Tesla Supercharger station (V3) with ten charging posts

Tesla Supercharger is a high-voltage direct current (DC) fast-charging network built by American vehicle manufacturer Tesla, Inc. for electric cars.

The Supercharger network was introduced on September 24, 2012, as the Tesla Model S entered production, with six sites in California, Nevada, and Arizona. As of January 2024, Tesla operates a network of 6,000 Supercharger stations with over 50,000 connectors. The stations are primarily deployed in three regions: Asia Pacific (over 2,400), North America (over 2,300), and Europe (over 1,100). Superchargers supply electric power at between 72 kilowatts (kW) and 250 kW, with the maximum amount increasing over the years as the company improves its technology.

Usage is typically billed by the energy consumed during charging. Idle fees can be charged to customers who remain plugged in after charging has been completed to discourage loitering.

Technology

Supercharger station in Lebec, California with solar canopy from Tesla Energy.

Tesla typically places Superchargers near major highways at locations with amenities for drivers, such as restrooms, restaurants, and shopping.[1] Some sites also have solar canopies and Megapacks[2] installed by Tesla Energy to offset energy use and provide drivers with protection from the elements.[3]

When both pairs of this V1 Tesla Supercharger station stalls (A and B) are occupied, they share the available power of up to 150 kW combined.

The original V1 and V2 Tesla supercharging stations were built with a single charger equipment cabinet shared between two charge posts. Because of this arrangement, if two cars are connected, and both request the maximum power available (100 kW for V1 and 150 kW for V2), the charger will only deliver half the maximum power.[4]

As an alternative to the Supercharger, in 2015, Tesla briefly implemented a battery swapping station at Harris Ranch in California. The Tesla battery station performed few swaps, with most Tesla owners preferring to recharge their vehicles' batteries instead.[5]

"Urban" Supercharger posts were introduced in September 2017. These more compact posts have a maximum power delivery of 72 kW but do not share equipment with other posts, allowing the maximum power to be delivered. These more compact posts are primarily deployed in urban areas such as shopping malls, parking lots, and garages.[6][7]

V3 stations were introduced in 2019 and could deliver up to 250 kW. For V3 stations, four posts share a 1,000 kW charger equipment cabinet, allowing each to deliver the maximum power regardless of nearby charging sessions.[8] The V3 charge posts use a liquid-cooled cable which allows the cable to be thinner and lighter while delivering more power.[9][10]

Tesla introduced mobile Supercharger stations in 2019 with several urban supercharger posts and a Tesla Megapack energy storage system mounted on a semi-trailer truck. These stations provide temporary stations for nearby events, expand capacity during peak travel seasons, or can be deployed when a station needs to be taken offline. The Megapack can charge up to 100 vehicles before being depleted.[11]

V4 stations began to roll out in early 2023 and have longer cables for charging vehicles from other automakers.[12] They are also capable of supporting up to 615 kW of power delivery; however, they are currently software limited to 250 kW.[12][13]

Connectors and interoperability

Distribution of the plug standards used by Tesla superchargers worldwide.
  NACS
  CCS2
  GB/T

Tesla began installing a "Magic Dock" at some locations in February 2023.[14] The dock holds a NACS to CCS adapter. When a NACS-equipped vehicle driver uses the charger, they remove the NACS connector from the docked adapter. When a CCS-equipped vehicle driver reserves a charger via the Tesla mobile app, the Magic Dock releases the NACS to CCS adapter. The "magic" is that the adapter always remains captive – either locked in the dock on the charger (when the NACS connector is available to be used) or locked onto the NACS connector (when the CCS adapter is available to be used).[15] The "Magic Dock" will allow Tesla to share in the $7.5 billion U.S. federal government incentives to build out CCS-equipped charging infrastructure.[16]

European V2 charger with dual cables, a Type 2 connector and (plugged in) CCS2

In November 2018, under pressure from European regulators, Tesla announced that it would begin using the CCS2 charging standard, adding the inlets to new vehicles, offering adapters to existing vehicle owners and adding CCS2 connectors to Superchargers.[17][18][19]

In China, Tesla equips its vehicles and Superchargers with the GB/T charging standard (an abbreviation of "GuoBiao/TuiJian", translated as "recommended national standard").[20]

Network

The average number of Tesla cars per Supercharger stall was 34 in 2016.[21][22] As of September 2023, Tesla bids building its chargers at about half the cost of its competitors.[23] Cost estimates per station range from US$100,000 in 2013[24] to US$270,000 in 2015, depending on the number of stalls and other circumstances.[25] Tesla estimates that station equipment lasts 12 years.[26]

Most car charging occurs at home or work, a situation that Tesla has compared to cell phone charging.[27] As of 2014, less than 10% of charging came from Superchargers.[28]

For 2021, Tesla states the network had 99.96% uptime (at least 50% daily capacity) and its power was 100% renewable (through solar power on-site and through purchasing electricity which was matched to renewable generation.)[29][30][31]

Costs

Unlimited supercharging for life is free for all Model S and Model X cars that were ordered before January 15, 2017,[32] or between August 2, 2019[33] and May 26, 2020,[34] or for vehicles that were purchased using a referral code during specific periods.[35]

Model S and Model X cars that were ordered between January 15, 2017, and November 2, 2018, received 400 kWh (about 1,000 miles or 1,600 km) of free Supercharging credits per year.[36] Once those credits are used, supercharging has a fee.[37]

Other than the above situations, Tesla Model S and Model X cars purchased between November 2, 2018, and August 2, 2019, and all Model 3 and Model Y cars purchased at any time do not receive supercharging credits.[33] Any charges are automatically billed to the Tesla account the car is associated with or to the credit card on file for that account.

Deployment

As of January 2024, Tesla operates a network of 6,000 Supercharger stations with over 50,000 connectors The network is primarily deployed in three regions: Asia Pacific (over 2,400 stations), North America (over 2,300), and Europe (over 1,100).[38]

Tesla Global Supercharger Count
YearStationsAnnual
growth		ConnectorsAnnual
growth		Source
20127———[39]
201363800%——[40]
2014380503%——[41]
201558454%——[42]
201679035%——[43]
20171,12843%——[44]
20181,42126%12,002—[45]
20191,82128%16,10434%[46]
20202,56441%23,27745%[47]
20213,47636%31,49835%[48]
20224,67835%42,41935%[49]

North America

Tesla Model S charging at a Supercharger V1 stall in Newark, Delaware.
50,000th Supercharger stall in Roseville, California, with a commemorative plaque and in Ultra Red color.

The first Superchargers in the world opened in 2012 in the United States. Six stations were deployed along Interstate 5 in California, enabling trips from Los Angeles and San Francisco, and two stations deployed along Interstate 95, enabling trips between Boston and Washington DC.[50][51] By mid-July 2013, 15 stations were open across the United States.[52] The stations were developed and mass constructed in cooperation with Black & Veatch.[53]

Supercharging stations were available in Canada along Ontario Highway 401 and Quebec Autoroute 20 corridor between Toronto and Montreal by 2014.[54]

The initial network was built in high-traffic corridors across North America, followed by networks in Europe and Asia in the second half of 2013. The first Supercharger corridor in the US opened with free access in October 2012. This corridor included six stations placed along routes connecting San Francisco, Lake Tahoe, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas.[55][56] A second corridor was opened in December 2012 along the Northeast megalopolis, connecting Washington, DC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City and Boston. This corridor includes three stations in highway rest areas, one in Delaware and two adjacent ones in Connecticut.[57]

According to Musk, "...we expect all of the United States to be covered by the end of next year [2013]". He also said that early Tesla owners' use of the network would be free forever.[58]

Europe

Tesla Supercharger station at a Bundesautobahn 9 rest stop near Münchberg, Germany.

In early 2015, the first European Supercharger was upgraded with a 'solar canopy' (a carport with solar cells on the roof) in Køge, Denmark.[59] According to the person responsible for Tesla's Superchargers in the Nordic countries, Christian Marcus, the 12-stall Supercharger in Køge has 300 m2 (3,230 sq ft) solar cells with a projected annual production of about 40 MWh and is equipped with its own battery bank for temporary storage of excess production. Unlike most other European Supercharger stations, Tesla has bought the land on which the Køge Supercharger stands.[60] On April 26, 2016, Kostomłoty became the first charger to open in Poland.[61] Tesla opened a grid-connected 2-stall Supercharger at Nürburgring in 2019.[62] There are a few privately operated Supercharger stations such as the one opened on April 27, 2016, in Zarechye, Russia, with 3 stalls.[63]

In 2015, the European Supercharger network was planned to allow a Model S to drive from the North Cape (near Honningsvåg) in Norway to Istanbul or Lisbon.[60] As of August 2023, there are Supercharger stations in or near both Istanbul[64] and Lisbon.[65] The map of current and planned sites[66] includes every European Union country except Malta and Cyprus, and represents all of the countries in the world in the top 10 of electric vehicle adoption rates.[67]

Asia-Pacific

Superchargers operate in China, where Shanghai has 1,000 chargers at 100 locations in late 2021, Beijing has 800, and Tibet is accessible.[68] Superchargers are also available in Hong Kong and Macau.

Australia,[69] Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand also have Superchargers.[70]

Middle East

Superchargers are available in Israel, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates. Qatar will have its first Superchargers by the end of Q1 2024.[71]

Megacharger

In November 2017, Tesla announced a higher-capacity Megacharger as part of the unveiling of a prototype for its Tesla Semi, a semi-trailer truck. These Megachargers provide 400 miles (644 km) of charge in 30 minutes to the Tesla Semis.[72][73]

In November 2021, the first Megacharger was installed at the Gigafactory Nevada where the Tesla Semi is built.[74] A second Megacharger was permitted for construction at a PepsiCo facility in Modesto, California, in late 2021.[75]

The megawatt-class cable for the Megacharger supports three times the current density of the V3 Supercharger —35 amperes/mm2 versus approximately 12 for the V3. The cable will also be liquid-cooled to support 1000-amp charge rates at 1000 volts.[76]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Reynolds, Kim (2012-09-25). "Tesla Supercharger: An In-Depth Look". Motor Trend. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  2. ↑ Fox, Eva (2022-09-12). "First Known Tesla V4 Supercharger with Solar Panels & Megapack Is Coming to Arizona". Tesmanian. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
  3. ↑ "Tesla Motors Launches Revolutionary Supercharger Enabling Convenient Long Distance Driving". ir.tesla.com (Press release). 2012-09-24. Archived from the original on 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
  4. ↑ Gold, Aaron (2016-05-26). "As Tesla Sales Grow, Can Superchargers Keep Up?". Consumer Reports. Retrieved 2017-03-06. each Supercharger port supplies two outlets, and when both outlets are in use the charging slows down.
  5. ↑ Ziegler, Chris (2015-06-09). "Tesla sounds ready to pull the plug on promised battery-swap technology". The Verge. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  6. ↑ Cole, Jay (2017-09-11). "Tesla Urban Supercharger – Compact 72 kW Stations Designed For City Centers". Inside EVs. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  7. ↑ O'Kane, Sean (2017-09-11). "Tesla reveals smaller Supercharger stations made for cities". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  8. ↑ Heisler, Yoni (2019-07-20). "Tesla's next-gen Supercharger can add 75 miles of range in just 5 minutes". BGR.
  9. ↑ O'Kane, Sean (2019-03-06). "Tesla launches faster third generation Supercharger". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  10. ↑ Lane, Catherine (2023-01-12). "Tesla Superchargers: super fast and super convenient". SolarReviews. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  11. ↑ "Tesla Rolls Out (Literally) 100-Car Portable Superchargers For Holiday Carmageddon". CleanTechnica. 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  12. 1 2 Ricker, Thomas (2023-04-19). "Tesla's newest Supercharger easily accommodates any brand of EV in Europe". The Verge. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
  13. ↑ Kothari, Suvrat (2023-11-20). "Tesla V4 Supercharger Adds 40% Battery Range In 10 Minutes". InsideEVs. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  14. ↑ John, Darryn (2023-02-24). "Tesla installs more Magic Docks, this time in California". Drive Tesla. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
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  33. 1 2 Capparella, Joey (2019-08-05). "Tesla Brings Back Free Supercharging in Attempt to Boost Model S and Model X Sales". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
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