Thiruvathira
Shiva as Nataraja and Parvati, Thousand-Pillared Hall, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai
Observed byHindus
TypeReligious
SignificanceCelebrates the cosmic dance, Birthday, and Ardhanarishvara form of Lord Shiva
ObservancesFasting, Abhisheka, puja, chariot procession, Thiruvasagam, Thiruvathirakali
DateMargali
2023 date6 January (Friday); 27 December (Wednesday)[1]
FrequencyAnnual / Biannual

Thiruvathira or Thiruvathirai or Arudhra Darisanam is a Hindu festival celebrated in the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.[2][3][4] Thiruvathirai (Arudhra) in Tamil means "sacred big wave". In Chidambaram[5] in Tamil Nadu, the Nataraja Temple's annual festival[6] is celebrated on this date. In the month of Makaram Thiruvathira Star is celebrated in Mathira Peedika Devi Temple, owned by Thiruvithamcore Devaswom Board, near Kadakkal in Kollam District of Kerala state.

Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)

Arudra Darshan in Chidambaram (Thillai)

Thiruvadirai – Arudra Darshan is celebrated in a grand manner in five sabhas of Nataraja, namely 1) Kanakasabha (Gold) – at Chidambaram (Tillai), 2) Velli Sabhai (Silver) at Madurai, 3) Ratnasabha (Ruby) at Tiruvalankadu, 4) Tamrasabha (Copper) at Tirunelveli, 5) Chitrasabha (Pictures) at Kutralam.

In Thillai Chidambaram 10 day Festival is held during Thiruvathirai. On the 9th day night (i.e., 10th day very early morning) Maha Abhishekam will be done to Nataraja and Goddess Sivakamasundari at Raja Sabhai at around 3 am. The MahaAbhishekam will be held for about 3–4 hours.

Then special Thiruvabaranam (Sacred Jewels) Alankaram, Rahasiya Pujai will be done to Nataraja. Pancha Murthi Thiruveethi Ula, will be held at around 12 pm Noon. Soon after Pancha Murthi Ula in the afternoon Nataraja and Shivakami will bless devotees with Aarudra Darisanam and enter Kanaka Sabhai (Golden Sabha).[7]

As the story goes Shesha, the divine bed serpent of Vishnu, or Patanjali, along with the flower devotee sage of Shiva, named Vyaghrapada, wanted to see the cosmic dance of Shiva, and thus performed severe penance for many days at Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. Pleased by their devotion, ultimately, Shiva appeared before them to perform his dance of bliss or cosmic dance, as also granted the sage a boon to have tiger legs, so that he could pick flowers in the morning, to offer to Shiva, without being stung by the bees.[8]

Origin

It takes place on the full moon night in the Tamil month of Margali[9][10] (December–January) and this is also the longest night in a year.[11] Literary and historical evidence in the form of stone inscriptions state that the festival has been celebrated on this day for more than 1500 years. Shiva is praised in Tamil by many names, one of them is Athiraiyan, from Thiruvathirai (Thiru + Athirai).[12][13]

Tamil hymns of Manikkavasakar's Tiruvacakam (particularly the hymns Tiruvempavai and Tiruppallieluchi) are chanted in temples. On the very day of Thiruvathirai the idols of Nataraja (Shiva) and his consort Shivagami (Parvati) are taken out of the temple premises for a grand procession. It is one of the major events in almost all the Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.

Sambandar sung in Tevaram during 7th-9th century, how Thiruvathirai celebrated at Kapaleeshwaram (present day Mylapore, Chennai).[14]


"ஊர்திரை வேலை யுலாவும் உயர்மலைக்
கூர்தரு வேல்வல்லார் கோற்றங் கோள் சேரிதனில்
கார்தரு சோலைக் கபாலீச்சரம் அமர்ந்தான்
ஆதிரைநாள் காணாதே போதியார் பூம்பாவாய்"

Appar wrote a separate pathigam (10 songs) in Tevaram,[15] in the name Thiruvathirai Pathigam which describes the importance and celebrations of Thiruvathirai.

In 4th Tirumurai he sang about the celebration in Tiruvarur[16][17]


"முத்து விதான மணிப்பொற் கவரி முறையாலே
பக்தர்க ளோடு பாவையர் சூழப் பலிப்பின்னே
வித்தகக் கோல வெண்டலை மாலை விரதிகள்
அத்தனாரூ ராதிரை நாளா லதுவண்ணம்"

The cosmic dance of Shiva represents five activities – Creation, Protection, Destruction, Embodiment and Release. In essence, it represents the continuous cycle of creation and destruction. This cosmic dance[18] takes place in every particle and is the source of all energy. Arudra Darshan celebrates this ecstatic dance of Shiva.[19][20]

It is essentially a Shaivite festival and celebrates the cosmic dance of Shiva, which is represented by the Nataraja form.[20][21][22] Arudhra (Thiruvathirai in Tamil) signifies the golden red flame and Shiva performs the dance in the form this red-flamed light. Shiva is supposed to be incarnated in the form of Nataraja during the Arudra Darshan day.[20]

Most of the temples[23][24][25] around the world with Nataraja and Shiva[26] as deity perform the Arudhra Darshan. Neivedhyam (food for God) made for Nataraja on that day is Thiruvathirai Kali.[27]

The festival is celebrated by Sri Lankan Tamils at Thinnapuram Sundareswarar Temple, it is called Elatu Chidambaram.[28][29]

As there is no date for Arudra Darshan in 2022, it will be celebrated twice in 2023, which is a common occurrence for same.[30]

Significance in Tamil Nadu

In Tamil Nadu, mainly in the Kongunadu region, the married women will fast during the day time. They will take food before sunrise and start their fasting (called Thiruvempavai Nonbu). They will break the fast after witnessing the moon rise. Nonbu (fasting) starts nine days before and ends on Thiruvathirai day[31] so totally they fast for ten days.[32]

There is special food called Thiruvadhirai kali made of Rice, Jaggery, Moong dhall, Coconut, Cardamom and Ghee with Thiruvathirai elu curry koottu,[33] which is made out of seven vegetables, that is cooked and served on this day. They choose from pumpkin, ash gourd, plantain, field beans, sweet potato, colocasia, potato, and eggplant.

The dancing form of Shiva is taken out on procession from all Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. In Chidambaram, The night before the full moon, abhishekam,[34] or holy shower, to the Shiva is performed with the nine most precious gems (navaratnam), including diamonds, coral, pearls, jade and emerald, among others. On the day of full moon, the chariot procession takes place. The most important Arudhra Darshan festival takes place at the Chidambaram Shiva Temple in Tamil Nadu. The cosmic dance of Shiva is enacted on the day.

Significance in Kerala

Thiruvathirakali
Women performing Thiruvathirakali

Thiruvathira is the nakshatra or "star" of Shiva as per the Malayalam calendar. It is believed that on this day, the Goddess Parvathi finally met Shiva after her long penance and Shiva took her as a saha-dharma chaarini (equal partner). Both Parvathi and Shiva present this ideal to devotees in the form of Ardhanarishvara (half male, half female form).[35] Another belief is that the festival commemorates the death of Kamadeva, the Hindu god of erotic desire.[36]

In Kerala, Thiruvathira is an important traditional festival along with the other popular festivals, Onam and Vishu. This has been celebrated by the Brahmin communities like Nambuthiri and Pisharody and Nair communities of Kerala from days of yore. It is largely a festival for women; unmarried women observe a partial fast on this day to get good husbands and married women take a fast from the preceding day (Makayiram nakshatra) and on the day of Thiruvathira for the well-being of their husband and family. The first Thiruvathira of a newly wedded woman is her poothiruvathira.

Thiruvathira puzhukku
Thiruvathira Ettangadi

The fast essentially involves abstaining from rice-based food. The typical meal includes cooked broken wheat and Thiruvathira pulukku, a mix of tuber vegetables: colocasia, yam, Chinese potato, sweet potato with long beans and raw plantain fruit, cooked with a thick paste of freshly ground coconut. The dessert is called koova payasam, a sweet dish made of arrow root powder, jaggery and coconut milk.

Thiruvathirakali is a dance form performed by women on the day of Thiruvathira to the accompaniment of Thiruvathira paattu, folk songs telling tales of lovesick Parvati, her longing and penance for Shiva's affection and Shiva's might and power.[37] The sinuous movements executed by the group of dancers around a nilavilakku embody lasya or the amorous charm and grace of the feminine. The dance follows a circular, pirouetting pattern accompanied by clapping of the hands and singing. Today, Thiruvathirakali has become a popular dance form for all seasons. Thiruvathira kali is a typical dance form of Kerala. This is a female group dance made up of simple yet very attractive steps. In ancient times, women use to perform this dance in their homes during festivals and functions, giving it the Malayalam name aka Kaikottikali: aka-inside + kaikottikali-play clapping hands. Lore has it that Thiruvathira Kali is in memory of Shiva taking Parvati as his wife. A group of women dressed in typical Kerala style with mundu and neriyathu and the hair bun adorned with jasmine garlands perform this dance during festival seasons. Kaikottikkali spreads the message of joy and also illustrates the emotions of a married woman towards her beloved and of the unmarried woman longing for one. Thiruvathira is also known as the Kerala's own version of Karva Chauth.[38]

The record for the world's largest Thiruvathira belongs to Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam. The 16-minute performance, held on 1 May 2017, has been adjudged the largest Thiruvathira ever held with a total of 6,582 girls and women in the age group of 10-75 participating in it. Along with 2,500 woman and children from Kerala, a Russian woman and more than 4,500 woman from 20 other states too took part in the event. Women were trained by renowned teachers and practitioners of the dance form for the 16 minutes performance. The traditional "Kasavu Mundu and Neriyath" worn by the dancers were provided by Kitex Group. The event was organised by Twenty20Kizhakkambalam, the CSR wing of the Kitex Group, along with Chavara Cultural Centre and the Parvanendu School of Thiruvathira.

"The record for the world's largest Thiruvathira belongs to Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam," said Rishi Nath, adjudicator of Guinness World Record while handing over the certificate to Sabu M Jacob MD Kitex Apparel Park and Chief Co ordinator Twenty20.

The previous Guinness Record for largest Kaikottikkali dance performance set on 2 February 2015 with 5211 women led by Smt. Jitha Binoy under the banner "Thanima" of Irinjalakuda, Thrissur.[39] The previous Guinness record for largest Kaikottikkali dance was achieved on 9 November 2012 at Dombivli near Mumbai by the Mumbai Pooram foundation, a socio-cultural organisation. In the true Onam Spirit, 2639 women including Keralites, Maharashtrians, Gujarathis, Bengalees, Tamilians, Telugu, Kannadigas and others from all parts of the country representing all religions danced to the tunes of specially written songs.[40] On 14 December 2013, over 3000 women participated in a Thiruvathira Kali event held at Kochi and attempted to set a new world record. The event was organised in connection with the Thiruvathira festival which falls on 18 December 2013.[39][41]

References

  1. ↑ Arudra Darshan
  2. ↑ "திருவாரூர் கோயிலில் திருவாதிரை திருவிழா – - Dinakaran". dinakaran.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  3. ↑ "Error -DailyThanthi". dailythanthi.com.
  4. ↑ LLP, Adarsh Mobile Applications. "2018 Arudra Darshan Date and Time for Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India". drikpanchang.com.
  5. ↑ "சிதம்பரம் நடராஜர் கோவிலில் ஆருத்ரா தரிசன திருவிழா – Captain News". captainnews.net. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  6. ↑ "Arudra Darisanam in Chidambaram | Festivals of India". Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  7. ↑ K, Kandaswamy. "Arudra Darisanama Schedule in Chidambaram". Live Trend. K Kandaswamy. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  8. ↑ Arudra Darisanam: Know all about this day dedicated to Lord Shiva
  9. ↑ Kannikeswaran, Kanniks. "Arudra Darisanam". templenet.com.
  10. ↑ J.Sampath. "Live Chennai: Arudra Darisanam at Natarajar Temple, Chidambaram – Commenced with Flag Hoisting,Arudra Darisanam at Natarajar Temple, Chidambaram,Flag Hoisting,Chidambaram, Natarajar Temple". livechennai.com.
  11. ↑ "ஆடல் அரசனின் ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம் – - Dinakaran". dinakaran.com.
  12. ↑ "ஆடி மாதத்து ஆதிரை விழா". Dinamani (in Tamil).
  13. ↑ "திருவாதிரைத் திருநாள் | Saivanarpani.org". Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  14. ↑ "தமில் ஆக்ரிகேடர் | tamil news | tamil blogs | tamil movies | tamil songs | kavita | politics |". Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  15. ↑ "Saivanarpani". saivanarpani.org.
  16. ↑ "Thiruvarur Thiruvathirai Thiruppathigam – முத்து விதான – திருவாரூர் திருவாதிரைத் திருப்பதிகம் – திருநாவுக்கரசர் தேவாரம்". shaivam.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  17. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ↑ "Lord Natarajar Chidambaram Thiruvathirai – Aarudhra Darshan Thiruvathirai – Arudra darisanam darshanam". photofeature.templesonnet.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  19. ↑ Appreciation of the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva – Arudra Darshan
  20. 1 2 3 "Arudra Darshan". hindusphere.com.
  21. ↑ "Significance of Arudhra Darshan – Date of Arudra Darshan in 2018 – Celebration of the Cosmic Dance of Lord Shiva – Arudra Darisanam in Margazhi Month – Hindu Blog". hindu-blog.com.
  22. ↑ "Arudra Darisanam". tamilbrahmins.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  23. ↑ "காஞ்சிபுரத்தில் ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம் கோலாகலம்". Dinamani (in Tamil).
  24. ↑ "சிவன் கோவிலில் ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம்". 19 December 2013.
  25. ↑ "Temple Videos – Arudhra Festival – Uthirakosamangai – Uthirakosamangai Arudhra Festival – ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம்". temple.dinamalar.com.
  26. ↑ "திருவாதிரை நட்சத்திர நாயகன்".
  27. ↑ "THIRUVADIRAI KALI RECIPE -THIRUVATHIRA KALI".
  28. ↑ Administrator. "ஈழத்து சிதம்பரம் – காரைநகர் சிவன் ஆலய சிறப்பும் மார்கழி திருவாதிரை விழாவும்". panippulam.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  29. ↑ Network, S.M Media. "திருவெம்பாவை விரதத்தின் இறுதி நாளான இன்று திருவாதிரை சிறப்புப் பூஜைகள் நடைபெற்றன. – Thinakkathir". thinakkathir.com.
  30. ↑ 2023 Arudra Darshan Pooja Time And Puja Dates
  31. ↑ Archived 19 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ "மார்கழி நோன்பு - திருவெம்பாவை விரதம் - திருவெம்பாவை, திருப்பாவை, திருபள்ளியெழுச்சி தோத்திரங்கள் இணைப்பு". Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  33. ↑ "திருவாதிரை களி திருவாதிரை கூட்டு | Dinaethal". Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  34. ↑ "ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம்: சிவ ஆலயங்களில் நடராஜபெருமானுக்கு சிறப்பு அபிஷேகங்கள்! – - Dinakaran". dinakaran.com.
  35. ↑ "Tubers are the veggies of choice to celebrate Thiruvathira". Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  36. ↑ Panikkar, T. K. Gopal (1900). Malabar and its folk. G.A. Natesan. p. 103. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  37. ↑ Blend of rhythm and grace
  38. ↑ "Thiruvathira – Kerala's own version of Karva Chauth".
  39. 1 2 "Mega dance enters Guinness records". The Hindu. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  40. ↑ "A new 'thiruvathira' world record in the offing".
  41. ↑ "Thiruvathira Dancers Set World Record".
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