Articles of the Treaty of Nemours (or Treaty of Saint-Maur) were agreed upon in writing and signed in Nemours on 7 July 1585 between the Queen Mother, Catherine de' Medici, acting for the King, and representatives of the House of Guise, including the Duke of Lorraine.[1] Catherine hastened to Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, where on 13 July the treaty was signed between King Henry III of France and the leaders of the Catholic League, including Henri, duc de Guise.[2] The king was pressured by members of the Catholic League to sign the accord which was recognized by contemporaries as a renewal of the old French Wars of Religion.[3]

Context

On 10 June 1584, the duc d'Anjou, François d'Alençon died. Since King Henry III was childless and likely to remain so, the legitimate successor to the throne of France was the king's distant cousin[4] and chief of the Protestant party, Henry of Navarre.[5] In the following spring, the Catholic League took control of many cities in northern France. In an attempt to gain control of the League, headed by members of the house of Guise, Henri III declared himself its chief, an act that forced him to break with Henri of Navarre.

Terms

The treaty cancelled all previous edicts, dismissed all Huguenots from official office and forced the King to capitulate to the demands of the Catholic League. Moreover, the duc de Guise was given Châlons as a security.[6] As a result, the entire north-eastern half of France was directly controlled by the House of Guise. Moreover, the Guises were promised significant subsidies. Henri bluntly told Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, that the overall accord would bring chaos and ruin to France. Nevertheless, the king signed the treaty in his attempts to outflank the Guise and become leader of the Catholic League himself. On 18 July he went in person to the Parlement of Paris to hold a lit de justice and force the Parlement to register the terms of the treaty, giving them the effect of law, as well as royal prerogative.[7]

On 19 July the Catholic League promulgated their version of the edict, reinforcing the effects of the Treaty of Nemours. Based on the terms of the accord, all previous edicts granting religious and political concessions to the Huguenots were revoked. In short, the accord forbade the practice of all religions except Roman Catholicism in France. "Heretics" were not permitted to attain public office and ministers from other religions were banned. All subjects had to convert to Catholicism or risk being expelled from France.

Aftermath

Pope Sixtus V sealed the Treaty of Nemours by excommunicating the King of Navarre and his cousin, the Prince of Condé.[8] He based his excommunication on the grounds that the throne of Navarre was vested in Saint Peter, his successors, and the eternal power of God. As a result, the Papal Bull stripped the King of Navarre of his titles, and denied him and his cousin the right to succeed the French throne. The Papal Bull invalidated all allegiances sworn to the King of Navarre by his vassals. The Treaty of Nemours, and the events that ensued, were responsible for the advent of the War of the Three Henrys, the final phase of the French Wars of Religion.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Letter of Catherine de Médicis Au Roy Monsieur mon Filz, enclosing the articles of peace. Hector La Ferrière-Percy, Gustave Baguenault de Purchesse, André Lesort, eds. Lettres de Catherine de Médicis: 1582–1585 : 339f.
  2. ↑ Signatories included the cardinals de Bourbon and de Guise, and the duc de Mayenne. (Letters de Catherine de Médicis p. 340 note 1.
  3. ↑ "En somme, ceste paix est le renouvellement d'une vieille guerre", Étienne Pasquier, councillor in parlement, wrote to a colleague: "In sum, this peace is a renewal of an old war." (quoted in Holt, Mack P. (1988). "The King in Parlement: The Problem of the Lit de Justice in Sixteenth-Century France". The Historical Journal. 31 (3): 507–523 [p. 513]. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00023463. S2CID 159468007.
  4. ↑ A cousin twenty-two times removed, according to Thorpe, L. (1949). "An Inedited Manuscript of Thomas Sebillet". French Studies. 1949 (3): 256–266. doi:10.1093/fs/3.3.256.
  5. ↑ Jean Delumeau, "Renaissance et discordes religieuses" in L'histoire de France, Georges Duby, ed, Larousse, 2007: 478.
  6. ↑ The original is conserved in the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The text is given in J. Dumont, Corps diplomatique 5p. 453.
  7. ↑ Holt (1988).
  8. ↑ New York Public Library. 1985. The Baltimore Literary and Religious Magazine, Volume 1 p. 114

Further reading

  • Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1973). "The Case for Charles X". Sixteenth Century Journal. 4 (2): 87–98. doi:10.2307/2539725. JSTOR 2539725.
  • Konnert, Mark (1989). "Urban Values versus Religious Passion: Châlons-sur-Marne during the Wars of Religion". Sixteenth Century Journal. The Sixteenth Century Journal. 20 (3): 387–405. doi:10.2307/2540786. JSTOR 2540786.
  • Sutherland, N. M. (2004). Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion, 1572–1596. Bristol: Elm Bank. ISBN 1-84150-846-2.
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