay (2010). "Filipinos in San Diego". Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7385-8001-2.
  23. ↑ "Barrio Logan". Archived from the original on May 28, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  24. ↑ "Barrio Logan Western Southeast Survey" (PDF). City of San Diego. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Journal of San Diego History". Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  26. ↑ "San Diego Reader - Their Own Paradise". Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  27. ↑ Leland Fetzer (2005). San Diego County Place Names, A to Z. Sunbelt Publications, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-932653-73-4.
  28. ↑ "Lincoln Military - San Diego - Bayview Hills". Retrieved November 18, 2007.
  29. ↑ "Morse High School in San Diego". School Digger. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Lincoln High School in San Diego". School Digger. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  31. 1 2 3 "On the street. Fighting crime in some of San Diego's toughest neighborhoods". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  32. ↑ Good, Dave (February 17, 2012). ""It's a War Zone Down Here." An exploration of the significantly high murder rates in Southeast San Diego". San Diego Magazine. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  33. ↑ Kreuger, Paul (May 2, 1991). "The most dangerous part of San Diego". San Diego Reader. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  34. 1 2 "Taking a stand against violence, Shootings prompt call for residents to unite". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  35. ↑ "Crime Statistics/Maps, Police Department". Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  36. ↑ "Bureau of Justice Statistics Homicide Trends in the United States". Archived from the original on April 13, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  37. 1 2 "City of San Diego Actual Crimes January to December 2004" (PDF). Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  38. ↑ "92126 Zip Code Detailed Profile". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  39. ↑ "City of San Diego Neighborhoods Map". Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  40. ↑ "City of San Diego Northeastern Neighborhoods Map". Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  41. ↑ "UCR Crimes by GeoArea" (PDF). San Diego Police Department. January–December 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  42. ↑ ""It's a War Zone Down Here." An exploration of the significantly high murder rates in Southeast San Diego"". San Diego Magazine. February 17, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  43. ↑ "Bay Terraces: Symptoms of a greater problem". San Diego Union-Tribune. March 28, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  44. ↑ "Homicide in San Diego - A Case Study Analysis" (PDF). RAND Corporation. March 1, 2004. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  45. 1 2 3 "Gangland episode guide". Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  46. 1 2 3 "Gangland episode guide". Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  47. 1 2 "Gangland: The Assassins". Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  48. 1 2 "Gangland: The Assassins". Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  49. ↑ "Middle school students walk a mile for peace". Retrieved November 22, 2007.
  50. ↑ ""Residents trying to revitalize a San Diego community call it 'The Four Corners of Life'"". San Diego Union-Tribune. September 27, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  51. ↑ Writerz Blok. "Writerz Block - The Yard". Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  52. ↑ Writerz Blok. "Writerz Block - History". Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  53. ↑ "In Search of Safe Harbor, Parents Look Beyond Neighborhood Schools". Voice of San Diego. December 14, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  54. ↑ "VEEP Information". Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  55. ↑ "2007–2008 VEEP Allied Patterns" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  56. ↑ "Salvador Roberto Torres". Retrieved February 19, 2008.
  57. ↑ "Stormin MFN Norman". Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  58. ↑ "S.D. Hall latest to enshrine Eric Allen". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  59. ↑ "Special Feature on Lincoln High School's History". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  60. ↑ ""Greatness suits him - Trophy hopeful Bush from humble beginnings, tries to stay that way" from the San Diego Union-Tribune". December 8, 2005. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  61. ↑ Stewart, Mark (January 1999). Terrell Davis: Toughing It Out. ISBN 9780761315148. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  62. ↑ "Wrestler Profile, Babi Slymm".
  63. ↑ "United States Olympic Committee - Henderson, Monique". United States Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
  64. ↑ "Olympic Roundup - Saturday, August 23, 2008 Monique Henderson won her second career Olympic gold". UCLA Bruins. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  65. 1 2 "The Baseball Cube". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  66. 1 2 "Samuel F.B. Morse High School Yearbook 1982-San Diego California". Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  67. ↑ "SoSH Wiki". September 21, 2006. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  68. ↑ "The Official Site of The Seattle Mariners". MLB. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  69. ↑ "San Diego Hall of Champions Breitbard Hall of Fame Nominees". Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  70. ↑ "Norman Powell". August 17, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  71. ↑ Fikes, Jr., Robert. "The Black in Crimson and Black: A History and Profiles of African Americans at SDSU" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
  72. ↑ Moran, Malcolm (December 11, 1994). "COLLEGE FOOTBALL; 2,055 Reasons Why Salaam Is the Winner". New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
  73. ↑ "vh1.com - Rags to Riches Episode, Nick Cannon". Retrieved February 19, 2008.
  74. ↑ "Nick Cannon Describes Upbringing In Blood Gang Neighborhood | HipHopDX". April 9, 2014.
  75. ↑ "Andra Day on Her First Grammy Nominations". Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  76. ↑ "Meet Lecrae, the Real God MC". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  77. ↑ "Hope full of Love tonight". Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  78. ↑ "Biography of Shirley Horton". Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
  79. ↑ Sweeney, James P. "Ex-assembly speaker Núñez looks at options for his future". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  80. ↑ Rother, Caitlin. "Another tragedy for grieving family". Union-Tribune. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  81. ↑ "Chicano Park Documentary by Redbird Films". San Diego Free Press. March 23, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  82. ↑ ""Local girl a subject in film on resilience"". The Baltimore Sun. October 22, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  83. ↑ ""Inocente: How a Homeless Latina Became an Artist and the Star of an MTV Documentary"". Glamour. August 15, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  84. 1 2 "Filming & Production". IMDB. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  85. ↑ ""Prayers' "Mexica" Video is a Fierce Anti-Colonial Manifesto"". Remezcla. October 10, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  86. ↑ "Rags to Riches". TV Guide. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  87. ↑ "Rags to Riches: Nick Cannon - Nick's 1st Home". VH1. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  88. 1 2 ""Prayers - 'Death Is In Bloom'"". last.fm. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  89. ↑ ""Piru Love"". Genius. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  90. ↑ "I'm Turnt Lyrics". Genius. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  91. ↑ ""116 & Lecrae Share Nostalgic "California Dreamin' Single & Visual"". Hot New Hip-Hop. October 1, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  92. ↑ ""116 & Lecrae Share Nostalgic "California Dreamin'" Single & Visual"". Hot New Hip-Hop. October 1, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2020.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.