Tōkaidō Shinkansen
A JR Central N700S Series train running Tokaido Shinkansen, September 2021
Overview
Native name東海道新幹線
StatusOperational
OwnerThe logo of the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central). JR Central
LocaleTokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Aichi, Gifu, Shiga, Kyoto, and Osaka Prefectures
Termini
Stations17
Color on map     Blue (#1153af)
Service
TypeHigh-speed rail (Shinkansen)
SystemShinkansen
Services
Operator(s)JR Central
Depot(s)Tokyo, Mishima, Nagoya, Osaka
Rolling stock
History
OpenedOctober 1, 1964 (1964-10-01)
Technical
Line length515.4 km (320.3 mi)
Number of tracksDouble-track
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification25 kV 60 Hz AC (overhead catenary)
Operating speed285 km/h (177 mph)
SignallingCab signalling
Train protection systemATC-NS
Maximum incline2.0%
Route map
(Up arrow Tōhoku Shinkansen)
0:00
 Tokyo
0:07
 Shinagawa
Tama River
0:18
 Shin-Yokohama
Tokyu Railways
Sagami River
0:35
 Odawara
0:44
 Atami
0:54
 Mishima
1:08
 Shin-Fuji
Fuji River
1:08
 Shizuoka
Abe River
Ooi River
1:39
 Kakegawa
Tenryū River
1:34
 Hamamatsu
Lake Hamana
1:24
 Toyohashi
1:30
 Mikawa-Anjō
1:35
 Nagoya
1:59
 Gifu-Hashima
2:18
 Maibara
2:09
 Kyōto
2:24
 Shin-Ōsaka
(Down arrow San'yō Shinkansen)
Times shown are fastest timetabled journey from Tokyo (HH:MM).

The Tōkaidō Shinkansen (Japanese: 東海道新幹線, romanized: Tōkaidō Shinkansen, lit. 'East coast route, new main line') is a Japanese high-speed rail line that is part of the nationwide Shinkansen network. Along with the Sanyo Shinkansen, it forms a continuous high-speed railway through the Taiheiyō Belt, also known as the Tokaido corridor. Opening in 1964, running between Tokyo and Shin-Ōsaka, it is the world's first high-speed rail line.[1] Along with being the world's first high-speed rail line, it is also one of the most heavily used.[2][3] Since 1987 it has been operated by the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central), prior to that by Japanese National Railways (JNR).

There are three types of services on the line: from fastest to slowest, they are the limited-stop Nozomi, the semi-fast Hikari, and the all-stop Kodama. Many Nozomi and Hikari trains continue onward to the San'yō Shinkansen, going as far as Fukuoka's Hakata Station.

The line was named a joint Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark and IEEE Milestone by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2000.[4][5]

History

The predecessor for the Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen lines was originally conceived at the end of the 1930s as a 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge dangan ressha (bullet train) between Tokyo and Shimonoseki, which would have taken nine hours to cover the nearly 1,000-kilometer (620 mi) distance between the two cities. This project was planned as the first part of an East Asian rail network serving Japan's overseas territories. The beginning of World War II stalled the project in its early planning stages, although three tunnels were dug that were later used in the Shinkansen route.[6]

By 1955, the original Tokaido line between Tokyo and Osaka was congested. Even after its electrification the next year, the line was still the busiest in Japan's railway network by a long margin, with demand being around double the then capacity.[7] In 1957, a public forum was organized to discuss “The Possibility of a Three-hour Rail Trip Between Tokyo and Osaka.”[6] After substantial debate, the Japanese National Railways (JNR) decided to build a new 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge line alongside the original 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) one to supplement it.[8] The president of JNR at the time, Shinji Sogō, started attempting to persuade politicians to back the project. Realizing the high expenses of the project early on due to the use of new, unfamiliar technologies and the high concentration of tunnels and viaducts, Sogō settled for less government funding than what was needed.[6][9]

The Diet approved the plan in December 1958, agreeing to fund ¥194.8 billion out of the ¥300 billion required over a five-year construction period. Then-finance minister Eisaku Satō recommended that the rest of the funds should be taken from non-governmental sources so that political changes would not cause funding issues.[9] Construction of the line began on April 20, 1959 under Sogō and chief engineer Hideo Shima. In 1960, Shima and Sogō were sent to the United States to borrow money from the World Bank. Although the original request was for US$200 million, they came back with only $80 million, enough to fund 15% of the project, and could not use the loan for "experimental technology".[6][10] Severe cost overruns during construction forced both of them to resign.[11] The opening was timed to coincide with the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, which had already brought international attention to the country. Originally, the line was called the New Tokaido Line in English. Just like the original railway line, it is named after the Tokaido road that has been used for centuries.

Initially, there were two services: the faster Hikari (also called the Super Express) made the journey between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka in four hours, while the slower Kodama (or the limited express) made more stops and took five hours to travel the same route.[12] A test run was conducted August 25, 1964, simulating a Hikari service. The run, which was deemed "very successful" by then-JNR president Reisuke Ishida, was also broadcast on television by NHK.[13] On October 1 that same year, the line was officially opened, with the first train, Hikari 1, traveling from Tokyo to Shin-Osaka with a top speed of 210 km/h (130 mph).[14] In November 1965, both services had their schedule reworked so that the new timetable listed travel times of 3 hours for the Hikari and 4 hours for the Kodama.[15]

The 1970s were a difficult time for the JNR as local lines built up deficit. Profits from the Tokaido Shinkansen were used to offset the lines which were running at a loss which resulted in a lack of development and faster service over a 15-year period. Labor issues during that time steered away any attention from JNR executives, further complicating the possibility for research initiatives.[16] Despite the deep financial situation throughout the 1970s, the loan from the World Bank made in 1959 was paid back in 1981.[17]

In 1988, one year after the privatization of JNR, the new operating company, JR Central, initiated a project to increase operating speeds through infrastructure improvement and a new train design. This resulted in the debut of the 300 Series and the Nozomi, the line's fastest service which took two and a half hours to traverse the route with a top speed of 270 km/h (168 mph), on March 14, 1992.[18][19][20]

New platforms for Shinkansen services at Shinagawa Station opened in October 2003, accompanied by a major timetable change which increased the number of daily Nozomi services, which was now larger than the number of Hikari trains.[21][22] Initially, certain Nozomi and Hikari services did not stop at the station, with some skipping either Shinagawa or Shin-Yokohama, and the plurality of services stopping at both. From March 2008 onward, all services stop at both stations.[23][24] Another station was planned to open in 2012 to serve Rittō, a city between Maibara and Kyoto. Construction started in May 2006, but the project was canceled the next year due to political opposition from the government of the surrounding Shiga Prefecture and the Supreme Court of Japan ruling the ¥4.35 billion bond that the city had issued to fund construction was illegal and had to be canceled.[25]

The next speedup, which raised the top speed to its current 285 km/h (177 mph) through the use of improved braking technology, was announced in 2014 and introduced on March 14, 2015, the 23rd anniversary of the last speed raise.[26][27] Initially, just one service per hour would run at this new speed.[28] After the replacement of the older, slower 700 series with the N700 series in March 2020, a new timetable taking advantage of the speed increase with more services was planned.[29][30] However, the COVID-19 pandemic further delayed these plans as service was temporarily cut.[31] An automated operating system is planned to be implemented for the line by 2028, with test runs starting in 2021.[32]

Stations and service patterns

Map of Tokaidō Shinkansen
Mt. Fuji and the Tokaido Shinkansen
Mt. Ibuki and the Tokaido Shinkansen

Legend:

● All trains stop
▲ Some trains stop
｜ All trains pass
Station Distance (km) Service Transfers Location
English Japanese Nozomi Hikari Kodama
Tokyo 東京 0.0 ● ● ●
Chiyoda Tokyo
Shinagawa 品川 6.8 ● ● ●
  • JY Yamanote Line (JY25)
  • JK Keihin-Tōhoku Line (JK20)
  • JT Tōkaidō Main Line (JT03)
  • JO Yokosuka Line (JO17)
  • KK Keikyū Main Line (KK01)
 Minato
Shin-Yokohama 新横浜 25.5 ● ● ●
Kōhoku-ku, Yokohama Kanagawa Prefecture
Odawara 小田原 76.7 ｜ ▲ ●
Odawara
Atami 熱海 95.4 ｜ ▲ ●
Atami Shizuoka Prefecture
Mishima 三島 111.3 ｜ ▲ ●
Mishima
Shin-Fuji 新富士 135.0 ｜ ｜ ●   Fuji
Shizuoka 静岡 167.4 ｜ ▲ ●
Aoi-ku, Shizuoka
Kakegawa 掛川 211.3 ｜ ｜ ●
Kakegawa
Hamamatsu 浜松 238.9 ｜ ▲ ●
Naka-ku, Hamamatsu
Toyohashi 豊橋 274.2 ｜ ▲ ●
Toyohashi Aichi Prefecture
Mikawa-Anjō 三河安城 312.8 ｜ ｜ ● Tōkaidō Main Line (CA55) Anjō
Nagoya 名古屋 342.0 ● ● ●
Nakamura-ku, Nagoya
Gifu-Hashima 岐阜羽島 367.1 ｜ ▲ ●  TH  Meitetsu Hashima Line (Shin-Hashima Station,TH09) Hashima Gifu Prefecture
Maibara 米原 408.2 ｜ ▲ ●
Maibara Shiga Prefecture
Kyōto 京都 476.3 ● ● ●
Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto Kyoto Prefecture
Shin-Ōsaka 新大阪 515.4 ● ● ●
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka Osaka Prefecture
↓ Through services towards Hakata via the San'yō Shinkansen ↓


Rolling stock

  • N700A series 16-car sets, since July 1, 2007 (owned by JR Central and JR West, modified from original N700 series sets)
  • N700A series 16-car sets, since February 8, 2013 (owned by JR Central and JR West)
  • N700S series 16-car sets, since July 1. 2020 (owned by JR Central)[33]

The last services operated by 700 series sets took place on March 1, 2020, after which all Tokaido Shinkansen services are scheduled to be operated by N700A series or N700S series sets.[34] N700S series sets were then introduced on Tokaido Shinkansen services from July 1, 2020.

Former rolling stock

  • 0 series 12/16-car sets, October 1, 1964, to September 18, 1999 (owned by JR Central and JR West)
  • 100 series 16-car sets, October 1, 1985, to September 2003 (owned by JR Central and JR West)
  • 300 series 16-car sets, March 1992 to March 16, 2012 (owned by JR Central and JR West)
  • 500 series 16-car sets, November 1997 to February 2010 (owned by JR West)
  • 700 series 16-car sets, March 1999 to March 2020 (owned by JR Central and JR West)

Non-revenue-earning types

Timeline

0 series
100 series
300 series
500 series
700 series
N700/N700A series
N700A series
N700S series
│
1960
│
1965
│
1970
│
1975
│
1980
│
1985
│
1990
│
1995
│
2000
│
2005
│
2010
│
2015
│
2020
│
2025
Rolling stock transitions

Classes and onboard services

All Tokaido Shinkansen trains feature two classes. Green Cars (First Class) offer 2+2 configured seating in all reserved carriages. Ordinary Car features 2+3 configured seating in both reserved and unreserved carriages. On all Shinkansen services vending machines with a limited offering of snacks and drinks are available in certain carriages and a trolley service, offering a more extensive but still limited selection, passes through each car a number of times on each journey. It is common practice in Japan to purchase food prior to boarding trains. Almost all stations sell Bento Boxes (complete meals conveniently boxed) for consumption onboard trains.[35]

As of 2020, reservations are required to take large pieces of luggage on Tokaido Shinkansen trains.[36]

Future plans

On-board cart sales on Nozomi and Hikari services is set to end service on 31 October 2023, and is set to be replaced by a new mobile order seat service exclusive for Green Car (first class) passengers from 1 November 2023. Passengers must scan the QR code on the back of their seats using their mobile devices to purchase their refreshments. A cabin attendant will then deliver the products to them, where payment can be made.[37]

In an announcement by JR Central, JR West, and JR Kyushu made on 17 October 2023, the companies stated that all onboard smoking rooms on the Tokaido, San'yo, and Kyushu Shinkansen trains would be abolished by Q2 2024.[38]

Japan Rail Pass

With the exception of Nozomi services, the Japan Rail Pass is an option for foreign visitors traveling on the Tokaido Shinkansen line in Japan. Japan Rail Pass holders can take Hikari or Kodama services free of charge. A special supplementary ticket is required for Japan Rail Pass passengers to use the Nozomi service. The Hikari services are identical to Nozomi services apart from their stopping patterns. While both operate at the same speed on the mainline, Hikari services stop at additional stations en-route, extending journey times.[39]

Ridership

From 1964 to 2012, the Tokaido Shinkansen line alone carried approximately 5.3 billion passengers.[3] Ridership increased from 61,000 per day in 1964[40] to 391,000 per day in 2012.[3] By 2016, the route was carrying 452,000 passengers per day on 365 daily services making it one of the busiest high speed railway lines in the world.[41]

Tokaido Line Cumulative Ridership figures (millions of passengers)
Year196719762004Mar 2007Nov 20102012
Ridership (Cumulative) 100 1,000 4,160[42] 4,500[43] 4,900[2] 5,300[3]
Tokaido Line Ridership figures (per year, millions of passengers)
Year1967April 1987April 2007April 2008April 2009April 2010April 2011April 2012
Ridership 22[40] 102[40] 151[40] 149[40] 138[40] 141[40] 149[40] 143[3]

Future stations

It was announced in June 2010 that a new shinkansen station in Samukawa, Kanagawa Prefecture was under consideration by JR Central. If constructed, the station would open after the new maglev service begins operations.[44]

Shizuoka Prefecture has long lobbied JR Central for the construction of a station at Shizuoka Airport, which the line passes directly beneath. The railway has so far refused, citing the close distance to the neighbouring Kakegawa and Shizuoka stations. If constructed, travel time from the center of Tokyo to the airport would be comparable to that for Tokyo Narita Airport, enabling it to act as a third hub airport for the capital.[45] As the station would be built underneath an active airport, it is expected to open after the new maglev line.[46]

See also

  • Chuo Shinkansen, an under construction high speed MagLev line between Tokyo and Nagoya

References

  1. ↑ "Shinkansen – Bullet Trains in Japan". Trainspread.com. 2020. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020.
  2. 1 2 Kasai, Yoshiyuki (September 4, 2010). "Bullet Train & Maglev System to Cross the Pacific". Envoy Media. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Central Japan Railway Company". Central Japan Railway Company (in Japanese). Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  4. ↑ "#211 Tokaido Shinkansen". Landmarks. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  5. ↑ "Milestones:Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet Train), 1964". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Schreiber, Mark (September 27, 2014). "Shinkansen at 50: fast track to the future". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  7. ↑ Shima 1994, pp. 45–46.
  8. ↑ Shima 1994, pp. 46–47.
  9. 1 2 Shima 1994, p. 47.
  10. ↑ Shima 1994, pp. 47–48.
  11. ↑ Glancey, Jonathan. "Japan's Shinkansen: Revolutionary design at 50". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  12. ↑ "New Tokaido Trunk Line Opened". Japan Report. Vol. 10, no. 19. New York City: Japan Information Service, Consulate-General of Japan. October 15, 1964. p. 5. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  13. ↑ "HIGH‐SPEED TRAIN TESTED IN JAPAN; Covers Tokyo‐Osaka Route at Average of 80 m.p.h." The New York Times. August 26, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  14. ↑ Premack, Rachel; Meisenzahl, Mary (July 6, 2020). "Japan's bullet train has a new model that can run even during an earthquake. Here's the history of the country's iconic high-speed railway". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  15. ↑ "New Tokaido Line to Speed-Up Tokyo-Osaka Run". Japan Report. Vol. 11, no. 19. New York City: Japan Information Service, Consulate-General of Japan. October 15, 1965. p. 9. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  16. ↑ Hiroki, Kikuchi (June 2018). "The Legitimacy Acquisition Process of Shinkansen Speeding Up". Annals of Business Administrative Science. 17 (3): 133–143. doi:10.7880/abas.0180509a. S2CID 169847049.
  17. ↑ "第2部特集 東海道新幹線開業30周年／30年のゆみ" [Part 2 Special Feature Tokaido Shinkansen 30th Anniversary / 30 Years Yumi]. Kotsu Shimbun. Kotsu Shimbunsha. September 30, 1994. p. 6.
  18. ↑ Morimura, T.; Seki, M. (2005). "The course of achieving 270 km/h operation for Tokaido Shinkansen - Part 1: Technology and operations overview". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 219 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1243/095440905X8781. ISSN 0954-4097. S2CID 108811723.
  19. ↑ "Japan's Fastest Bullet Train Starts Service". AP NEWS. March 14, 1992. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  20. ↑ "TOKAIDO SHlNKANSEN "NOZOMI" (MARCH 14, 1992) AND THROUGH OPERATION OF THE SHlNKENSEN BETWEEN FUKUSHIMA AND YAMAGATA OF OU LlNE (JULY 1, 1992) START". www.mlit.go.jp. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  21. ↑ Kajimoto, Tetsushi (October 1, 2003). "Tokaido bullet trains to stop at Shinagawa". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  22. ↑ "Nozomi shinkansen trains mark 30 years in service". The Japan Times. March 14, 2022. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  23. ↑ FY2007 Financial Results (PDF) (Report). JR Central. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Railway News - Spring 2008". www.japan-guide.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  25. ↑ "Shinkansen station in Shiga canceled". The Japan Times. October 29, 2007. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  26. ↑ "Top speed of Nozomi bullet trains to hit 285 kph". The Japan Times. December 20, 2014. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  27. ↑ "Speed increase on the Tokaido Shinkansen". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  28. ↑ 東海道新幹線の速度向上について [Tokaido Shinkansen speed increase]. jr-central.co.jp (in Japanese). Japan: Central Japan Railway Company. February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  29. ↑ Hayashi, Saya (May 17, 2019). "Japan's fastest bullet train to squeeze out trip every 5 minutes". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  30. ↑ "Faster cleaning helped Japan railway boost shinkansen train operations". Mainichi Daily News. August 7, 2020. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  31. ↑ Noguchi, Kazuhiro (June 19, 2020). "Tokyo-Osaka bullet train to resume near-full service in summer". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  32. ↑ "JR Tokai eyeing automated shinkansen operations around 2028". The Japan Times. March 25, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  33. ↑ ＪＲ東海 次期新幹線はＮ７００Ｓ ２０１８年導入 [JR Central to introduced next-generation N700S shinkansen in 2018]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Japan: The Mainichi Newspapers. June 24, 2016. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  34. ↑ N700Aの追加投入について 全ての東海道新幹線が「N700Aタイプ」になります [Details of additional N700A introductions – All Tokaido Shinkansen services to become N700A type] (PDF). News release (in Japanese). Japan: Central Japan Railway Company. October 22, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  35. ↑ Hani, Yoko (January 5, 2003). "Japan's own meals on wheels". Japan Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  36. ↑ "「特大荷物スペースつき座席」の予約受付開始およびお客様へのご案内について" [Start accepting reservations for "seats with oversized luggage space" and information to customers] (PDF). jr-central.co.jp (in Japanese). April 4, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  37. ↑ "東海道新幹線，10月31日をもって車内ワゴン販売を終了 〜11月1日から新しい車内サービスを開始〜". 鉄道ファン・railf.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  38. ↑ Kinoshita, Kenji (October 17, 2023). "東海道・山陽・九州新幹線の車内喫煙ルーム、2024年春にすべて廃止" [All smoking rooms on Tokaido, Sanyo, and Kyushu Shinkansen trains will be abolished in spring 2024.]. MyNavi Corporation. Archived from the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  39. ↑ "「ジャパン・レール・パス」の日本国内での発売について" [About the release of "Japan Rail Pass" in Japan] (PDF). japanrailpass.net (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Central Japan Railway Company Annual Report 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  41. ↑ MATSUMOTO, R.; OKUDA, D.; FUKASAWA, N. (September 1, 2018). "Method for Forecasting Fluctuation in Railway Passenger Demand for High-speed Rail Services". Quarterly Report of RTRI. 59 (3): 194–200. doi:10.2219/rtriqr.59.3_194.
  42. ↑ "Tokaido Shinkansen Line fetes 40 years". The Japan Times. October 2, 2004. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  43. ↑ Central Japan Railway Company Annual Report 2007. Retrieved on 28 April 2009.
  44. ↑ "神奈川に新幹線の新駅検討 JR東海、リニア開業後" [Examination of new Shinkansen station in Kanagawa JR Central, after linear opening]. 47News (in Japanese). June 2, 2010. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  45. ↑ Ogawa, Hiroo (March 21, 2018). "JR新幹線、「静岡空港駅」設置が現実味…「首都圏第3空港」構想" [JR Shinkansen, "Shizuoka Airport Station" installation is realistic ... "Metropolitan area third airport" concept]. ビジネスジャーナル/Business Journal | ビジネスの本音に迫る (in Japanese). Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  46. ↑ Osaka, Naoki (July 8, 2019). "リニアでJR東海と対立､静岡県の｢本当の狙い｣ | 新幹線" [Linear confrontation with JR Central, "real aim" of Shizuoka Prefecture]. 東洋経済オンライン (in Japanese). Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.

Sources

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